肺结核外科的微创伤疗法(附39例报告)

目的探讨微创伤疗法治疗肺结核病的可行性及治疗效果。 方法收集接受微创伤疗法的肺结核病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中小切口或者电视胸腔镜下的肺结核肺切除术及脓胸廓清术患者10例(A组),小切口开胸下的肺结核空洞、结核球、曲菌球病灶清除术和不经胸局限性脓胸病灶清除术患者29例(B组)。 结果A组在电视胸腔镜下肺叶切除8例,其中1例术后肺膨胀不良,造成上胸腔残腔积液,其余7例肺复张满意;拔管时间最短3 d,最长10 d;术后第2天患者均可下床活动。电视胸腔镜下结核性脓胸廓清术2例,其中1例肺完全复张,1例复张不完全。B组29例患者全部治愈,无支气管胸膜瘘、结核播散、窦道形成等手术并发症发生病例;住院时间较常规术式明显缩短;术后下床早,呼吸循环系统的恢复明显较肺切除患者快;术后引流量少,拔管时间平均2～4 d;术前局限型慢性纤维空洞型肺结核合并痰菌阳性的6例患者,术后5例转阴、空洞消失;其中1例痰菌量明显减少;2例合并曲菌球的患者术后咯血停止。6例不经胸局限性脓胸病灶清除术患者,术后切口一期愈合。患者随访4个月～12年,平均6.2年,未见复发及播散。 结论微创伤疗法就切口而言,是介于传统开胸切口与微创切口之间的一种切口;就手术而言,比传统手术方式和微创手术方式损伤更小。肺结核病的外科治疗应择机选择微创伤疗法,其方法可行且效果良好。     

Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma and Aspergillus empyema

Twenty-four patients, 16 male and 8 female, underwent a total of 35 operations for pulmonary aspergillosis. Intrapulmonary aspergilloma was detected in 19, and Aspergillus empyema was present in 5. The major operative procedures performed were pneumonectomy in 2 patients, lobectomy in 8, segmentectomy in 1, cavernostomy in 4, and open-window thoracostomy in 5. The surgical results in 5 patients 70 years old or older were excellent. Empyema developed postoperatively in 2 patients who had undergone wedge resection of the lung or segmentectomy. Although resection involving the minimum extent possible is desirable in the treatment of intrapulmonary aspergilloma so as not to decrease lung function, it is dangerous to perform a limited procedure in the case of aspergilloma with an invasive character. In patients in poor general condition, cavernostomy followed by muscle flap plombage is recommended. For Aspergillus empyema, the primary procedure was open-window thoracostomy followed by plombage using chest wall muscle or omentum. We consider omental flap plombage to be superior to thoracoplasty in some respects for mycotic empyema, especially because it is a less extensive surgical procedure.     

56例肺及胸膜残腔曲菌病的诊断和手术治疗

目的 总结肺及胸膜残腔曲菌病的诊断和手术治疗经验。方法 对1972年9月至2003年6月我科诊治的56例肺曲菌病及胸膜残腔曲菌病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。本组肺曲菌病53例,胸膜残腔曲菌病3例。所有病例均行胸片或肺CT检查并行手术治疗,其中8例在术前经痰培养(5例)或肺组织穿刺活检(2例)或纤维支气管镜活检(1例)获得病原学诊断。53例肺曲菌病中,42例行肺叶切除术,3例行肺段切除术,8例行肺楔形切除术;3例胸膜残腔曲菌病在清除病灶后,2例行胸廓成形术,另1例延长胸腔闭式引流时间,并在残腔内反复注入氟康唑治疗1个月(每次200mg、100ml,1次／2～3d)。结果 全组患者均治愈,无手术死亡。术后随访无复发病例。结论 对肺及胸膜残腔曲菌病应采取积极的手术治疗,手术治疗效果较好。     

Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma: current outcome

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study was designed to confirm that aggressive pulmonary resection can provide effective long-term palliation of disease for patients with pulmonary aspergilloma. METHODS AND RESULTS: From 1959 to 1998, 84 patients underwent a total of 90 operations for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in the Marie-Lannelongue Hospital. The mean follow-up period was 9 years, and 83% of the patients were followed up for 5 years or until death, if the latter occurred earlier. The median age was 44 years. The most common indications were hemoptysis (66%) and sputum production (15%). Fifteen patients (18%) had no symptoms. Tuberculosis and lung abscess were the most common underlying causes of lung disease (65%). The procedures were 70 lobar or segmental resections, 8 cavernostomies, and 7 pneumonectomies. Five thoracoplasties were required after lobectomy (3 patients) or pneumonectomy (2 patients). The operative mortality rate was 4%. The major complications were bleeding (23 patients), prolonged air leak (31 patients), respiratory failure (10 patients), and empyema (5 patients). The actuarial survival curve showed 84% survival at 5 years and 74% survival at 10 years. During the first 2 years, death was related to the surgical procedure and the underlying disease. In contrast, 85% of the survivors had a good late result. CONCLUSION: Lobar resection in both the symptomatic and the asymptomatic patients was conducted in low-risk settings. For patients whose condition is unfit for pulmonary resection, cavernostomy may need to be undertaken despite the high operative risk. The better survival rate in this study may have been due to the selection of patients with better lung function and localized pulmonary disease.     

Surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma: a 35-year experience in the Chinese population

The surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma is challenging and controversial. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical profile, indications and surgical outcomes of pulmonary aspergilloma operated on in our institute. A total of 256 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma underwent surgical treatment from 1975 to 2010. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A (simple aspergilloma, n = 96) and Group B (complex aspergilloma, n = 160). The principal underlying lung disease was tuberculosis (71.1%). The surgical procedures consisted of 212 lobectomies in both groups; eight cavernoplasties, 10 bilobectomies, 16 pneumonectomies and six thoracoplasties in Group B; four segmentectomies and six wedge resections in Group A. Postoperative complications occurred in 40 patients (15.6%). The major complications were residual pleural space (3.9%), prolonged air leak (3.1%), bronchopleural fistula (1.6%), excessive bleeding (1.6%), respiratory insufficiency (1.9%) and empyema (1.2%). No intraoperative deaths occurred. The overall mortality within 30 days post-operation was 1.2%, occurring only in Group B. There was no statistically significant difference in the postoperative morbidity between Groups A and B (P = 0.27). With the good selection of patients, meticulous surgical techniques and good postoperative management, aggressive surgical treatment with anti-fungal therapy for pulmonary aspergilloma is safe and effective, and can achieve favourable outcomes.     

An operated case report of pulmonary aspergillosis by sapprophytic infection of Aspergillus candidus in congenital bronchial cyst of right lower lobe

Aspergillosis is a mycotic disease caused by a variety of species of the dimorphic fungus aspergillosis, especially aspergillus fumigatus. But the report of pulmonary aspergillosis by aspergillus candidus is very rare. We experienced a surgical case of pulmonary aspergillosis caused by aspergillus candidus. The patient is a 18-year-old girl. Eleven years ago, she had suffered from pneumonia of rt. lower lobe, there after she often has suffered from cough and fever every year. In 1986, chest x-ray photography shows a small cavity in rt. lower lobe. In 1989, it becomes a big cavity of 8 X 8 cm in diameter with niveau. She has cough and bloody sputum of 100-150 ml daily. We have cultured aspergillus candidus from sputum, bloody pus obtained by percutaneous aspiration needle lung biopsy of the cavity and bloody pus in the cavity which was resected on March 3, 1989. But the pathological investigation could not demonstrate any fungus ball or fungus body of aspergillus candidus.     

Pneumonectomy for complex aspergilloma: is it still dangerous?

OBJECTIVE: Pneumonectomy for complex aspergilloma is associated with high morbidity rates. This study aimed to improve the outcomes of this high-risk procedure by preventing postoperative complications. METHODS: Between April 1999 and December 2004, 25 patients underwent pulmonary resection for complex aspergilloma at our institution. Of these patients, 11 (44%) patients (9 males and 2 females) undergoing a pneumonectomy were reviewed in this study. Median age was 63 years (range, 36-71 years). Associated pulmonary diseases were cavities secondary to tuberculosis (n=6) and a post-lobectomy destroyed lung (n=5). All patients presented with symptoms, including hemoptysis (n=10) and purulent sputum (n=1). To minimize the risk of empyema and bronchopleural fistula, careful extrapleural dissection and bronchial stump reinforcement with a latissimus dorsi muscle flap were employed in all patients. Follow-up was completed on March 31, 2005. RESULTS: We performed six pneumonectomies (two right and four left) and five completion pneumonectomies (one right and four left). Operating time ranged from 361 to 781 min (median, 432 min). The median intraoperative blood loss was 1050 ml (range, 200-2910 ml). There was no operative mortality. No patient required re-exploration for postoperative hemorrhage. The major complications were empyema caused by anaerobic bacteria (n=1) and chylothorax (n=1). The treatment of both complications was successful. All patients were free from aspergillosis at the time of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumonectomy for symptomatic complex aspergilloma can be performed with no mortality and low morbidity. The favorable results of this potentially deleterious procedure hinge on the efforts to prevent postoperative complications.     

Long-term outcomes and risk factor analysis after pneumonectomy for active and sequela forms of pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis remains high in several areas of the world, and pneumonectomy is often necessary to treat the disease. We retrospectively analyzed the morbidities, mortalities, and long-term outcomes after pneumonectomy for the treatment of active tuberculosis or its sequelae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1981 and 2001, 94 patients underwent either pneumonectomy or pleuropneumonectomy for the treatment of tuberculosis. The patients included 44 males and 50 females and the mean age was 40 (16-68) years. The pathology included destroyed lung in 80, main bronchus stenosis in ten, and both lesions in four. Surgical procedures performed were pneumonectomy in 47, pleuropneumonectomy in 43, and completion pneumonectomy in four. RESULTS: One patient died postoperatively due to empyema. Twenty-three complications occurred in 20 patients: empyema in 15 (including seven bronchopleural fistulae), wound infections in five, and other complications in three. Univariate analysis revealed the presence of empyema, pleuropneumonectomy, prolonged operation time, old age, and intraoperative contamination as risk factors of postpneumonectomy empyema; it also showed that low preoperative FEV(1) and postoperative persistent positive sputum AFB were risk factors of bronchopleural fistula. In multivariate analysis, old age and low preoperative FEV(1) were risk factors of empyema while low preoperative FEV(1), positive sputum acid-fast bacilli, and the presence of aspergilloma were risk factors of bronchopleural fistula. There were 12 late deaths. Actuarial 5- and 10-year survival rates were 94+/-3% and 87+/-4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pneumonectomy could be performed with acceptable mortality and morbidity, and could achieve satisfactory long-term survival for the treatment of tuberculosis. In patients with risk factors, special care is recommended to prevent postoperative empyema or bronchopleural fistula.     

Surgical management of pulmonary aspergilloma. Role of single-stage cavernostomy with muscle transposition.

OBJECTIVE: We reviewed the outcome of the patients with aspergilloma who were treated surgically. METHODS: Between July 1991 and October 1996, 11 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma underwent surgery. One underwent sequential bilateral tboracotomy and two underwent re-operation. The total number of operations was 14. Surgical procedures consisted of 5 cavernostomies with muscle transposition, 3 cavernostomies with muscle transposition and thoracoplasty, 1 lobectomy 1 pneumonectomy, 1 segmentectomy and 3 partial resections. RESULTS: Morbidity and mortality rates were 28.6% and 7.1%, respectively Two patients who underwent cavernostomy and muscle transposition experienced a relapse of aspergilloma 19 and 29 months after the operation, respectively, but both successfully underwent re-operation, including cavernostomy. Both are free of symptoms 28 and 30 months after re-operation, respectively. All survivors except for one who died of multiple organ failure remain free of symptoms 14 to 60 months after the most recent operation. CONCLUSION: Our experience was not a controlled trial and two relapsed cases had undergone cavernostomy, our series may suggest that single-stage cavernostomy with muscle transposition is a viable surgical option for patients with pulmonary aspergilloma.     

Surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis

Objective: Surgery of pulmonary aspergillosis followed by higher incidence of post-operative complications. This was the purpose to evaluate our material. Methods: Between January 1983 and December 1995, the operation was carried out on a total of 84 patients for pulmonary aspergillosis. The patients were comprised of 71 males and 13 females, with a mean age of 49 years (range, 24–71). Previous lung disorders were observed in about half of the cases (most frequently tuberculosis), while in the other half aspergillosis was developed on the basis of (sub)-acute infections. Haemoptysis was present in 48% of patients. The diagnosis was suspected in 47 cases by chest X-ray. Aspergilloma was diagnosed in 50 patients pre-operatively (excluding 12 typical aspergillomas for cavernostomies), with the other pre-operative diagnoses being tuberculosis, lung cancer, pyoscelrosis, etc. Results: In 71 cases pulmonary resection was carried out (52 lobectomies, 13 wedge resections and six pulmonectomies). A total of 12 cavities were opened by cavernostomy and one lung biopsy was performed for disseminated lung disease. The post-operative mortality rate was 9.5%. The most common complications were bleeding, empyema, bronchial fistula and wound infection. In 23 patients with developed prolonged air leak and/or residual air space, complications were observed more frequently in patients with greater cavitation near the chest wall. Conclusions: In most cases of pulmonary aspergilloma surgical intervention remains the only effective therapy. The operation has a lower risk factor in asymptomatic patients and in patients without pleural or chest wall involvement. In some cases, cavernostomy may be the only remaining surgical choice.     

Results of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this retrospective study is to analyze the results of the surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma and to confirm that aggressive surgical resection can provide effective outcome for these patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: From 1987 to 2000, 110 patients underwent thoracotomy for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in two hospitals. The most common indication for operation was hemoptysis (82%). Underlying diseases were tuberculosis (89%), bronchiectasis (5%), carcinoma (3%), lung tumor (1%) and none (2%). The procedures were lobectomy (74%), segmentectomy (12%), wedge resection (9%), pneumonectomy (4%) and cavernoplasty in two patients. Twenty-nine patients (26%) had severe underlying intrathoracic pathologies. RESULTS: Postoperative complications occurred in 23.6% of the patients including: empyema (n=13), bleeding (n=6), respiratory insufficiency (n=2), wound infection (n=4) and bronchopleural fistula (n=1). There was one hospital death due to panperitonitis after gastric ulcer perforation. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend early surgical resection of symptomatic aspergilloma and even asymptomatic cases with reasonable complication.     

原位肝移植术后并发曲霉菌感染的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后并发曲霉菌感染的诊断和治疗措施. 方法对2000年1月至2006年12月中山大学附属第一医院施行的776例同种原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结原位肝移植术后发生曲霉菌感染的诊治经过.结果 本组患者发生曲霉菌感染13例,感染发生率为1.68%(13/776);其中肺部感染7例,肝脏感染2例,颅内感染1例,多器官感染3例.两性霉素B脂质体是治疗肝移植术后曲霉菌感染的主要药物,对早期病例疗效满意.因曲霉菌感染死亡7例,病死率为53.8%(7/13).结论 防治肝移植术后曲霉菌感染的关键是做好早期诊断,及时治疗.抗真菌治疗应该清除病灶、调整免疫抑制剂及选用敏感抗真菌药物;抗真菌药物的使用应该早期、足量、全程用药.     

Pulmonary aspergillus infection invading the pleura.

During a 10-year-period, six patients with non-postoperative aspergillus infection of the pleura were seen. In all patients a pulmonary aspergillus infection had been present for some years. The fungus invaded the pleura, causing a bronchopleural fistula and a cavity in the pleural space. A prerequisite for the pleural aspergillosis was that the lung and pleura were previously damaged, usually by therapeutic pneumothorax for active tuberculosis some decades earlier. The fungus can cause destruction of the lung and death of the patient from the chronic infection unless treated. The best treatment is early excision of the pleura with resection of the upper lobe or if necessary the whole lung. To reduce the risk of postoperative aspergillus empyema, the patient should be treated with antifungal agents before and after operation. In inoperable patients, local antifungal treatment may clear the infection but is not always effective.     

全胸腔镜肺切除术治疗肺曲菌球41例临床分析

目的：探讨全胸腔镜肺切除术治疗肺曲菌球的安全性及可行性。方法回顾分析我院2008年7月-2013年9月全胸腔镜肺切除术治疗肺曲菌球41例的临床资料,均有反复咯血,术前CT提示肺曲菌球可能,病灶直径1-5 cm。肺叶切除术29例,肺段切除术8例,肺楔形切除术4例。结果手术时间：29例肺叶切除（156．4±57．7） min,8例肺段切除（167．5±56．4）min,4例肺楔形切除分别为35、47、54、65 min。出血量20-1100 ml,中位数150 ml。中转开胸3例（胸顶粘连）。术后胸管引流时间2-11 d,中位数3 d;术后住院时间4-19 d,（8±2）d。术后30天无死亡,无严重并发症发生。39例术后随访6-24个月,平均12．5月,5例有少量间断痰血。结论全胸腔镜肺切除术治疗单纯型肺曲菌球是一种安全、可行的手术方法。     

Pulmonary aspergilloma. Results of surgical treatment

Between 1953 and 1984, 53 patients (40 male and 13 female) underwent thoracotomy for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma. The median age was 58 years (range 4 to 86 years). Either underlying lung disease or immunologic risk factors were present in 49 patients (92%). Twenty-one patients (31%) had simple aspergilloma and 32 (47%) had complex aspergilloma. The most common indication for operation was an indeterminate mass, hemoptysis, or severe cough. Lobectomy, wedge excision, and pneumonectomy were the most frequent operations. Complications occurred in 78% of patients with complex aspergilloma and in 33% of patients with simple aspergilloma (p = 0.002). Operative mortality was 5% (one death) in patients with simple aspergilloma and 34% (11 deaths) in patients with complex aspergilloma (p = 0.01). Cause of death was respiratory failure in four patients, underlying pulmonary disease in three, aspergillosis in two, and other conditions in three. At follow-up, 84% of operative survivors with simple aspergilloma were alive and well compared with 43% of those with complex aspergilloma. Although operative mortality in patients with complex aspergilloma was high, 67% of the survivors had a good long-term result in terms of absence of symptoms, but they frequently died of underlying disease. In contrast, operation in patients with simple aspergilloma was done with low risk, and approximately 90% of survivors had a good late result. Late appearance of contralateral disease did occur and argues for rigorous postoperative surveillance.     

160例肺曲菌球的外科治疗

目的探讨肺曲菌球的手术适应证及减少术后并发症的方法。方法回顾分析我院1975年9月至2006年3月经外科手术治疗的160例肺曲菌球患者的临床资料,根据肺部基础病变的性质和程度分为单纯性肺曲菌球组(SPA,n=34)和复合性肺曲菌球组(CPA,n=126)。分别行肺切除术154例,胸廓改形术加肺叶切除或肌瓣充填术3例,曲菌球清除加肌瓣填塞术3例。结果无手术死亡,160例患者中治愈156例,治愈率97.5%。术后发生并发症44例(27.5%),其中肺炎15例,肺复张不全12例,持续漏气10例,脓胸5例,肺脓肿5例,支气管胸膜瘘3例,切口感染2例。SPA组术后并发症发生率低于CPA组(P<0.05)。术后随访151例,随访4个月~5年无复发。结论外科手术为治疗肺曲菌球的首选方法,客观可靠的术前评估是减少术后并发症和手术成败的关键。电视胸腔镜辅助小切口开胸手术具有创伤小、恢复快、术后并发症少的优点,适用于肺基础病变局限、胸膜粘连较轻的患者。     

Surgical outcome of pulmonary resection in chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis is hazardous and controversial. METHODS: Ten patients (8 men, 2 women; mean age, 50 years) with chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis underwent pulmonary resection between 1989 and 2000. Single segmentectomy or lobectomy, pneumonectomy, or bilobectomy and multisegmentectomy were performed. Clinicopathologic features of these patients were reviewed to clarify the role of surgical intervention for chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis. RESULTS: The mean time from the onset of clinical symptoms to operation was 5.3 years. Surgical intervention was undertaken because of prolonged illness in 4 patients and hemoptysis in 6 patients. All patients survived. Three major complications (1 late empyema, 2 bronchopleural fistulas) occurred in the large dead space in the right pleural cavity. All survivors were free of aspergillosis at a mean follow-up time of 4.8 years, and only 1 patient required antifungal drugs for relapse during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive pulmonary resection in chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis should be considered when patients have prolonged illness or frequent hemoptysis. Empyema and bronchopleural fistula are the main complications. Concomitant thoracoplasty or intrathoracic transposition of the chest wall musculature is recommended in cases involving a large residual pleural cavity on the right side.     

Surgical treatment for pulmonary mycosis

Although most human mycosis develops in immunocompromised patients as an opportunistic infection, its frequency will be influenced by historical changes in diseases and by progress in medical technology. An example of local occurrence is pulmonary aspergilloma in an open negative cavity, and a systemic example is the onset of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. Surgical candidates for mycotic lung disease are usually patients who do not improve with medical treatment The author also stresses the prophylactic indications for prevention of unexpected impairment due to mycotic lung disease. The usefulness of surgery for pulmonary fungal infection has gradually been recognized Additional efforts should be made by surgeons to achieve better outcomes and to minimize operative complications by choosing the appropriate surgical technique.     

Pulmonary aspergilloma

Pulmonary aspergillomas usually arise from colonization of Aspergillus in preexisting lung cavities. Between 1972 and 1988, 18 patients underwent thoracotomy for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in our institution. Eight patients had simple aspergilloma and ten had complex aspergilloma. Hemoptysis was the most frequent complication. Tuberculosis was the most common underlying lung disease. Patients presenting with complex aspergilloma usually had associated factors potentially reducing their immune competence. Patients with simple aspergilloma tolerated surgery quite well and the outcome was satisfactory. By contrast operative mortality was 30% (3 deaths) in patients with complex aspergilloma and complications occurred in 8 patients (80%). Treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma must be individualized to take into account the patient's overall health and the risks attendant with each treatment modality.     

Good long-term outcomes after surgical treatment of simple and complex pulmonary aspergilloma

Background

The long-term outcomes of pulmonary aspergilloma have been known to depend on the underlying lung disease. We analyzed the surgical long-term outcomes for both simple and complex aspergilloma.

Methods

From 1981 to 1999, 90 surgical procedures were performed on 88 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma. The patients included 44 men and 44 women with a median age of 41 years (range, 12 to 69 years). The underlying lung diseases in the 72 complex aspergilloma cases were 57 tuberculosis (65%), 14 bronchiectases (16%), and 1 emphysema (1.1%). Sixteen (18%) had no underlying lung disease. The procedures performed were 52 lobectomies, 33 segmentectomies or wedge resections, 3 pneumonectomies, and 2 cavernostomies.

Results

One case of operative mortality (1.1%) occurred in complex aspergilloma. Among the other patients, 24 complications developed (27%): 11 prolonged air leaks (longer than 7 days), 7 persistent spaces, 3 postoperative bleedings, 2 empyemas, 2 pneumonias, and 1 wound infection. Risk factor analysis revealed old age and complex aspergilloma as significant risk factors for postoperative complication. One simple and 13 complex aspergilloma patients died during the follow-up period. Only 4 deaths were caused by pulmonary problems. The 10-year actuarial survival rates of simple and complex aspergilloma were 80.0% and 79.6%, respectively. There was no difference between the long-term survival of simple and complex aspergilloma.

Conclusions

Although the postoperative morbidity rate was higher in complex aspergilloma, surgical treatment for both simple and complex aspergilloma could achieve satisfactory long-term outcomes in selected groups of patients.