不同阿奇霉素治疗方案治疗慢性鼻窦炎的效果比较

目的 探讨不同阿奇霉素治疗方案治疗慢性鼻窦炎的效果.方法 将80例慢性鼻窦炎患者随机分为研究组和对照组,各40例.研究组静脉滴注500 mg阿奇霉素,每天1次,连续用药6周;对照组第1～5天静脉滴注500 mg阿奇霉素,第6天服用250 mg阿奇霉素分散片,停药4d后服用250 mg 阿奇霉素分散片,间断治疗2个月.观察与对比两组症状改善情况及临床疗效.结果 研究组头痛持续时间、流涕持续时间、鼻塞持续时间、嗅觉减退持续时间、咳嗽持续时间、睡眠打鼾持续时间均显著短于对照组(P＜0.01),临床疗效显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 阿奇霉素治疗慢性鼻窦炎连续用药比间断用药效果显著,临床症状改善时间明显缩短.     

阿奇霉素静脉滴注治疗急性咽喉炎致失眠

1例35岁女性患者,因患急性咽喉炎给予阿奇霉素0.5 g加入5%葡萄糖注射液250 ml静脉滴注,1次/ d.当晚出现入睡困难.次日静脉滴注后又出现入睡困难,给予安神片5片及地西泮10 mg口服,失眠症状仍未改善.停用阿奇霉素,改用左氧氟沙星100 ml静脉滴注,1次/d,1 d后睡眠恢复正常.追问病史,患者1年前使用阿奇霉素治疗,曾出现过失眠.     

阿奇霉素对社区获得性肺炎的有效性

美国的研究者报道 ,阿奇霉素可有效的治疗轻至中度的社区获得性肺炎。与 2 0 0 1年美国胸科学会 (ATS)推荐的除阿奇霉素以外的抗菌剂和非ATS推荐的抗菌剂比较 ,研究者评价了阿奇霉素单一疗法的有效性。对非严重性社区获得性肺炎的住院患者进行回顾性分析 ,4 42名患者中 ,2 2 1名接受阿奇霉素单一疗法 ,1 2 9名接受ATS推荐的治疗剂 ,92名接受非ATS推荐的治疗剂 ,调整两组之间严重程度的变化后 ,与ATS组 (5 .73d)和非ATS组 (6 .71d)比较 ,阿奇霉素组平均总的住院时间缩短 (4 .35d) ,与ATS组 (2 .84d ,p :0 .0 0 8)和非ATS组 (2 .85d…     

阿奇霉素不同疗程量治疗生殖道衣原体感染的疗效比较

目的 比较不同疗程量阿奇霉素治疗生殖道衣原体感染的疗效和安全性.方法 患者随机分0为两组,单剂量组阿奇霉素1 g顿服;大剂量组阿奇霉素1 g顿服,3 d后重复使用1次.比较两组的微生物学转阴率、停药后短期复发率和药物不良反应发生率.结果 大剂量组微生物学转阴率显著高于单剂量组,两组的复发率和不良反应发生率没有明显差异.结论 大剂量阿奇霉素疗法,在致病微生物转阴率方面优于单剂量疗法.     

阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床体会

目的 探讨小儿支原体肺炎患者接受阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗的临床疗效.方法 选取本院于2014年3月~2016年3月期间所收治的小儿支原体肺炎患者80例为研究对象,随机平均将其划分成对照组和试验组;对照组中的患者接受静脉注射溶解于葡萄糖溶液中的阿奇霉素(10mg·kg-1),每天注射1次,持续注射8d;试验组中的患者在前3d(1日1次)静脉注射同对照组相同的药液后,对患者的体周的血白细胞和体温情况进行观察.如果正常,将静脉注射用药改为口服阿奇霉素(10mg·kg-1),持续5d,1日1次.对比两组患者的治疗情况.结果 在经过持续8d的治疗后,对照组中患者治疗的总有效率达67.5%,不良反应发生率达32.5%;试验组中患者治疗的总有效率达97.4%,不良反应发生率达20%.两组患者的治疗情况具有可比性(P<0.05).结论 相较于静脉注射阿奇霉素治疗,通过采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法可以更好地治疗小儿支原体肺炎,患者康复速度快,且出现不良情况的概率比较低.     

阿奇霉素静脉滴注治疗急性扁桃体炎致失眠

1例40岁男性患者,因患急性扁桃体炎给予阿奇霉素0.5g加入到5%葡萄糖注射液250ml静脉滴注,1次/d。当晚出现入睡困难,给予中成药甜梦胶囊3片口服,失眠症状未改善。停用阿奇霉素,换服用头孢氨苄胶囊0.5g,3次/d。1d后睡眠恢复正常。追问病史,患者主诉1年前曾因上呼吸道感染使用阿奇霉素静脉滴注治疗3d,治疗期间出现失眠。     

阿奇霉素联合红霉素治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效观察

目的 观察阿奇霉素联合红霉素治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效.方法 将小儿肺炎支原体肺炎患儿60例随机分为治疗组与对照组各30例,对照组予阿奇霉素10mg·kg-1·d-1 静脉滴注,连用5d后停用4d,后予阿奇霉素10mg·kg-1·d-1口服,连用3d后停用4d;治疗组予红霉素12.5mg/kg静脉滴注,每天2次,连用3d,后予阿奇霉素10mg·kg-1·d-1 静脉滴注,连用3d后停用4d,后予阿奇霉素10mg·kg-1·d-1口服,连用3d.比较2组退热、止咳、治疗时间及疗效.结果 治疗组患儿退热、止咳及治疗时间均短于对照组;治疗组总有效率为93.3%,明显高于对照组的76.7%,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 采用阿奇霉素联合红霉素治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎具较好临床效果,可短时间内缓解患儿症状,及时有效改善患儿病情,值得临床推广应用.     

阿奇霉素相关房室传导阻滞

1例86岁女性患者因肺部感染静脉滴注头孢曲松钠2.0 g（1次/d）、阿奇霉素0.5 g （1次/d）和盐酸氨溴索30 mg（2次/d）。第4次静脉滴注阿奇霉素约30 min时,患者突然出现胸闷、憋气。心电图示Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞。立即停止药物输注,给予吸氧。1h后,患者胸闷、憋气消失。5h 后复测心电图示窦性心律。未再应用阿奇霉素,患者未再出现类似症状。     

红霉素和阿奇霉素治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎疗效比较

目的 比较红霉素和阿奇霉素治疗小儿肺炎支原体肺炎疗效.方法 随机抽取我院收治的小儿肺炎支原体肺炎患者90例,分为红霉素组和阿奇霉素组,每组各45例.对于红霉素组患者给予静脉滴注红霉素以及维生素k3治疗,红霉素每次用量15mg/kg,维生素k3每次1mg/kg,两种用药均一天两次;对于阿奇霉素组患者给予连续静脉滴注阿奇霉素3d后改口服阿奇霉素干混悬剂4d治疗,静脉滴注每日一次4mg/kg,口服剂量10mg/kg,均每日一次.观察两组患者的总有效率及不良反应率.结果 阿奇霉素组总有效率为93.33％,红霉素组总有效率为77.78％,两组数据比较有明显差异;此外,阿奇霉素组总不良反应率为8.89％显著低于红霉素组总不良反应率22.22％.所有数据均符合统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 阿奇霉素相比红霉素在小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的治疗中,具有疗效显著、不良反应低的优势.     

阿奇霉素联合磷酸川芎嗪注射液治疗支原体肺炎疗效分析

目的比较阿奇霉素联合川芎嗪注射液与单纯阿奇霉素治疗支原体肺炎的疗效。方法将80例患者随机分为治疗组41例,对照组39例,治疗组用阿奇霉素0.5g/(kg.d),磷酸川芎嗪氯化钠注射液0.2g/(kg.d),静脉滴注。对照组用阿奇霉素0.5g/(kg.d),静脉滴注。两组均以10d为1个疗程。结果治疗组总有效率为92.68%,对照组总有效率71.79%,两组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阿奇霉素联合磷酸川芎嗪氯化钠注射液治疗支原体肺炎较单用阿奇霉素治疗疗效高、病程短。     

薄荷油β-环糊精包合前后成分与口感的变化研究

目的:研究薄荷油β-环糊精包合前后成分的变化对薄荷油气味、口感的影响。方法:采用饱和水溶液法制备薄荷油β-环糊精包合物;薄层色谱法和气-质联用法检测薄荷油包合前后的成分,比较其成分变化对气味、口感的影响。结果:包合可使薄荷醇、薄荷酮、异薄荷酮成分保留,有效去除α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、D-柠檬烯成分。结论:包合能去除薄荷油中原有少量影响其气味的松油、樟油成分,使其气味清纯,口感更好。     

老年食管癌病人味嗅觉改变与应对方式、反刍性沉思的相关性

目的探讨老年食管癌病人味嗅觉改变与应对方式、反刍性思维的相关性。方法选取江苏省人民医院2017年5月至2019年10月72例老年食管癌病人,收集病人一般资料及评估味嗅觉改变。采用Pearson相关法分析味嗅觉调查表(TSS)评分与简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)、事件相关反刍性沉思问卷(ERRI)的相关性。结果39例(54.17%)病人出现味嗅觉改变,以轻度改变为主。TSS无改变及轻、中、重度改变病人的TSS评分的整体差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两两比较均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。72例病人SCSQ中积极应对得分(16.92±3.09)分,高于消极应对得分的(13.04±2.17)分(P<0.05)。ERRI评估结果侵入性反刍沉思得分为(15.30±4.96)分,目的性反刍沉思得分为(16.25±4.57)分,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,TSS评分、消极应对与侵入性反刍沉思呈显著正相关,与目的性反刍沉思呈显著负相关(P<0.05);积极应对得分与侵入性反刍沉思呈显著负相关,与目的性反刍沉思呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结论老年食管癌病人味嗅觉改变的发生易使病人倾向于采取消极应对。而应对方式与反刍性沉思之间有明显相关性,积极应对与目的性反刍性沉思呈显著正相关。     

Sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of e-cigarettes

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are becoming increasingly popular. The popularity of fruit flavors among e-cigarette users suggests that sweet taste may contribute to e-cigarette appeal. We therefore tested whether sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Using a conditioning paradigm adapted to study e-cigarettes, we tested whether exposure to flavored e-cigarettes containing nicotine plus sweet taste would be more reinforcing than unsweetened e-cigarettes. Sixteen light cigarette smokers smoked 4 distinctly colored e-cigarettes containing sweetened and unsweetened flavors with or without nicotine for 2 days each. Brain response was then assessed to the sight and smell of the 4 exposed e-cigarettes using fMRI. After exposure, sweet-paired flavors were wanted (p?=?.024) and tended to be liked (p?=?.053) more than nicotine-paired flavors. Moreover, sweet taste supra-additively increased liking for nicotine-paired flavors in individuals who did not show increased liking for nicotine alone (r?=??.67, p?=?.005). Accordingly, cues predicting sweet compared to non-sweet flavors elicited a stronger response in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc, p_SVC?=?.050) and the magnitude of response to the sight (p_SVC?=?.022) and smell (p_SVC?=?.017) of the e-cigarettes correlated with changes in liking. By contrast, the sight and smell of cues predicting nicotine alone failed to elicit NAcc response. However, the sight and smell of e-cigarettes paired with sweet+nicotine (p_SVC?=?.035) produced supra-additive NAcc responses. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of nicotine in e-cigarettes resulting in heightened brain cue-reactivity.     

Palatability of angiotensin II antagonists among nephropathic children

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT: * Among children, medication palatability is crucial for adherence to therapeutic regimen. * Several studies have measured the palatability of antimicrobial suspensions in paediatric patients by means of a visual analogue scale palatability score. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: * This is the first analysis comparing the taste and smell acceptability of angiotensin II receptor blockers among paediatric patients with kidney disease. * From the perspective of the child with kidney disease, the taste of pulverized candesartan is significantly superior to that of pulverized irbesartan, losartan, telmisartan or valsartan. AIM: Angiotensin II receptor blockers are widely prescribed in kidney disease. Among children, medication palatability is crucial for adherence. METHODS: Taste and smell acceptability of five angiotensin II receptor blockers were compared among 21 nephropathic children using a visual analogue scale palatability score. RESULTS: The score assigned to pulverized tablets of candesartan cilexetil was significantly higher than that assigned to pulverized tablets of irbesartan, losartan, telmisartan and valsartan. CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of the nephropathic child, the taste of pulverized candesartan cilexetil is superior to that of irbesartan, losartan, telmisartan or valsartan.     

Randomized single-blind trial in general practice comparing the efficacy and palatability of two cough linctus preparations, 'Pholcolix' and 'Actifed' Compound, in children with acute cough

Two hundred and seventeen patients between 6 and 12 years of age suffering from acute cough took part in a randomized, single-blind study comparing 'Pholcolix' and 'Actifed' Compound. No significant difference in efficacy was demonstrated but analysis of palatability components (taste, smell, aftertaste and feeling in the mouth) showed numerical superiority for 'Pholcolix' for all parameters, with a high degree of significance for overall taste. 'Pholcolix' caused significantly fewer side-effects, with 'Actifed' Compound causing markedly more drowsiness after daytime dosage.     

Acceptability of cholestyramine or colestipol combinations with six vehicles

Preferences for cholestyramine or colestipol in combination with orange drink, orange juice, grape juice, apple juice, water, or apple sauce were evaluated in 40 healthy adults. Each subject evaluated the taste, texture, and smell of 30-mL samples of 12 drug-vehicle combinations (two drugs, six vehicles) using modified five-point wine-tasting scales. Samples were prepared to contain either cholestyramine 1.0 g or colestipol hydrochloride 1.3 g. The products were tested at room temperature and were administered in a random order. Subjects and observers were blinded to the identity of the products. Acceptability scores for taste, texture, and smell were significantly higher for cholestyramine than for colestipol. Total mean preference scores for cholestyramine-vehicle combinations ranged from 9.9 to 11.7; for colestipol, 6.3 to 8.9. Orange drink, apple juice, grape juice, and orange juice were the preferred vehicles for cholestyramine. The preferred vehicles for colestipol were orange drink, apple sauce, and apple juice.     

Development and psychometric validation of a novel measure of sensory expectancies associated with E-cigarette use

IntroductionE-cigarette dependence measures largely focus on e-cigarette use (“vaping”) that is linked to nicotine use, and measures assessing sensory aspects of vaping that may influence use (e.g., taste) are limited in scope. Thus, we developed the novel Sensory E-cigarette Expectancies Scale (SEES).MethodsIn Summer 2017, 610 adult e-cigarette users (48.7% male, 84.9% White, 37.41[±12.15] years old) completed an online survey that included 23 SEES items. Psychometric analyses included evaluating latent structure, internal consistency, measurement invariance, mean differences, and test-criterion relationships.ResultsFactor analyses supported a 9-item, 3-subscale structure (taste/smell, pleasure/satisfaction, vapor cloud production). Subscales evidenced internal consistency and scalar invariance by sex, race, smoking status (current/not), vaping status (daily/not), e-liquid nicotine content (yes/no), and device type (cig-a-likes/vape-pens/Advanced Personal Vaporizers [APVs]/Mods). Women and daily e-cigarette users reported stronger SEEs for taste/smell and pleasure than their counterparts. Non-white participants reported stronger SEEs for cloud production than White participants. Cig-a-like users reported the weakest SEEs for taste/smell and weaker SEEs linked to cloud production than APV/mod users. SEES scores evidenced convergence with nicotine dependence (mean r = .36). Finally, SEES scores predicted vaping frequency and habitual vaping concurrently and incrementally beyond nicotine dependence.ConclusionsThe SEES evidenced good psychometric properties, suggesting that the measure can be used to assess sensory vaping expectancies in adults. Importantly, SEES scores indicated that sensory expectancies are related, yet distinct, from nicotine dependence. Future research should evaluate how SEEs relate to product characteristic preferences and patterns of vaping including the development and maintenance of addiction.     

中成药安慰剂辅料、制备与评价的研究进展

安慰剂对照试验是新药研发最常用的临床随机对照试验方法之一,但目前中成药安慰剂的制备存在诸多困难,其难点在于中药复方成分复杂且中药"气味、味道、颜色"较化学药、药用辅料及食品更为突出独特,而用于模拟味道和气味的辅料种类较少,且尚无完善的"气味、味道、颜色"模拟辅料的统计与归纳,因此模拟难度较大。针对中成药安慰剂制备难点,整理归纳出可用于模拟"气味、味道、颜色"的食品添加剂、食品或药食两用物质及香料等辅料,并对现有的制备和评价方法进行总结,以期为中成药安慰剂的辅料、制备、评价方法等研究提供参考。     

Issues in the formulation of drugs for oral use in children: role of excipients

An ideal oral drug for children should be effective, well tolerated, be of low cost and have good palatability, i.e. acceptable taste, after-taste and smell. Many of the drugs used for children are not available in suitable forms (such as chewable or liquid). Liquid forms may need to be prepared using appropriate excipients at the time of dispensing by the pharmacist. Modern medications are complex mixtures containing many other components besides the active ingredient. These are called 'inert ingredients', or excipients, and consist of bulk materials, flavorings, sweeteners and coloring agents. These excipients increase the bulk, add desirable color, mask the unpleasant taste and smell, and facilitate a uniform mixture of the active ingredient in the final marketed preparation. Unlike the active ingredients, excipients are not well regulated in most countries. Although mostly well tolerated, some adverse events and idiosyncratic reactions are well known for a variety of excipients. These components play a critical role, especially in liquid and chewable preparations that are mostly consumed by infants and children. This article reviews excipients commonly used in pediatric oral preparations.     

瓜薤滴丸安慰剂的制备及其效果评价

目的探索瓜薤滴丸安慰剂的制备方法,评价其效果。方法采用单因素试验筛选瓜薤滴丸安慰剂的处方中基质、填充剂、着色剂、矫味剂、包衣溶剂,确定最佳处方和生产工艺。对安慰剂的外观、气味、颜色、口味4个方面进行评价,采用人工打分的方法进行安慰剂模拟效果评价。结果瓜薤滴丸安慰剂的最佳处方为:聚乙二醇4000 70 g、聚乙二醇600059.5 g、聚山梨酯80 3.5 g、焦糖10 g、牛奶巧克力棕1.2 g、蔗糖八醋酸酯4 g、可溶性淀粉51.8 g,制成1 000丸瓜薤滴丸,共200 g。安慰剂与试验药在外观、气味、颜色和口味基本一致。结论瓜薤滴丸安慰剂能够满足实验的需求,可为中药特色的临床安慰剂的制备提供参考。