正常与异常肺小叶高分辨率CT的初步研究

本文对１６个正常成人新鲜肺叶标本进行了高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）扫描并与相应的标本切面进行了对照。分析了５０例正常成人胸部ＣＴ和ＨＲＣＴ征象。结果表明，正常肺小叶呈边缘不规则的多边形结构，每边长约７～２２ｍｍ，小叶间隔厚约０．１～１．０ｍｍ，在ＨＲＣＴ上，小叶间隔呈直线状或光滑的曲线状，小叶核和小叶间隔之间呈均一的低密度区。笔者还分析了２１例弥漫性肺疾病的ＨＲＣＴ征象：特发性肺纤维化小叶间隔增厚，小叶结构变形，小叶间隔与肺交界面不清。肺淋巴道转移癌亦见小叶间隔增厚，但与肺组织交界面清楚，无小叶结构变形。间隔内可见小结节，多个结节排列呈串珠状，即“小叶间隔串珠征”。此征高度提示转移性肺癌。本文还讨论了肺部其它病变的ＨＲＣＴ征象。     

高分辨率CT对弥漫性肺疾病诊断的评价

笔者对１６个正常成人新鲜肺叶标本进行了ＣＴ－高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）－标本对照研究，分析了５０例正常成人胸部ＣＴ和ＨＲＣＴ图像。结果表明：ＨＲＣＴ在显示肺部细小结构方面明显优于常规ＣＴ。笔者还分析了３０例弥漫性肺疾病的ＨＲＣＴ征象：（１）小叶间隔增厚；（２）蜂窝肺；（３）磨玻璃样表现；（４）胸膜下线；（５）小结节。小叶间隔不规则增厚伴小叶结构变形常见于肺间质纤维化。肺淋巴管转移癌小叶间隔亦增厚，但无小叶结构变形。“小叶间隔串珠”征高度提示肺淋巴管转移癌。     

特发性肺纤维化的高分辨率CT评价

目的 评价高分辨率CT（HRCT）对特发性肺纤维化（IPF）的诊断及鉴别诊断的价值,探讨病程与HRCT表现之间的关系。材料与方法 经临床及病理证实的29例IPF患者常规CT检查后对兴趣区行HRCT扫描,观察病变的分布及HRCT表现,并按病程在1年以下、1－2年、2－3年及3年以上分为4组,分析病程与HRCT表现之间的关系。结果 IPF的主要HRCT表现：（1）磨玻璃样密度影;（2）肺小叶间隔增厚;（3）小叶内间质增厚;（4）小叶结构变形;（5）蜂窝肺;（6）交界面不规则;（7）胸膜增厚。小叶间隔增厚及小叶内间质增厚。病程在2年以上分别占72％（21／29）及86％（12／14）。蜂窝肺病程在3年以上占60％（12／20）。病变呈周围型分布。结论 HRCT能细致、准确地反映IPF的大体病理变化,但各种征象均可见于其他各种间质性疾病,小叶间隔增厚及小叶间质增厚伴有肺结构变形和病变的周围型分布对诊断和鉴别诊断较有意义。诊断须结合临床并除外其他原因引起的肺纤维化。     

正常肺小叶高分辨率CT研究

目的：评价HRCT能否显示正常人肺小叶结构。材料和方法：5例肺标本和40例正常人进行高分辨率CT（HRCT）检查，扫描层厚1mm～1．5mm，间隔10mm～15mm，采用高空间频率重建算法。结果：正常肺标本和活体肺小叶结构可被HRCT显示。正常人显示完整小叶0个～2个／层（平均0．05个），小叶间隔线0条～8条／g（平均1．4条）。外围肺血管的解剖特点可能有助于正常肺小叶结构的辨认。结论：正常肺小叶结构可在HRCT图像上显示和辨认，肺小叶是肺脏放射学基本单位。     

肺间质性疾病的HRCT表现及相关病理研究

目的：分析肺间质性疾病的HRCT表现及其与病理学的关系。方法：38例经手术病理证实的肺间质纤维化患者和疾病对照组14例分别行HRCT扫描、组织病理学检查（包括HE、Masson氏三色染色）及免疫组化。结果：早期组中肺小叶间隔增厚81.25%，肺内渗出毛玻璃影18.75%，肺内小结节影66.67%，胸膜下曲线12.5%；中、晚期组中肺小叶间隔纡曲、僵直、变形85.71%，支气管血管束纡曲、僵直35.71%，范围较广的肺气肿32.14%，蜂窝肺28.57%，胸膜增厚39.29％。结论：HRCT是一种安全、反映准确、无创性的诊断ILD的手段，经与病理对照、毛玻璃影、小叶间隔增厚，肺内小结节影、网状影和胸膜下曲线是ILD早期征象；而肺小叶间隔纡曲、僵直、变形，支气管血管束纡曲、僵直，范围较广的肺气肿及蜂窝肺是中、晚期的征象。     

间质性肺疾病的HRCT表现及相关病理

目的:分析间质性肺疾病(ILD)的HRCT表现及与普通病理学和免疫病理学表现的关系。方法:19例经手术病理证实的肺间质纤维化病人和7例正常对照分别行HRCT扫描,组织病理学检查(包括HE、Masson氏三色染色)及免疫组化,分析其HRCT表现及相关病理学表现的关系。结果:ILD的HRCT基本征象及分期有其相应镜下病理表现,bFGF、TGF-β1、TNF-α与肺小叶间隔增粗、肺内渗出毛玻璃影、小叶核增粗、肺内异常线影及肺内小结节等HRCT征象中有较强的相关性。结论:HRCT是一种安全、有效、无创性的诊断ILD的手段,肺小叶间隔增粗、肺内渗出毛玻璃影、小叶核增粗、肺内异常线影及肺内小结节是间质性肺疾病较为可靠的HRCT征象。     

壹期电焊工尘肺肺部HRCT表现及病理学对照

目的探讨壹期电焊工尘肺肺部不同HRCT表现的病理学基础。方法对比分析15例确诊为壹期电焊工尘肺的肺部HRCT资料和经支气管肺活检的病理资料。HRCT检查和经支气管肺活检的间隔时间在3～50天。15例中男性13例,女性2例,平均年龄(35±6.8)岁,电焊工工龄(8.8±3.5)年。将标本粉尘的量分为无、少量、中量和大量,将纤维化的程度分为无、轻度、中度和重度。结果 HRCT上7例主要表现为小叶中心小叶核影的增大、增多,呈分支状线影;3例表现为小叶中心的磨玻璃密度的结节影,约4～8mm大小;5例表现为磨玻璃结节与分支状线影混合存在。其中5例有轻度小叶间隔增厚,6例可见小叶中央型肺气肿。病理学表现为呼吸性细支气管及其肺泡群内大量尘斑,并可见肉芽组织和少量的胶原纤维,支气管粘膜下肺组织和肺泡间隔纤维组织弥漫增生,胶原纤维沉积。偏光镜和普鲁士蓝铁染色证明尘斑中铁颗粒存在。弥漫性以分支状线影为主要表现的纤维化程度重于弥漫性磨玻璃密度结节为主的病例(t=9.00,P=0.00),但粉尘量以磨玻璃密度结节为主的病例较重(t=-4.71,P=0.001)。结论 HRCT可以显示电焊烟尘所致的肺内尘斑及其纤维化的程度。     

间质性肺疾病的高分辨CT(HRCT)诊断

间质性肺疾病是由多种原因引起的以肺问质弥漫性渗出、浸润和纤维化为主要改变的一组临床综合征。其HRCT基本表现为网格状影、结节状影、肺密度增加或肺密度减低四种形式。网格状影以线状不透光影为特点，包括小叶间隔增厚、小叶间隔网格状影、支气管、血管周围间质增厚；结节状阴影可分为间质性结节和实质性结节，结节的分布情况对鉴别诊断有很大帮助；肺密度增加的HRCT表现包括磨玻璃样密度影和含气腔隙实变；肺密度降低包括蜂窝状影、肺囊状影。本文同时介绍了几种间质性病变的HRCT表现。     

腺癌肺转移的CT和HRCT诊断

目的：旨在提高对腺癌肺转移的认识。方法：本文收集经病理证实和ＣＴ资料完整的腺癌肺转移瘤７７例，对其进行了ＣＴ和ＨＲＣＴ分析。结果：腺癌肺转移具有肺小叶间隔增厚不光滑，有网状、串珠样改变。支气管－血管束增粗不光滑，双肺或一侧肺叶、肺段多发的结节，沿肺小叶间隔、小叶间隔旁、支气管－血管束周围、叶裂和胸膜下，广泛分布。多数同时伴有肺门、纵隔淋巴结增大，胸膜转移等征象。结论：肺小叶间隔、支气管－血管束、结节、肺门、纵隔和胸膜异常等征象相互组合是腺癌肺转移的特征性表现。     

肺癌性淋巴管炎的高分辨率CT诊断价值

目的探讨肺癌性淋巴管炎（PLC）高分辨率CT的影像学表现及诊断价值。方法经临床病理和随访证实8例肺癌性淋巴管炎的肺部HRCT影像学资料进行回顾性分析。结果 8例中,PLC的HRCT影像表现为支气管血管束周围间质不规则形及串珠状增厚5例,小叶间隔增厚,呈网格状改变5例,小结节状影沿胸膜下间质、小叶间隔、支气管血管束蔓延6例,肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大4例,胸腔积液4例;胸椎椎体及附件溶骨性破坏2例。结论小叶间隔结节状增厚是PLC较为特征性CT表现。HRCT对PLC诊断与鉴别诊断具有一定价值。     

The secondary pulmonary lobule: normal and abnormal CT appearances

The secondary pulmonary lobule is a unit of lung supplied by three to five terminal bronchioles and contained by fibrous septa. High-resolution CT is able to show features of the secondary lobule, including interlobular septa, terminal bronchioles, and pulmonary arteries within a bronchiolovascular bundle. Because interstitial diseases have been shown to affect different components of the secondary lobule, high-resolution CT was used to compare the appearance of the normal secondary lobule with the abnormal secondary lobule in three patients with interstitial diseases primarily affecting lymphatic channels: lymphangitic carcinomatosis, sarcoidosis, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. In lymphangitic carcinomatosis, the bronchiolovascular bundles and interlobular septa were thicker than those seen in a normal subject. In sarcoidosis, the interlobular septa and bronchiolovascular bundles were also thicker than normal. However, fibrosis caused distortion of the normal polygonal shape of the secondary lobule, not seen in either the normal subject or the patient with lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis was characterized by multiple cysts within secondary lobules, often obliterating the normal polygonal appearance.     

实验性正常人肺HRCT研究

本文收集３例新鲜尸体的胸部标本，经改良的Ｈｅｉｔｚｍａｎ方法处理，处理前后应用高分辨ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）扫描。为了明确正常肺小叶ＨＲＣＴ表现，本文仅将标本处理前的ＨＲＣＴ像与相应的横断大体标本、组织学切片行对照观察。结果表明：ＨＲＣＴ能显示正常次级肺小叶结构中的部分小叶间隔、小叶肺动脉，但不能在同一层面显示次级肺小叶的完整结构，不能显示核心结构中的终末细支气管。然而，小叶间隔、小叶肺动脉是ＨＲＣＴ图上     

肺泡微石症的CT诊断

目的探讨肺泡微石症的ＣＴ表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析９例经活检病理证实或临床综合确诊的肺泡微石症ＣＴ表现。结果常规ＣＴ表现：肺窗示肺实质内有无数细小散在的粟粒结节，以中下肺的外周部密集，其ＣＴ值为２００～４００ＨＵ，多合并不同程度的肺气肿及间质纤维化；纵隔窗示细结节影最密集区常呈沿胸膜的线带状或散在的点簇状钙化，形成“火焰征”及“白描征”。高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）表现：肺野似磨玻璃样，结节大小稍有区别，沿支气管血管束分布偏多及小叶间隔增厚。结论ＣＴ尤其ＨＲＣＴ能更准确地反映本病的综合病理特点及病程，在诊断及鉴别诊断中起决定性作用。     

戈谢病胸部CT特征分析

目的探讨戈谢病患者胸部CT的影像表现,以提高对本病肺部浸润的诊断能力。方法回顾性搜集2003年5月至2018年10月在北京儿童医院诊治的戈谢病患者43例,其中男25例,女18例。所有患者均行常规胸部CT检查,分析和描述其肺部间质和实质等影像表现。结果43例戈谢病患者中,有20例胸部CT表现异常。肺部呈弥漫性小叶间隔增厚10例,主要分布在双肺下叶;肺部呈单叶段或多叶段的磨玻璃征象5例;细小结节影2例,表现为大小不等的类圆形结节影;肺纤维化者1例,以左肺上叶更为显著。其他表现包括肺囊泡3例、局限性胸膜增厚2例、气胸1例、肺动脉高压1例、胸腺增大12例。戈谢病患者出现肺部病变者以10~14岁居多,其中,小叶间隔增厚与胸腺增大等征象多见,在该年龄区间内分别各有5例。结论戈谢病患者半数累及肺部,肺部表现多样,多表现为弥漫间质病变,主要征象为小叶间隔增厚和磨玻璃样透光度减低,与戈谢细胞浸润病理一致,但不具备特异性,需要结合临床进行诊断,并注意与其他疾病引起的肺浸润相鉴别。     

Thin-section CT of the secondary pulmonary lobule: anatomy and the image--the 2004 Fleischner lecture

The secondary pulmonary lobule is a fundamental unit of lung structure, and it reproduces the lung in miniature. Airways, pulmonary arteries, veins, lymphatics, and the lung interstitium are all represented at the level of the secondary lobule. Several of these components of the secondary lobule are normally visible on thin-section computed tomographic (CT) scans of the lung. The recognition of lung abnormalities relative to the structures of the secondary lobule is fundamental to the interpretation of thin-section CT scans. Pathologic alterations in secondary lobular anatomy visible on thin-section CT scans include interlobular septal thickening and diseases with peripheral lobular distribution, centrilobular abnormalities, and panlobular abnormalities. The differential diagnosis of lobular abnormalities is based on comparisons between lobular anatomy and lung pathology.     

Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases: radiologic-pathologic correlation

Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases (SRILD) are a heterogeneous group of entities of unknown cause. These diseases include desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), respiratory-bronchiolitis-related interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD), pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (LCH) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). High-resolution CT is highly sensitive in the detection of abnormalities in the lung parenchyma and airways. Ground-glass attenuation can occur in DIP and RB-ILD. Whereas DIP is histologically characterized by intra-alveolar pigmented macrophages, RB-ILD shows alveolar macrophages in a patchy peribronchiolar distribution. LCH shows nodular infiltrates on histopathological examination containing varying amounts of characteristic Langerhans’ histiocytes. The HRCT findings are characteristically bilateral, symmetrical and diffuse, involving the upper lobe zones with sparing of the costophrenic angles. The most prominent CT features are nodules (sometimes cavitary) measuring 1 to 10 mm in diameter, cysts and areas of ground-glass attenuation. Pathologically, IPF is characterized by its heterogeneity with areas of normal clung, alveolitis and end-stage fibrosis shown in the same biopsy specimen. High-resolution CT findings consist of honeycombing, traction bronchiectasis and intralobular interstitial thickening with subpleural and lower lung predominance. Since coexisting lesions in the same cases have been observed, a better understanding of the different smoking-related interstitial lung diseases (SRILD) allows a more confident and specific diagnosis.     

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: CT findings

We present five cases with confirmed diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis that illustrate the appearance of this rare chronic lung disease on conventional and high-resolution CT. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is characterized by widespread intraalveolar calcification of both lungs. Conventional CT confirmed the inferior and posterior predominance of the lesions in four of our cases and showed an exceptionally high concentration of microliths in the subpleural parenchyma and along the bronchovascular bundles. High-resolution CT revealed a perilobular and bronchovascular distribution of the disease process at the level of the secondary pulmonary lobule. This pattern correlated closely with pathologic findings.     

支气管血管束异常在肺弥漫性病变诊断中的价值

目的：探讨支气管血管束异常对于肺弥漫性病变的鉴别诊断价值。材料与方法：７２例肺弥漫性病变中，经病理证实１５例，其余５７例均经临床证实。其中肺弥漫性间质性病变３３例，肺弥漫性实质性病变５例，支气管病变１４例，播散性病变２０例。全部病例均做了胸部ＣＴ常规扫描，少数病例同时做了ＨＲＣＴ扫描，每例均由两位主任医师共同观察。结果：支气管血管束异常征象：（１）支气管血管束变细，主要见于肺弥漫性间质性病变和慢性支气管炎。（２）支气管血管束增粗，主要见于肺间质性病变及播散性病变，结节病与癌性淋巴管炎多呈串珠状增粗。（３）支气管血管束显示率增加，主要见于毛细支气管炎及播散性病变。结论：支气管血管束异常是肺弥漫性病变的ＣＴ征象，占８０％，支气管血管束异常无特异性，但呈串珠状增粗多见于结节病及癌性淋巴管炎。特发性肺间质纤维化及慢性支气管炎伴弥漫性间质性病变时，参考横膈位置具有鉴别诊断价值，前者横膈位置正常或升高，后者横膈位置低平。支气管血管束从正常演变到异常，表示病变的发展。     

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: high-resolution CT findings

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) of the lung is a very rare disease. There are obvious discrepancies in the literature concerning the appearance of LAM on CT scans of the lung. This study adds the imaging findings of 11 patients and demonstrates how the imaging findings changed over time in four patients. Twenty-two CT examinations, and radiographs that had been obtained close to the CT examinations, of 11 patients with LAM confirmed by open lung biopsy were retrospectively evaluated with particular attention to the size of cystic lesions and wall thickness. Furthermore the CT scans were analysed for the type of pulmonary infiltration process and its distribution, presence or absence of pleural effusion, pneumothorax and lymph node enlargement. Clinical and CT follow-up studies were available in four patients. The CT scans revealed an increase in the interstitial pattern in all patients. Architectural distortion was seen in two patients and cystic lesions were present in all. The size of the cysts varied from small lesions to bullous emphysema. The cystic lesions revealed a wall thickness up to 2 mm but a wall was not perceptible in all. Pneumothorax was seen in only two patients; pleural effusion was seen in two patients. CT examination of patients with LAM reveals neither a uniform nor a pathognomonic appearance. In the early stages of LAM or in cases with interstitial changes the differential diagnosis of centrilobular emphysema or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis seems to be more difficult than most authors believe. Received: 28 July 1997; Revision received: 20 October 1997; Accepted: 25 March 1998     

肺错构瘤的CT表现及其相关病理研究

目的　探讨肺错构瘤的CT表现及其相关的病理基础 ,以提高其CT诊断水平。方法　回顾性分析经手术病理证实的 2 5例肺错构瘤的CT平扫、17例无钙化错构瘤的动态增强扫描特点及其病理表现。结果　CT上所有结节边缘光滑。结节内含有脂肪密度 (无钙化 )的 8例 ,占 3 2 % ,既有脂肪又有钙化的 6例 ,占 2 4% ,只有钙化的 2例 ,占 8%。增强扫描 ( 17例 )强化值 <2 0HU的 16例 ,占 88.2 4% ,强化形态呈间隔状强化 13例 ,占 76.47%。病理上 ,所有错构瘤都有完整的纤维包膜 ,13例有不同程度的脂肪 ,占 5 2 % ,8例可见到钙化 ,占 3 2 %。在光镜下结节内主要成分为软骨、平滑肌组织、支气管腺体、脂肪及纤维结缔组织等 ,血管含量少 ,位于软骨核之间的纤维组织内。间隔状强化与错构瘤的血管分布有关。结论　肺错构瘤的CT表现有一定的特征性 ,边缘光滑、结节内含有脂肪和钙化有助于诊断 ,动态CT增强扫描有助于其与周围型肺癌的鉴别诊断