主动脉无冠窦内和二尖瓣环-主动脉连接处射频导管消融局灶性房性心动过速

目的报道13例主动脉无冠窦内和1例二尖瓣环一主动脉连接（MAAJ）处成功消融局灶性房性心动过速（房速）,探讨该类房速的电生理特点及标测和消融方法。方法14例患者,男性3例女性11例,平均年龄（54．4±10．4）岁,均有阵发性房速病史。心房刺激诱发房速后,分析体表心电图P’波特点并于右心房进行激动标测,如果最早心房激动邻近希氏束附近,少数患者在此处消融,其他患者和上述消融不成功患者,经主动脉逆行途径,在无冠窦内标测和消融。如果消融不能成功,则经房间隔穿刺途径至左心房标测最早激动部位处消融。结果房速发作时体表心电图P’波明显变窄（77．8±14．4）ms。右心房激动标测均在希氏束附近标测到相对提前的心房激动,3例于此处消融失败。14例经主动脉逆行途径于无冠窦内标测到最早心房激动提前希氏柬处心房激动0～20．0（10．1±6．3）ms,13例于无冠窦内消融成功,包括1例改用盐水灌注导管后消融成功。1例经无冠窦消融失败后,经穿刺房间隔于MAAJ处标测到最早心房激动处消融成功。随访3～38个月,均无复发。结论对于具有窄P’波及标测右心房最早激动位于希氏束附近的局灶性房速,经主动脉逆行途径在无冠窦内标测和消融具有很高的成功率,经穿刺房间隔在左侧MAAJ处消融或应用盐水灌注导管无冠窦内消融可能进一步提高消融成功率。     

经主动脉窦途径射频消融心动过速临床研究

目的:探讨经主动脉窦途径导管射频消融治愈的快速性心律失常患者的心电图特点及射频消融情况.方法:回顾性分析17例室性心动过速/室性期前收缩、前间隔房性心动过速及前间隔旁路等该类患者的体表心电图、及消融成功时靶点电图等心电生理学特征.结果:经主动脉窦途径导管射频消融治愈室性心动过速/室性期前收缩12例,其中起源于左冠状动脉窦(左冠窦)10例、右冠状动脉窦(右冠窦)2例;源于无冠状动脉窦(无冠窦)的局灶性前间隔房性心动过速3例及前间隔旁路2例.室性心动过速/室性期前收缩心电图特点:Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联为高大R波,胸导联R波移行较早,V1导联r/S波振幅比≥30%,r波时限(82.2±16.4)ms,V1导联中r/QRS波时限比≥50%,V5、V6导联为高振幅R波、无s波.有效消融靶点心内电图示心室波明显比体表心电图QRS波提前(35.2±21.6)ms.前间隔房性心动过速均能被心房刺激反复诱发和终止,其心电图特点:房性心动过速时P波间期明显窄于窦律时P波间期,Ⅰ、aVL导联P波正向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联P呈负正双向.在心房标测中提示最早的心房激动在希氏(His)束区,但在主动脉无冠窦内标测的心房激动较His束区的心房波提前,其解剖定位于His束上后方,消融靶点无His束电位.前间隔旁路心电图示:窦性心律时呈窄QRS波形,未见预激波,心动过速呈窄QRS形,在无冠窦内记录到最早心房激动点,且无His束电位.17例均消融成功.结论:源于主动脉窦内的室性心动过速/室性期前收缩、前间隔房性心动过速和前间隔旁路具有相对的心内电生理学特征,常规心内膜途径消融困难时应该考虑从主动脉窦途径标测消融策略,把握消融导管与冠状动脉的关系,导管消融治疗安全而有效.     

主动脉无冠窦内和二尖瓣环-主动脉连接处射频导管消融局灶性房性心动过速

目的报告18例主动脉无冠窦内和1例二尖瓣环-主动脉连接(MAAJ)处成功消融局灶性房性心动过速(房速),探讨该类房速的电生理特点及标测和消融方法。方法 18例患者,女性14例,平均年龄41-71岁,均有阵发性房速病史。心房刺激诱发房速后,分析体表心电图P波特点并于右房进行激动标测,如果最早心房激动邻近希氏束附近,少数患者在此处消融,其他患者和上述消融不成功患者,经主动脉逆行途径,在无冠窦内标测和消融。如果消融不能成功,则经房间隔穿刺途径至左房标测最早激动部位处消融。结果房速发作时体表心电图P波明显变窄(77.8±14.4)ms。右房激动标测均在希氏束附近标测到相对提前的心房激动,3例于此处消融失败。18例经主动脉逆行途径于无冠窦内标测到最早心房激动提前希氏束处心房激动0～20.0(平均10 ms),17例于无冠窦内消融成功,包括1例改用盐水灌注导管后消融成功。1例经无冠窦消融失败后,经穿刺房间隔于MAAJ处标测到最早心房激动处消融成功。随访3～38个月,均无复发。结论对于具有窄P波及标测右房最早激动位于希氏束附近的局灶性房速,经主动脉逆行途径在无冠窦内标测和消融具有很高的成功率,经穿刺房间隔在左侧MAAJ处消融或应用盐水灌注导管无冠窦内消融可能进一步提高消融成功率。     

快慢型房室结折返性心动过速的电生理机制和经导管射频消融

目的探讨快慢型房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)的电生理机制和经导管射频消融。方法快慢型AVNRT消融患者42例。消融方法为在心室起搏或心动过速时标测最早逆传慢径心房激动部位,然后在窦性心律下或心动过速时消融。消融成功的标准为消除逆传慢径、1:1前传慢径及不能诱发任何类型AVNRT。结果所有42例均消融成功。逆传慢径消融成功部位在三尖瓣环和冠状静脉窦(CS)口之间(传统慢径区域)36例(86%),其最早逆传心房激动也位于上述区域;逆传慢径在CS近端或/和二尖瓣环心房侧消融成功6例(14%),其最早逆传心房激动多位于CS近端1～3cm处。结论多数快慢型AVNRT可在传统慢径区域(房室结右侧后延伸)消融成功,但部分病例需要在CS近端和/或二尖瓣环房侧(左侧后延伸)消融成功。     

29例房束型和短房室型Mahaim纤维的电生理特点与射频消融结果

目的报道29例房束型和短房室型Mahaim纤维的电生理特点与射频消融结果。方法对29例Mahaim纤维患者（房束型10例,短房室型19例）进行心内电生理检查和射频导管消融治疗。结果29例患者Mahaim纤维只存在递减性前向传导功能,其中2例合并隐匿性房室旁路（左侧游离壁和右侧中间隔各1例）,2例合并三尖瓣峡部依赖型心房扑动,3例合并房室结双径路（均为慢快型）。经Mahaim纤维前传的逆向性房室折返性心动过速时,房束型心室最早激动点在右心室心尖部,短房室型心室最早激动点在三尖瓣环消融靶点处。于三尖瓣环的心房侧成功消融所有Mahaim纤维,其中28例于三尖瓣环游离壁的心房侧消融成功,1例于右心房中间隔消融成功。13例标测到明显的Mahaim纤维电位,25例（房束型9例,短房室型16例）有效消融时出现加速性Mahaim纤维的自主心律。合并房室结双径路、隐匿性房室旁路和三尖瓣峡部依赖型心房扑动者,分别给予以慢径改良、旁路消融和右心房峡部线性消融。随访（17＋8）个月,无1例心动过速复发。结论Mahaim纤维多位于三尖瓣环游离壁。导管消融是Mahaim纤维介导的心动过速安全、有效的治疗方法。消融中出现加速性Mahaim纤维自主心律可以作为判定有效消融的预测指标。消融术前和术后应进行详尽的电生理检查以明确是否合并其他的心动过速。     

心外膜房室旁路的经射频导管消融

目的探讨不同部位心外膜房室旁路(AP)的电生理特点及射频导管消融的方法学及结果。方法本中心经心电生理检查和射频导管消融证实的AP患者1865例(共1972条AP)中,36例心外膜AP患者,男17例,年龄9-74岁,均伴房室折返性心动过速,7例有1-3次导管消融失败病史,经心内膜途径标测无理想消融靶点和(或)经导管消融失败后,分别经冠状静脉系统(尤心中静脉)、无冠窦、右心耳、右侧游离壁标测到理想AP电位或A-V(V-A)相对最近或融合处,应用普通射频导管或换用盐水灌注射频导管,分别于上述部位消融。结果 36例中,在冠状静脉系统内消融成功28例,其中25例在心中静脉内或其口部附近消融成功,其余2例和1例分别在心后静脉内和心大静脉远端消融成功;无冠窦内消融成功1例,此例患者心动过速时消融导管标测提示逆向心房激动最早点位于前间隔希氏束附近,在此处及二尖瓣环前壁有较早心房激动时间处消融均无效,最后在主动脉无冠窦内应用盐水灌注射频导管消融成功;右心耳内消融成功2例,其中1例复发后再次消融失败,最终经心外科手术成功;5例右侧游离壁心外膜AP,4例有1～2次消融失败或复发病史,其AP均位于三尖瓣环7～9点处,局部标测前向或逆向旁路传导均无理想消融靶点,换用盐水灌注射频导管和/或CARTO电解剖标测系统,沿三尖瓣环心房侧较大范围线性消融以试图电隔离AP传导,最后4例消融成功,失败1例。结论心外膜AP的发生率为1.9%,多数(78%)位于心脏静脉系统(尤心中静脉)内,部分位于右侧游离壁,心耳内或无冠窦内罕见。术前通过分析体表心电图预激波极性可预测多数伴显性预激的心脏静脉系统心外膜旁路,在经心内膜标测或(和)导管消融AP过程中如有疑问时应注意排除心外膜AP。盐水灌注射频导管可能有助于提高心外膜AP的消融成功率。     

经主动脉无冠状窦内射频消融治疗房性心动过速

目的:报告经主动脉无冠状窦内射频消融6例局灶性房性心动过速(房速)的消融结果。方法:6例患者中男女各3例。阵发性房速病史(6±3)年。常规心电图、心内电生理,术中心房和心室刺激诱发房速,分别在右心房、左心房和主动脉无冠状窦内标测最早心房激动,并进行射频消融。结果:心房刺激能反复诱发和终止6例患者的房速。心房内的前间隔部位标测相对提前的心房激动,但多次消融未成功。经主动脉无冠状窦内消融成功。平均随访3~17个月,无1例房速复发。结论:经主动脉无冠状窦消融前间隔房速是安全,有效的。     

三维电解剖标测指导疑难右侧游离壁旁路的导管消融

目的应用三维电解剖标测技术详述常规消融无效的右侧游离壁旁路电解剖特征。方法本组共入选17例常规消融无效的右侧游离壁旁路患者,消融失败1～3（1．8±0．6）次。3例在顺向型心动过速下构建右心房电激动模型,14例在右心室心尖部起搏下构建右心房电激动模型。逆向传导的心房最早激动点代表旁路的心房插入端,冷盐水消融最早心房激动点。结果17例患者中,最早激动点距离对应部位三尖瓣环的宽度为9—20（13．6±3．4）mm,较相对部位三尖瓣环的局部激动时间提前18～80（31．5±16．3）ms。共14例患者记录到独立的旁路电位。1例患者在导管标测时阻断旁路逆传,冷盐水局部巩固消融;16例患者冷盐水消融均成功阻断所有旁路的传导,其中1例患者的旁路心房插入端呈广泛分布而行片状消融。无消融术相关并发症。随访了3～41（18．6±12．7）个月,无旁路传导恢复及心动过速发作。结论常规方法消融失败的右侧游离壁旁路可能具有特殊的解剖特征,如旁路在三尖瓣环水平沿心外膜走行,旁路的心房插入部位远离瓣环。三维电解剖标测有助于精确定位旁路的心房插入端并指导消融。     

左侧斜行旁道心腔内心电图特征及射频导管消融

目的 探讨快速、准确标测左侧斜行旁道消融靶点的方法，提高导管消融成功率。方法 对66例AVRT患者在高位右心房刺激、心室刺激或室性期前收缩、诱发室上性心动过速及窦性心律时进行心腔内电生理检查，确定旁道的走行方向，标测心室及心房侧靶点图，记录消融靶点位置及消融时间。结果 发现6例旁道走行方向斜跨二尖瓣环并确定为斜行旁道，经主动脉逆行法最终全部消融成功，部分病例耗时较长。结论 如果冠状窦标测电极(CS)记录到的最早逆行心房激动点和最早顺传心室激动点不在同一记录直线上，在排除多旁道后应考虑斜行旁道的可能，同时可判断其斜行程度。最早逆行心房激动点和最早顺传心室激动点分别是心房侧和心室侧的消融靶点。如能标测到旁道电位，成功率更高。对于隐匿性左侧旁道，左心室起搏信号s到cs上最早逆传至A波的最短间隔处是很好的消融靶点。     

Mahaim样纤维的电生理特点和射频消融治疗

目的　总结前传递减性右心房 -右心室旁路的电生理特点和射频消融结果。　方法　对 7例患者 ,其中男性 3例 ,女性 4例 ,平均年龄 (32± 16 )岁左束支阻滞图形的逆向型房室折返性心动过速患者进行电生理检查和射频消融治疗。　结果　 7例患者的旁路只有递减性前向传导功能 ,三磷酸腺苷能够阻断旁路的传导。心动过速时 ,行心房期前刺激和标测心室最早激动点 ,证实旁路起止于邻近三尖瓣环的右心房和右心室。于三尖瓣环上成功消融所有的旁路 ,消融部位的局部 V波明显提前 [平均 V-δ间期(2 5± 4) ms],但不伴有旁路电位。平均随访 (16± 5 )个月 ,无 1例心动过速复发。　结论　前传递减性右心房 -右心室旁路是“Mahaim样纤维”的一种类型 ,射频消融术为有效的治疗方法 ,成功消融部位可不伴有旁路电位。     

Catheter ablation of anteroseptal accessory pathway in the non-coronary aortic sinus.

We report a patient with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) with bidirectional conduction over an anteroseptal accessory pathway (AP) who underwent successful ablation in the non-coronary aortic sinus (AS). In three previous attempts, the intracardiac recordings showed an anteroseptal AP with antegrade and retrograde conduction that failed to be ablated in spite of radiofrequency (RF) applications from the right and left anteroseptal regions. During the study, the earliest atrial activation during tachycardia was recorded in the non-coronary AS preceding the atrial activation at the His bundle (HB) region by 24 ms, and the anteroseptal AP was successfully blocked by one single ablation in the non-coronary AS. These data strongly suggest that careful mapping of an anteroseptal AP in the non-coronary AS may provide an alternative ablation approach in patients with previously failed ablation.     

Successful catheter ablation of an anteroseptal accessory pathway from the noncoronary sinus of Valsalva

We describe a patient who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation of concealed left lateral and anteroseptal accessory pathways. After successful elimination of the concealed left anterolateral accessory pathway, the earliest retrograde atrial activation was located in the His-bundle region. Complete elimination of the accessory pathway conduction was achieved with a radiofrequency energy application from the noncoronary sinus of Valsalva.     

Atrial tachycardia ablated from the non-coronary aortic cusp

We present a case of a patient with drug resistant atrial tachycardia which was ablated from the noncoronary aortic cusp. Tachycardia was adenosine-sensitive and was characterized by a long RP' interval and low amplitude P waves (biphasic in II, III, aVF and V1-V2 leads, and positive in aVL). The earliest atrial activation during tachycardia was recorded at His region and from non-coronary aortic sinus of Valsalva. RF ablation at this area terminated tachycardia and did not impair atrio-ventricular conduction.     

Successful Targeted Ablation of the Pathway Potential in the Noncoronary Cusp of the Aortic Valve in an Infant with Incessant Orthodromic Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia

A 4-month-old infant presented with incessant SVT and severe failure to thrive. At EP study, orthodromic-reciprocating tachycardia using an anteroseptal accessory pathway was identified. Detailed mapping on the right atrial septum failed to disclose a distinctly early site of atrial activation or a near-field pathway potential. Mapping in the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve identified a discrete pathway potential that was successfully targeted for ablation. At 12-month follow-up after the procedure, there had been no recurrence of tachycardia.
Conclusion: Myocardial fibers above the aortic valve cusps may constitute the atrioventricular bypass connection and can be identified and targeted for successful ablation even in infants.     

Successful cryoablation in the noncoronary aortic cusp for a left anteroseptal accessory pathway

Catheter ablation of anteroseptal accessory pathways may be difficult because of the neighboring conduction tissue that may be damaged with ablation. We report a case of an accessory pathway localized to the anteroseptal region. A pathway potential found in the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve was successfully targeted for ablation with cryo energy. Observations during tachycardia and pacing maneuvers suggest that the supravalvar aortic musculature may be an integral component of left anteroseptal pathways that can be safely targeted for cryoablation without injury of the atrioventricular conduction system.     

起源于主动脉窦内的房性心动过速、频发室性早搏的射频消融治疗

目的报道4例局灶性房性心动过速（房速）,3例频发室性早搏（室早）经主动脉途径在左冠窦和无冠窦内标测和射频消融的结果。方法对4例房速、3例频发室早进行常规心电图、心内电生理检查和射频消融治疗。结果4例阵发性房速患者的标测靶点位于主动脉窦内,在无冠窦成功消融;3例频发室早在左冠窦内标测及消融成功。术中无并发症,随访3～31个月,无1例复发。结论在主动脉无冠窦、左冠窦内射频消融是可行的且能达到安全、有效的治疗目的。尤其适用于在常规、经典部位消融失败的患者。     

Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (Coumel type): an unusual location of a retrograde accessory pathway

Permanent junctional reentrant tachycardia (PJRT) is an uncommon form of tachycardia that is usually due to an atrioventricular reentry via a right posteroseptal accessory pathway with decremental properties. We describe a case of PJRT that showed evidence of two accessory pathways located both left and right. A 63-year-old woman was referred to our institution for radiofrequency (RF) ablation of a permanent form of regular narrow QRS tachycardia (T) (cycle length 520 ms) with long RP interval (380 ms); P wave was negative in inferior leads, negative in D1 and flat in aVL. During sinus rhythm, AH and HV intervals were 110 ms and 50 ms respectively. The atrioventricular anterograde conduction curve was continuous. A decremental retrograde conduction via a left posterior pathway until ventricular effective refractory period (210 ms) was evident. Tachycardia inducible with both atrial and ventricular programmed stimulation was almost incessant. During tachycardia, a premature ventricular depolarization delivered when His bundle was refractory was able to advance the next atriogram, and tachycardia could be interrupted by a ventricular depolarization without atrial capture. During right atrial mapping, an earliest atrial activation was found in the mid-septal position just above the coronary sinus ostium and RF application caused a transient interruption of T (3 minutes). Tachycardia resumed with basal characteristics, but no evidence of earlier right atrial activation was found during atrial mapping. Successful RF ablation was performed via retrograde aortic catheterization in the left posterior region. This case showed evidence of a left posterior pathway causing PJRT. However, the transient successful ablation in the right mid-septal region and the lack of evidence of right early atrial activation after RF application could account for the presence of an additional right accessory pathway or a strand of the same broad left pathway.     

Patient with atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia with eccentric retrograde left-sided activation: treatment with radiofrequency catheter ablation

We describe a patient with supraventricular tachycardia with triple atrioventricular (AV) node pathway physiology. A discontinuous curve was present in the antegrade AV nodal function curves. During right ventricular pacing, the earliest retrograde atrial activation was recorded at the left-sided coronary sinus electrode. The retrograde ventricular-atrial interval was long and had decremental conduction. We induced a slow-slow AV node reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) with eccentric retrograde left-sided activation. After slow pathway ablation, dual AV nodal pathway physiology was present. AVNRT with eccentric retrograde left-sided activation is relatively rare, and our findings suggest that eccentric retrograde left-sided atrial inputs consist partially of a slow pathway and disappear with slow pathway ablation.     

心外膜房室旁路的射频导管消融

目的 探讨不同部位心外膜房室旁路(AP)的电生理特点及射频导管消融的方法学及结果.方法 36例心外膜AP患者,男性17例,年龄9～74岁,均伴房室折返性心动过速,7例有1～3次导管消融失败病史,经心内膜途径标测无理想消融靶点和/或经导管消融失败后,分别经冠状静脉系统(尤心中静脉)、无冠窦、右心耳、右侧游离壁标测到理想AP电位或AV(VA)相对最近或融合处,应用普通射频导管或换用盐水灌注射频导管,分别于上述部位消融.结果 36例中,在心脏静脉系统内消融成功28例,其中25例在心中静脉内或其口部附近消融成功;无冠窦内消融成功1例;右心耳内消融成功2例,其中1例复发后再次消融失败,最终经心外科手术成功;5例右侧游离壁心外膜AP,经沿三尖瓣环心房侧线性消融成功电隔离AP 4例,失败1例.结论 心外膜AP的发生率为1.9%,多数(78%)位于心脏静脉系统(尤心中静脉)内,部分位于右侧游离壁,心耳内或无冠窦内罕见.术前通过分析体表心电图预激波极性可预测多数伴显性预激的心脏静脉系统心外膜旁路,在经心内膜标测和/或导管消融AP过程中如有疑问时应注意排除心外膜AP.盐水灌注射频导管可能有助于提高心外膜AP的消融成功率.