显微CT法研究中国人上颌第一前磨牙分支根管形态

目的:使用显微CT扫描法研究中国人离体上颌第一前磨牙分支根管解剖形态。方法:收集63颗中国人上颌第一前磨牙,使用显微CT扫描并构建根管系统三维可视化模型。观察并记录分支根管、根尖三角区发生情况,分析分支根管发生率、分布和开口特征。结果:共有50颗上颌第一前磨牙含有分支根管,发生率为79.37%。共记录到124个分支根管,其中95.16%发生于根尖1/3。分支根管开口于近中和远中方向的分别为33.06%和23.39%。根尖三角区的发生率为7.94%。结论:上颌第一前磨牙分支根管发生率高,根管系统形态复杂,了解其分支根管发生规律对于提高根管治疗成功率具有重要意义。     

显微CT法研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态

目的 使用显微CT研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态.方法 随机收集33颗上颌第一磨牙,使用显微CT扫描后重建根管系统.观察并记录各牙根根管形态和分支根管的发生数目、位置.记录各根管口位置并测量根管口间的距离和所成角度.在距离根尖1、2和3mm处进行虚拟切割,记录断面上分支根管暴露情况.结果 上颌第一磨牙近颊根第二根管发生率为75.76%.近颊根发生分支根管为71.64%;近颊根分支根管发生率为72.73%.91.04%的分支根管发生于根尖1/3段,近颊根距根尖3mm处截面分支根管暴露率为12.12%.近颊根第一、第二根管口间的距离为(1.60±0.41)mm.结论 上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态复杂,近颊根根管形态存在较大解剖变异.     

下颌第二恒磨牙牙根及根管形态的锥形束CT研究

目的 使用锥形束CT扫描评估下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态.方法 收集354例患者双侧下颌第二恒磨牙的锥形束CT图像,统计下颌第二恒磨牙牙根数目、根管数目和构型,以及C形根管的发生率.结果 下颌第二恒磨牙以双根最多,发生率为57.34%,C形根的发生率为38.28%;双根者近中根多为2-2型(80.54%),远中根多为1-1型(96.06%);C形根管的发生率为25.99%,左、右下颌的发生率没有统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态复杂多样,锥形束CT能为根管治疗提供参考.     

显微CT技术研究下颌第二前磨牙分支根管的形态

目的：采用显微CT技术研究下颌第二前磨牙分支根管的形态特征。方法：收集100颗离体下颌第二前磨牙,通过显微CT扫描及三维重建技术筛选出含有分支根管的标本,并对分支根管的发生率、分布、及开口方向等特征进行定量分析。结果：共60颗下颌第二前磨牙含有分支根管,出现率为60％。分支根管分布在根尖1／3为82．35％,其开口在颊侧的发生率为20．59％,舌侧为16．67％。结论：下颌第二前磨牙根管系统复杂,了解其分支根管形态及规律,对提高根管治疗成功率具有重要意义。     

新疆维吾尔族成人下颌第一前磨牙根管的形态分析

目的:采用锥形束CT探讨新疆维吾尔族成人双侧下颌第一前磨牙根管的解剖形态。方法:选100例双侧下颌第一前磨牙的CBCT扫描数据,分析其根管数目及形态、双侧根管对称性、两根管口间的距离和多根管分叉位置,以Vertucci根管分型为标准对根管形态进行分型。结果:下颌第一前磨牙不同根管类型发生率分别为Ⅰ型76.5%,Ⅳ型8.5%,Ⅱ型6%,Ⅴ型4%,Ⅲ型3.5%,C形1.5%;两根管口间距离集中在1~3 mm,根管双侧对称性为85%。下颌第一前磨牙多根管发生率与性别有相关性(P=0.02),而左、右两侧下颌第一前磨牙多根管发生率无差异。结论:下颌第一前磨牙根管解剖结构复杂,多根管发生率超过20%,CBCT可为根管系统提供准确依据。     

锥束CT评价下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态研究

目的:用锥束CT扫描评估下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态。方法:收集305例锥束CT影像,分别记录病人的性别、牙位、牙根和根管的数目和形态,采用Vertucci分类法对根管构型进行分类描述。结果:在受检样本中,47.21%的下颌第二恒磨牙为融合根,C形根和C型根管的检出率均为41.64%。在两个根的下颌第二恒磨牙中,66.03%近中根管是Ⅳ型,92.31%的远中根管是I型。左、右侧下颌第二恒磨牙C形牙根和C型根管的发生率没有统计学差异(P>0.05),男性和女性的C形牙根和C型根管的发生率也没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:中国西部人群中,下颌第二恒磨牙通常为双根或融合根,C形牙根和C型根管的发生率均较高。     

离体下颌前磨牙牙根和根管形态的锥形束CT研究

利用锥形束CT对190个离体下颌前磨牙进行扫描并选择不同方向的断层观察,按Vertucci’s分类法对根管系统进行记录。锥形束CT可以清晰显示其牙根和根管系统形态:下颌第一前磨牙根管系统变异较大,双根管率为22.8%。根管形态分别为Ⅰ型77.14%,Ⅱ型6.67%,Ⅳ型2.86%,Ⅴ型13.33%;下颌第一前磨牙的根面沟发生率较高(47/105),且此类型的下颌第一前磨牙常有双根管;下颌第二前磨牙的根管均为Ⅰ型单根管。     

下颌第一前磨牙根管的形态分析

目的:采用锥形束CT(CBCT)探讨双侧下颌第一前磨牙根管的解剖形态。方法:选取97例双侧下颌第一前磨牙的CBCT扫描数据,使用NNT软件分析下颌第一前磨牙的根管数目、形态、根面沟、根管分叉和双侧根管对称性。结果:下颌第一前磨牙根管Vertucci分类,发生率分别为Ⅰ型83.5%,Ⅲ型3.6%,Ⅴ型8.8%,C形4.1%。多根管类型的根面沟发生率为75%,明显高于单根管的3.7%,并且56.3%、31.3%的多根管类型分别在根中1/3、根尖1/3分叉。93.8%的下颌第一前磨牙根管双侧对称,其中,单根管对称率为95.2%,高于多根管的66.7%。结论:下颌第一前磨牙根管解剖结构复杂,CBCT可为根管系统提供准确的依据。     

多根管下颌第一前磨牙根管形态的显微CT分析

目的: 采用显微CT技术扫描并三维重建多根管下颌第一前磨牙根管系统,分析其解剖特点。方法: 收集32例多根管离体下颌第一前磨牙,采用显微CT扫描并三维重建,分析根管数目、形态、分叉位置及5种细微结构（侧支根管、根尖分歧、峡部、袢形结构、根尖三角区）并进行统计。结果: 32例下颌第一前磨牙中,96.88%含有根面凹陷（沟）,Vertucci分型中Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅴ型均为3.12%,Ⅳ型31.25%,Ⅷ型9.38%,Ⅸ型15.62%,C形34.38%;62.50%的根管分叉于根中1/3,37.50%分叉于根尖1/3。细微结构中,侧支根管占56.25%,根尖分歧占43.75%,峡部占40.62%,袢形结构占21.88%,根尖三角区占6.25%。侧支根管在根管不同位置均可见,其余都发生于根中1/3和根尖1/3。结论: 多根管下颌第一前磨牙多含有根面凹陷（沟）,根管系统结构复杂,显微CT三维重建可清晰、准确地显示其根管形态。     

下颌恒切牙根管解剖因素与根管治疗难度的相关分析

目的 分析下颌恒切牙根管解剖因素对根管治疗难度的影响。方法 选择299颗牙体完整的离体中国人下颌恒切牙为研究对象,测量其根管解剖指标包括根管长度、根管数量及形态、根管弯曲度以及髓腔与根管钙化程度,按照四川大学华西口腔医院牙体牙髓科制定的根管治疗难度系数临床评估标准及美国牙髓病学会推荐的牙髓病例难度评估方法评估该牙根管治疗难度,并采用Logistic回归分析,观察以上各指标与根管治疗难度的相关关系。结果 下颌恒切牙根管治疗难度为Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级者分别占29.4%、20.1%和50.5%。根管治疗难度与根管长度、数目、钙化程度以及弯曲度存在明显的相关性（P<0.005）。结论 下颌恒切牙根管治疗难度与根管解剖密切相关,根管治疗难度较大。     

Root Canal Morphology Evaluation of Central and Lateral Mandibular Incisors Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography in an Israeli Population

Introduction

Central and lateral mandibular incisors usually have 1 root canal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of additional root canals in central and lateral mandibular incisors and to investigate the prevalence of oval and long oval canals in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of cases with 1 root canal.

CBCT study of root and canal morphology of permanent mandibular incisors in a Chinese population

Objective. To evaluate root canal morphology of permanent mandibular incisor teeth in a Chinese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods. CBCT images of Chinese patients were collected and 1553 permanent mandibular incisors in the images were included. The following observations on the included teeth were to determine the number of roots, root morphology and canal configuration. The root canal configurations were classified. The effect of gender on the incidence of the second canal was investigated. Results. Of permanent mandibular incisors, 86.8% had a single root with single canal. Mandibular lateral incisors (17.5%) had a higher incidence of a second canal compared with mandibular central incisors (8.9%) (p = 0.000). A slightly higher percentage of incidence of a second canal was found in males (14.6%) than in females (11.9%) (p = 0.129). Conclusions. Permanent mandibular incisors with two canals had a relatively low incidence in this Chinese population. The incidence of a second canal did not differ between males and females. CBCT is a valuable aid during root canal treatment.     

显微CT与数字成像系统观察下颌第一前磨牙根管形态的比较研究

目的采用显微CT与数字成像系统（RVG）观察下颌第一前磨牙根管形态,比较2种方法对根管分型结果的一致性。方法随机选取根尖发育完全、牙根完整、未进行过牙髓治疗的离体下颌第一前磨牙100颗,拍摄颊舌向和近远中向RVG数字影像（RVG法）,并采用显微CT进行扫描和三维重建（显微CT法）,以Vertucci根管分型为标准对下颌第一前磨牙根管进行分型,并对2种方法的结果进行一致性分析。结果显微CT法发现：下颌第一前磨牙根管中,Ⅰ型67%,Ⅲ型3%,Ⅴ型18%,Ⅶ型2%,其他类型10%;RVG法发现：Ⅰ型71%,Ⅲ型2%,Ⅴ型23%,Ⅶ型1%,其他类型3%。显微CT法和RVG法同时判读为单根管和复杂根管的比率分别为63%、25%。2种方法分型结果间的Kappa值为0.541,为中度一致。82.8%的含根面沟的下颌第一前磨牙有2个或2个以上的根管。结论数字成像系统基本能反映离体下颌第一前磨牙根管类型,但对复杂根管分型准确性较差;显微CT三维影像能清晰、准确地显示离体下颌第一前磨牙根管形态。     

Investigation of the root canal configurations of mandibular permanent teeth in the Turkish population

AIM: To investigate the root and canal morphology of mandibular permanent teeth collected from an indigenous Turkish population. METHODOLOGY: A total of 1400 extracted mandibular permanent teeth were evaluated. The teeth were divided into seven groups as central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars and second molars in order to evaluate their root canal configurations. Access cavities were prepared and pulp tissue removed using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution. The teeth were stored in 5% nitric acid solution for 5 days, then rinsed under running water for 4 h and placed in increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol. The teeth were rendered transparent by immersion in xylene solution for 3 days until complete transparency was achieved. Following this procedure, India ink was injected in the root canal systems and their configurations were examined and compared with the classification of Vertucci. The following observations were made: (i) root canal classification of mandibular teeth; (ii) morphology of the mandibular permanent teeth. The classification of Vertucci was taken as a reference during the evaluation; however additional canal morphological types were evaluated as separate groups. RESULTS: The presence of a second canal was detected in 68% of mandibular central incisors and 63% of lateral incisors. Lateral canals were found in 6.5% of mandibular central incisors and in 13% of lateral incisors. Overall, 62% of mandibular first premolar teeth had a single canal whereas 71% of second premolars had a single canal. The mandibular first and second molar teeth exhibited similar root canal configurations except for a group of second molar teeth that had a single root and canal. CONCLUSIONS: The morphological characteristics of teeth in this Turkish population were consistent with those of other studies performed on different populations using similar methodology.     

运用锥束CT对恒前牙根管变异的分析

目的采用锥束CT扫描所得图像数据,统计和分析前牙根管的变异。方法收集600例患者7200颗前牙图像数据,运用NNT软件,在冠状面、矢状面和横断面进行观察,统计和分析根管的数目、形态变异,根管类型,牙根数及两侧根管变异的对称性。结果 1根管数目：上颌前牙均为单根管,未见到根管变异;下颌前牙中330颗牙出现变异根管,为9.16%;2根管类型：上颌前牙均为Ⅰ型,下颌前牙Ⅰ型90.84%,Ⅱ型0.83%,Ⅲ型6.67%,Ⅳ型1.33%,Ⅴ型0.33%;3根管变异的对称性：上颌前牙不存在变异根管对称;下颌前牙两侧变异根管对称率：中切牙69.2%;侧切牙86.1%;尖牙66.7%;4牙根数：前牙除2例下颌尖牙为双根外,余均为单根。结论上颌前牙未见根管和牙根的变异;下颌前牙根管形态较复杂,根管变异率为9.16%,CBCT可准确发现根管变异。     

Root canal morphology of mandibular incisors in a Jordanian population

AIM: To investigate the root canal morphology of mandibular incisors in a Jordanian population using a canal staining and tooth-clearing technique. METHODOLOGY: Four hundred and fifty extracted mandibular incisors were collected from dental clinics within north Jordan. Following pulp tissue removal and staining of the canal systems, the teeth were decalcified with 5% nitric acid, dehydrated with ascending concentrations of alcohol and rendered clear by immersion in methyl salicylate. Cleared teeth were examined by eye and the following features were evaluated: (i) number and type of root canals; (ii) presence and location of lateral canals and intercanal communications; (iii) location of apical foramina; and (iv) frequency of apical deltas. RESULTS: The majority of mandibular incisors had a single canal (73.8% of teeth possessed a Type I canal system). Although 26.2% of the roots possessed two canals, only 8.7% had two separate apical foramina. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of two canals in this group of mandibular incisors was 26.2% and is within the range of previous studies performed on populations of different racial origin.     

应用锥形束CT研究下颌第二磨牙根管数目和构型

目的采用锥形束CT（cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT）观察下颌第二磨牙根管数目及构型,为根管治疗提供影像学参考。方法随机调取700颗下颌第二磨牙的CBCT资料,统计下颌第二磨牙牙根数目、根管数目和构型,以及C型根管的发生率。结果下颌第二磨牙c形牙根的发生率为36．O％;2根牙的根管构型：61．1％近中根管为Ⅳ型,96．1％远中根管为I型;C形根管在根管口及根尖1／3处类型变化多。结论下颌第二磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态多样,CBCT清晰的三维影像能为根管治疗提供参考。