武警战士用处理饮用水中~（131）I、~（134）Cs吸滤管研究

目的：研究武警战士用消除饮水中~（131）I、~（134）Cs的吸滤管。方法：采用离子交换树脂、混聚和吸滤进行阴阳离子交换树脂配比和装置法,河水与井水水质试验,滤水速度试验,树脂混聚和再吸滤试验,U_3O_8裂变产物消除试验。结果：单用阴阳离子交换树脂混聚能消除放射性物质达31%,再通过吸滤管可达98%以上。结论：该装备处理能有效消除放射性物质,符合紧急情况下饮水指标。     

加压过滤法对奥润牌X型消毒康卫水机杀菌效果的评价

目的　评估奥润牌X型消毒康卫水机杀菌效果及试验中加压过滤法的应用。方法　用加压过滤法进行实验室人工污染水样、天然水样杀菌试验及杀菌效果影响因素分析。结果　奥润牌X型消毒康卫水机消毒作用 1min使人工污染水样中大肠杆菌 (5× 10 4～ 5× 10 5cfu/ 10 0ml)菌量下降至 0 / 10 0ml;消毒作用1min使天然水中的大肠杆菌量下降至 0 / 10 0ml;温度 (5～ 30℃ )、pH(6 .5～ 8.5 )、腐殖酸 (0～ 15mg/L)对水机杀菌效果影响不明显。结论　该水机具有较好的杀菌效果 ,可用于二次供水的家庭饮水消毒 ,加压过滤法可用于消毒水机杀菌效果的鉴定     

清除莱姆病螺旋体培养物中杂菌的方法研究

应用抗血清法、药物法、稀释法、微孔滤膜自动过滤法和动物接种法对从蜱分离的伴有较多杂菌的H₁₁和H₂₀莱姆病螺旋体培养物和从病人分离的伴有少量杂菌的R₉莱姆病螺旋体培养物进行了纯化。抗血清法对污染严重的培养物可除去大部分杂菌,达到初步纯化。初步纯化的莱姆病螺旋体培养物和伴有少量杂菌的莱姆病螺旋体培养物,用滤膜过滤法或药物法或稀释法或动物接种法均可达到纯化目的。但过滤法最简便、效果最好。     

镧型阳离子交换树脂用于饮水除氟的实验研究

制备镧型阳离子交换树脂 ,用于饮水除氟。用硝酸镧溶液将 0 0 1× 7强酸性阳离子交换树脂在优化的条件下转变为镧型树脂 ;利用氟与树脂上的镧作用除去水中氟。用硝酸镧溶液再生 ,树脂可反复用于水中除氟。镧型树脂的转型、除氟及再生优化条件 :d树脂 =0 3 15～ 0 60 0mm ,V树脂∶V再生液 =1∶6,t转型 =48h ,T =2 98 16K(2 5℃ )。动态、静态除氟容量分别为 5 60、4 0 8mg g ,通过再生 ,镧型树脂可使用 8个以上除氟周期。镧型树脂是饮水除氟的一种新型材料 ,设备简单 ,操作方便 ,除氟容量大、效率高、周期长     

131I治疗Graves病对外周血白细胞影响的研究

目的：探讨131I治疗Graves病对外周血白细胞的影响。方法：将接受131I治疗的Graves病患者按131I用量分组，于服131I前和服131I后做外周血白细胞测量，观察白细胞的变化。结果：131I治疗后第4天白细胞总数，中性粒细胞，淋巴细胞的绝对值出现减少；中性粒细胞减少显著（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），且与131I用量呈显著负相关（P＜0．05），白细胞减少者占69．4％，131I治疗后第7天白细胞已回升至接近疗前水平。结论：131I治疗Graves病可使外周血白细胞尤其是中性粒细胞短时间内（约1 ）减少，减少程度与131I用量有关，一周后可恢复至接近疗前水平，131I治疗时应适当加用升白细胞药物。     

溴化树脂饮水消毒剂的研究

溴用于水的消毒已有很久历史,用多溴树脂控制水和溶液中的细菌曾有报告。溴化树脂消毒剂对天然水及高度污染大肠菌的水进行杀菌实验,余溴在1毫克/升以上,作用5分钟,可达到饮水卫生标准,消毒效果较好。溴化树脂一、制备方法:溴化树脂是强碱性阴离子交换树脂用5%溴—溴化钠溶液淋洗而     

卫生吸水管净水效果的研究

卫生吸水管是在82—1型个人饮水净化消毒器的基础上研制的一种个人饮水净化器,弥补了82—1型个人饮水净化消毒器结构复杂,消毒水量少,不能去除有毒物质的缺点。适合在野外活动的个人饮水消毒较理想净化器。体积小重量轻,消毒可靠,操作简单,携带方便,不用动力,处理水质无色、无味等优点。消毒介质为载银树脂和载银活性碳;管子由无毒聚乙烯制做;流速为200～400毫升/分;全管重量为16～20克;消毒水量为290～380升;除菌率为99.99％;除f_2率大于99.999％;金属毒物,农药致癌物质去除率为82～100％。保证了饮用水质安全。     

Graves病~(131)I治疗后三个月时183例保持甲状腺功能亢进者随访分析

目的 探讨Graves病(GD)~(131)I治疗后3个月时仍保持甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢)者之后的甲状腺功能变化趋势及其影响因素.方法 应用SPSS 16.0软件的Cox回归生存分析,探讨183例GD患者经~(131)I治疗后3个月时仍保持甲亢者在~(131)I治疗后36个月内的甲功腺功能变化趋势及多因素对其变化的影响.结果 GD患者经~(131)I治疗后3个月时保持甲亢者36个月内甲亢保持率在~(131)I治疗后3～6个月时为100.0%、7～12个月时为73.7%、13～24个月时为67.2%、25～35个月时为43.3%、36个月时为21.5%.~(131)I治疗后3个月时甲状腺质量对该变化有影响(B=-0.044,Wald=4.460,P=0.035,RR=0.957);而其余9个协变量影响不显著.结论 GD~(131)I治疗后3个月时仍保持甲亢者近80%可在36个月内由甲亢转为非甲亢,大部分患者36个月内不必再次行~(131)I治疗,但~(131)I治疗后3个月时如残留甲状腺肿大明显(尤其>31g)者可早期再次行~(131)I治疗.     

氯消毒后饮水的效突变性实验研究

作者用明显受有机污染、加氯使其自然产生氯仿62.1μg/L的水和用H-103树脂除去有机致突变物水作小白鼠骨髓细胞微核和姊妹染色单体交换试验,结果两组的致突变性无显著差异,提出以氯仿作为氯消毒饮水产生总有机致突变物的指标物,60μg/L为最高容许浓度。     

^131I治疗甲状腺功能亢进症200例临床分析

[目的]分析^131I治疗甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）患者的临床和随访资料,总结临床疗效。[方法]患者在治疗前后均完成甲状腺功能、肝肾功能、血尿常规、心电图、B超检查及甲状腺摄^131I率测定、甲状腺显像;禁碘,使用抗甲状腺药物治疗者须停药1个月。给^131I剂量按公式：甲状腺重量×每克甲状腺组织给^131I量／24h摄^131I率计算。甲状腺重量采用手法测量估计结合甲状腺SPECT扫描显像及B超检查确定。每克甲状腺组织给药量为2．6～3．7MBq,并根据患者病程、甲状腺大小、质地和既往治疗情况加以适当调整。均一次口服,治疗后3、6、12个月定期复查,以后每年复查1次,随访时间5年以上。[结果]200例患者中,5年总有效率98．5％,总治愈率81．0％,甲减18．0％。[结论]^131I是治疗甲亢有效、经济、安全的方法,选择适当的剂量,坚持个体化方案,加强随访指导,可将^131I治疗引发的甲减发生率控制在较理想水平。     

一次性角膜标本采集器的研制

目的:研制一种一次性角膜标本采集器。方法:根据传统角膜标本采集方法与要求进行设计,采集器包含手柄、颈部和头部3部分。结果:整体设计简单新颖,质量小,易操作,能够一次安全采集足量检验标本。结论:一次性角膜标本采集器制作成本低,使用安全,操作简单,取样检出率高,值得推广、使用。     

Development of low-cost technology for the removal of iron and manganese from ground water in siwa oasis

Background: Ground water is the only water resource for Siwa Oasis. It is obtained from natural freshwater wells and springs fed by the Nubian aquifer. Water samples collected from Siwa Oasis had relatively higher iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) than the permissible limits specified in WHO Guidelines and Egyptian Standards for drinking water quality. Aeration followed by sand filtration is the most commonly used method for the removal of iron from ground water. Aim: The study aimed at development of low-cost technology for the removal of iron and manganese from ground water in Siwa Oasis. Material and Methods: The study was carried out on Laboratory-scale columns experiments sand filters with variable depths of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 cm and three graded types of sand were studied. Results: The graded sand (E.S. =0.205 mm, U.C. =3.366, depth of sand = 60 cm and filtration rate = 1.44 m3/m2/hr) was the best type of filter media. Iron and manganese concentrations measured in ground water with aeration only, decreased with an average removal percentage of 16%, 13% respectively. Iron and manganese concentrations after filtration with aeration came down to 0.1123, 0.05 mg/L respectively in all cases from an initial concentration of 1.14, 0.34 mg/L respectively. Conclusion and Recommendations: Advantages of such treatment unit included simplicity, low cost design, and no need for chemical addition. In addition, the only maintenance required was periodic washing of the sand filter or replacement of the sand in order to maintain reasonable flow rate through the system.     

2012年蓬莱市山丘地区农村饮用水卫生状况调查

目的了解和掌握蓬莱市山丘地区农村饮用水卫生状况,为政府决策提供依据。方法2012年,随机抽取蓬莱市山丘地区的35个农村饮用水供水点,对其卫生状况进行现场调查,于枯水期（4月）和丰水期（8月）分别采集水样进行卫生指标检测与评价。结果调查的35个供水点中,深井水24个,浅井水11个;日供水量100-499t的12个,50～99t的23个;30个取水点周围有卫生防护措施,4个水源周围卫生状况较差;35名从业人员中只有3人持有健康合格证;水源水经完全处理（沉淀、过滤、消毒）后供水的仅有1个点,占2．86％。合计检测水样70份,全部指标均合格的占18．57％。水样合格率,枯水期为28．57％,丰水期为8．57％（P〈0．05）;经完全处理的为47．17％,沉淀、过滤的为14．71％,仅消毒的为3／8,未处理的为11．54％（P〈0．05）。检测的34项指标中,70份水样全部合格的有pH、铜、铅、镉、铬、挥发酚类、耗氧量、碘、砷、汞、硒、阴离子合成洗涤剂、氰化物、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳,臭和味、菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群的合格率分别为78．57％、25．71％、81．42％、81．42％,均为枯水期高于丰水期,差异有统计学意义（Pd0．05）;其他15项指标的的合格率为68．57％～97．14％。结论2012年蓬莱市山丘地区农村饮用水的卫生状况较差,微生物污染较为严重。     

Cost-effective filter materials coated with silver nanoparticles for the removal of pathogenic bacteria in groundwater

The contamination of groundwater sources by pathogenic bacteria poses a public health concern to communities who depend totally on this water supply. In the present study, potentially low-cost filter materials coated with silver nanoparticles were developed for the disinfection of groundwater. Silver nanoparticles were deposited on zeolite, sand, fibreglass, anion and cation resin substrates in various concentrations (0.01 mM, 0.03 mM, 0.05 mM and 0.1 mM) of AgNO(3). These substrates were characterised by SEM, EDS, TEM, particle size distribution and XRD analyses. In the first phase, the five substrates coated with various concentrations of AgNO(3) were tested against E. coli spiked in synthetic water to determine the best loading concentration that could remove pathogenic bacteria completely from test water. The results revealed that all filters were able to decrease the concentration of E. coli from synthetic water, with a higher removal efficiency achieved at 0.1 mM (21-100%) and a lower efficiency at 0.01 mM (7-50%) concentrations. The cation resin-silver nanoparticle filter was found to remove this pathogenic bacterium at the highest rate, namely 100%. In the second phase, only the best performing concentration of 0.1 mM was considered and tested against presumptive E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. dysenteriae and V. cholerae from groundwater. The results revealed the highest bacteria removal efficiency by the Ag/cation resin filter with complete (100%) removal of all targeted bacteria and the lowest by the Ag/zeolite filter with an 8% to 67% removal rate. This study therefore suggests that the filter system with Ag/cation resin substrate can be used as a potential alternative cost-effective filter for the disinfection of groundwater and production of safe drinking water.     

2015年陕西省农村饮水工程水质卫生监测结果分析

目的 掌握2015年陕西省农村饮用水水质卫生状况,为农村饮用水水质安全规划提供科学依据。 方法 于2015年3-10月,按照《全国饮用水卫生监测工作方案》的要求,通过分层随机抽样选取1 487处农村集中式供水工程开展卫生学调查和水质分析检测。 结果 农村饮水工程供水水源以地下水为主(70.34%),供水方式包括:常规处理(16.21%)、沉淀过滤(30.87%)、仅消毒(9.28%)和未处理(43.64%);枯水期和丰水期合计采集水样5 366份,枯水期出厂水和末梢水的水质达标率分别为47.13%和46.97%,丰水期出厂水和末梢水的水质达标率分别为45.02%和45.87%;不同水处理工艺的供水水质中,有消毒措施工艺的供水水质(52.53%)明显高于沉淀过滤(39.23%)和未处理(47.31%)的水质(P＜0.05)。正常使用消毒设备的供水水质(57.43%)明显高于偶尔使用(48.94%)和不使用消毒设备的供水水质(39.07%)(P＜0.05);单项指标达标率最低的为总大肠菌群(64.60%)和菌落总数(87.30%);达标率较低的指标还包括氟化物(92.12%)和六价铬(96.07%)。 结论 2015年陕西省农村饮水工程水质达标率较低,微生物污染是影响农村饮水水质的主要因素,毒理学指标氟化物和六价铬超标较为严重。     

Treatment efficiency and filtration rate of a horizontal sand filtration system

The purpose of this study was to establish acceptable criteria for a horizontal sand filtration (HSF) system that are suitable for the design of community water supply units in rural areas. Two laboratory scales of HSF were constructed and tested for their filtration rates and treatment efficiency in Visetchaicharn District of Angthong Province, Thailand. The main structure of both models was the same except for the lengths of the filtration column, i.e., 80 cm. in Model 1 and 100 cm. in Model 2. The results of treatment efficiency of both models were very satisfactory. The physical and chemical quality of the filtered water was within the standards for drinking water except for bacteria quality. The rates of filtration of Model 1 were slightly faster than those of Model 2 for both one and two meters of water level in the raw water column. The rates for both models were higher than the lower limit standards of the slow sand filtration system throughout the study.     

管道分质供水的水处理与水质相关研究

目的了解生活饮用水管道分质供水水处理与水质的相关性。方法对广州、深圳、珠海、东莞4个城市的168个管道分质供水的水处理工艺、消毒类型、供水和管网系统的基本状况进行调查,检测分析直饮水系统进出水的水质状况。结果分质供水直饮水88.10%的水样浊度、耗氧量、细菌总数达到纯净水标准的要求,反渗透工艺对电导率处理效果较好,钠滤工艺对耗氧量处理效果好,超滤工艺对浑浊度的处理效果显著;紫外线和臭氧联合消毒组细菌总数合格率(97.62%)高于单独用紫外线(97.22%)或臭氧(93.75%)消毒;不同供水管材水质中耗氧量和细菌总数差异无统计学意义。结论水处理工艺首选纳滤,消毒装置选用紫外线与臭氧联合消毒装置最佳,管道材质室内使用选择PP-R管,室外使用则选择不锈钢管。     

家用净水设备微生物污染及评价指标研究现状

随着我国经济的不断发展,人们对饮用水的需求日渐增强。因此很多人已经开始使用家用净水设备来提高饮用水的质量。据统计某些发达国家的家用净水设备的普及率为70%以上,我国经济发达地区的家用净水设备的普及率也达20%。但是考虑到我国供水方式及净水技术功能等特点,家用净水设备的细菌污染也成为人们关注的焦点。本文通过近年来国内外文献对现有家用净水设备的调查,分析现阶段家用净水设备的细菌污状况及微生物的检出种类。同时对国内外现有的家用净水设备的相关卫生标准进行总结归纳,对比国内外家用净水设备相关卫生标准的异同,为家用净水设备的卫生评价提供参考依据。     

From the second European drinking water guideline to the new drinking water regulations

The new drinking water regulations, effective 1.1.2003, introduced several new and hygienically important changes. The term "drinking water" has changed to "water for human consumption". The change of the term gives a remarkable extension of the scope of the drinking water regulations. One of the consequences is that the water in buildings in which the water is delivered to the public has now to be controlled as well. The planned measures may help to promote good consequences in case of accidents. The need for treatment makes it necessary to control raw water to a higher degree than before. In case of microbial contamination the water has to be treated by filtration. Disinfection may no longer be the only treatment to ensure a safe drinking water supply. The adherence to the technical rules demanded by the new drinking water regulations may convey much additional security to water supply.