股骨CT图像的边缘提取

为重建和测量股骨的解剖结构,需要大量地读取CT图像的信息,以获得股骨轮廓的坐标值.本研究采用直方图阈值图像分割、Kirsh边缘提取方法获得股骨的二值化轮廓图像.轮廓的提取应用了"迷宫"边缘跟踪算法.本方法可大量、快捷、正确地提取图像轮廓信息.     

髋臼CT图像轮廓跟踪方法

目的为重建和测量髋臼的解剖结构,需要大量地读取CT图像的信息,以获得髋臼轮廓的坐标值。方法本研究采用直方图阈值图像分割、kirsh边缘提取法获得髋臼的二值化轮廓图像。轮廓坐标的提取应用了“迷宫”边缘跟踪算法。结果本方法可大量、快捷、正确的提取图像轮廓信息。     

基于Contourlet变换和PCNN的CT图像椎体解剖轮廓特征提取方法的研究

提出一种新的基于Contourlet变换和脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)的医学图像解剖轮廓特征提取算法。首先对原始椎体CT图像进行Contourlet变换,得到能稀疏表示图像边缘以及方向信息的子带和低频子带;然后结合PCNN对低频子带进行边缘轮廓细节提取,最后利用处理后的所有子带系数,通过Contourlet逆变换,提取出图像的边缘轮廓。实验将本算法提取的结果与Canny算子、区域生长法以及结合小波变换和PCNN的算法提取的图像边缘轮廓进行比较,结果表明新算法能够有效的实现医学图像解剖结构轮廓特征的提取。     

基于活动轮廓模型和边缘对比度特征量的血管内超声图像边缘提取

血管内超声（IVUS）图像冠状动脉血管壁的边缘提取对冠状动脉疾病的诊断和治疗有着重要意义。本研究提出了一种用于自动提取IVUS序列图像冠状动脉血管壁内、外膜边缘的方法。该方法基于活动轮廓模型以及本研究所定义的边缘对比度特征量，利用Hopfield神经网络并结合模拟退火算法自动提取IVUS序列图像冠状动脉血管壁的内、外膜边缘。实验结果表明，本研究方法易于实现，而且准确性和可靠性较高，对IVUS序列图像处理的可重复性和鲁棒性较好，是一种较好的全局最优化算法。     

MRI图像中颅骨不连续外轮廓的多分辨率提取

目前,许多医学图像处理（例如图像三维重构,图像建模,图像配准和图像融合等）都需要进行图像的边缘提取,因此,边缘提取方法在医学图像处理中有极其重要的意义,轮廓闭合图像的边缘比较容易提取,而解剖和外伤等原因造成轮廓不连续时边缘提取比较复杂,美国和欧洲等发达国家从20世纪90年代后期开始着手医学图像不连续边缘提取方法的研究,国内的有关研究仍少见报道,本课题以脑图像为例,试图综合运用多分辨率法与八邻距离转换法来提取脑图像的不连续外轮廓,研究结果表明,此方法在提取不连续脑图像的连缘时快速有效,同时可以去掉高频干扰,有利于图像的配准。     

针对颅脑CT的边缘提取

边缘提取是ＣＴ图像三维重建前期工作中的关键步骤。本文根据图像的统计信息，一方面利用类间方差测度准则，求取图像的灰度阈值；另一方面求取图像的梯度阈值，利用这两个阈值将颅脑ＣＴ图像中各器官的边缘提取出来，作为三维重建的轮廓输入。实验结果表明：这种方法实时性好，适应性强，提取的边缘清晰完整，准确性高，证明了该算法的实用性和可行性     

一种基于多尺度分析的CT图像边缘检测方法

为了准确提取CT图像中解剖组织几何形态特征,提出了一种基于多尺度分析的CT图像边缘检测方法。本文应用多尺度分析中含有尺度因子的平滑函数的负导数作为小波,对CT图像实施小波变换,并检测小波变换的模局部极大值,完成基于模局部极大值的解剖组织轮廓特征表达。本文还讨论了一种模局部极大值点的简单筛选方法,针对CT图像噪声较大的特点,以模局部极大值的均方根乘以一个与尺度有关的因子作为模局部极大值的阈值,在不同尺度上获得了清晰的边缘信息。阈值处理后的模局部极大值图表明,不同尺度下的边缘检测能给出大小不同的物体的边缘信息。本方法能在有效抑制噪声的基础上,准确提取感兴趣解剖组织的几何轮廓特征。     

基于几何活动轮廓的神经元干细胞序列图像的自动分割

一个快速稳定的分割系统是研究神经元干细胞变化的基础，为完善此系统，针对多连接边缘模糊的细胞分割提取问题，根据曲线进化原理，我们提出了一种基于水平集方法的改进的几何活动轮廓算法。此算法能自动解决图像的拓扑变化，并能获得更加真实的细胞轮廓边缘。将此方法应用于神经元干细胞的序列图像分割，实验结果证明了此算法的有效性与准确性。     

基于隐含形状表示和边缘信息融合的非刚体图像配准

本研究提出基于隐含形状表示和边缘信息融合的多分辨率网格非刚体图像配准算法，使用从全局到局部的层次变换模型覆盖整个变换域，解决有较大局部形变的图像配准问题。首先用隐含形状表示图像的外部轮廓，将轮廓作为距离函数的零水平集隐含地嵌入到高一维的距离变换空间，在该隐含嵌入空间中使用互信息方法，实现了一个具有平移、旋转、尺度不变性的全局配准框架，对齐图像外部轮廓。然后选择基于B样条的多分辨率网格FFD模型进行局部配准，兼顾了结果精确度和计算效率。算法采用了与图像边缘信息融合的方法，强调图像边缘信息在配准中的贡献，得到平滑、连续且保证一对一映射的变换域。最后将该算法分别应用于脑部MR、CT图像的配准，得到令人满意的效果。     

结合区域信息的分段活动轮廓模型

提出了一种结合区域信息的分段活动轮廓模型，利用边缘信息迅速找到对象的大体轮廓，然后结合区域统计信息使模型精确收敛到对象边缘。分段的层次化变形有效的利用了图像的全局和局部信息，使用仿射变换使模型的局部以同一种变换方式变形，提高模型对噪声和伪边缘的鲁棒性，同时保持模型轮廓形状的一致性。在精确匹配阶段利用区域统计信息重新定义模型的外部能量，采用自适应的搜索区域确定方法，提高了算法的效率和进入凹边缘的能力。试验表明本模型运算速度快，抗噪声和避免陷入局部极小值的能力较强，有较好的分割效果。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.