特发性脊柱侧弯后路钉棒置入内固定：谁是影响效果的因素？

背景：特发性脊柱侧弯在脊柱侧弯中最常见,有时还伴有神经、内分泌系统以及营养代谢的异常,但保守治疗效果欠佳,通常需要进行手术治疗。畸形矫正是一个极其复杂的过程,对特发性脊柱侧弯治疗、转归等进行深入研究意义巨大,但目前缺少相近研究。目的：观察后路钉棒内固定置入治疗特发性脊柱侧弯的矫正效果,探讨影响其效果的相关因素。方法：回顾性分析近4年80例接受后路钉棒内固定置入治疗的特发性脊柱侧弯患者的病例资料,记录研究患者年龄、性别、病程、治疗前后X射线平片测量的冠状面Cobb’S角、躯干偏移度等观察指标,并进行统计学分析。结果与结论：单因素分析显示患者性别和患者病程均与内固定后矫正效果无明显相关（P〉0．05）;而患者年龄分布、侧凸的位置、侧凸的柔韧性均与内固定疗效相关（P〈0．05）。后路钉棒内固定治疗特发性脊柱侧弯可以获得明显的矫正效果,患者的年龄、侧凸的位置、侧凸的柔韧性等对内固定效果有明显的影响,患者的性别和病程对内固定效果无明显影响。     

无标记X射线片评价特发性脊柱侧凸不同大小Cobb角的一致性

背景:Cobb角测量是影响特发性脊柱侧凸King、Lenke和PUMC分型一致性的重要因素之一.文献报道冠状面Cobb角测量一致性较好.但是,纳入研究的Cobb角范围较大,无法对比研究,亦无曲度大小对Cobb角测量一致性影响的报道.目的:分析特发性脊柱侧凸曲度对Cobb角测量一致性的影响.方法:4名骨科医师独立测量53例特发性脊柱侧凸患者的94个冠状面曲度,包括53个胸弯和41个胸腰弯/腰弯,2周后打乱排序重新测量.应用组间相关系数判定可靠性和可重复性.结果与结论:94个侧凸角度测量误差平均7.3°(2°～27°),一致性极佳,可信度及可重复性分别为0.972(95%可信区间0.962～0.980)和0.961～0.977.＞45°～70°组41个侧凸,角度测量误差平均6.4°(2°～14°),一致性最佳,可信度0.960(95%可信区间0.935～0.977),可重复性0.914～0.930.20°～45°组31个侧凸,角度测量误差平均6.5.(2°～13°);＞70°组31个侧凸,角度测量误差平均10.1°(3°～27°).两组均取得了好到极佳的可信度[0.933和0.926,95%可信区间(0.884～0.965和0.865～0.965)]和可重复性(0.854～0.912和0.864～0.950).提示不同大小冠状面Cobb角的一致性结果相近,且角度越大,测量误差对一致性的影响越小.     

骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者脊柱矢状面的失平衡

背景：国内外总结脊柱失平衡的原因包括脊柱畸形、脊柱退变性疾病、骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折等,作者通过临床研究认为动力性因素（腰背肌）在脊柱矢状面失平衡中起关键作用。目的：通过观察骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者的临床表现和治疗效果,分析脊柱矢状面失平衡的原因。方法：回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年5月收治的骨质疏松压缩性骨折伴脊柱矢状面失平衡患者41例,均在局麻下行经皮穿刺球囊扩张椎体成形治疗。治疗前患者均行骨密度、站立位全脊柱正侧位X射线、以伤椎为中心的CT及MR检查。于患者站立位全脊柱正侧位片中测量伤椎前缘高度、脊柱后凸Cobb角及改善角度、伤椎楔形变角度及改善角度;要求患者行负重试验及行走试验,对比治疗前后数据。结果与结论：治疗前患者出现脊柱矢状面失平衡症状所需行走的距离显著短于治疗后（P〈0.05）;治疗前出现脊柱矢状面失平衡负重试验时间亦显著短于治疗后（P 〈0.05）。在治疗前后站立位全脊柱正侧位片中,Cobb角的平均差值为（10.01±0.76）°,椎体楔形变改善的平均差值为（4.84±0.40）°,差异有显著性意义（P 〈0.05）。所有患者均获随访,患者腰背部疼痛及矢状面失平衡症状明显缓解。所有患者行经皮球囊扩张椎体成形治疗后无严重并发症发生。提示骨质疏松压缩性骨折部分患者会出现脊柱矢状面失平衡症状,原因并非伤椎楔形变单一因素所致。且患者通过经皮球囊扩张后凸成形治疗后,失平衡症状往往会明显改善,提示脊柱骨折后腰痛限制腰背肌力量是导致脊柱矢状面失平衡的一个重要原因。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定材料置入并植骨融合后路矫正治疗重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸20例

背景:主弯Cobb角大于65°、柔韧性小于34.5%的重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸多以传统的前后联合入路手术矫正,但并发症较多.应用使单纯后路手术对矫正置入椎弓根螺钉固定材料植入并植骨融合是否会有更好的效果?目的:评价单纯后路矫正椎弓根螺钉固定材料并植骨融合术矫正治疗重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的效果.设计:病例分析.单位:上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院骨科.对象:选择1999-06/2005-08在上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院骨科收治的20例重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者,男8例,女12例,年龄12～18岁,平均15岁.均经全脊柱X片确诊.King-Moe分型Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型5例,Ⅳ型3例,Ⅴ型2例.术前侧凸主弯平均Cobb角82°(75o～92o),平均柔韧性为30%(20%～40%),术前平均双肩高度差为15 mm(5～35 mm). 患者中Risser征1度3例,2度5例,3度6例,4度5例,5度1例.患者及家属均对治疗知情同意,实验经过医院伦理委员会批准许可.本组患者所用的人工骨为美国Wright公司的产品Osteoset.方法:患者均行单纯后路矫正椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合手术,暴露预定融合范围内椎体的棘突、椎板、关节突关节及横突.暴露完成后先根据进钉点的解剖标志以徒手技术在术前确定的"关键性椎体"上置入椎弓根螺钉.其中6例手术以TSRH系统进行固定,其余手术均以CDH M8系统固定.术后评估手术时间及失血量.术后7 d 采用X线测量患者Cobb角,计算主弯矫正率,同时评估双肩高度差及住院时间.术后4年随访患者并发症及恢复情况.主要观察指标:①手术时间及失血量.②Cobb角及主弯矫正率.③双肩高度差及住院时间.④随访结果.结果:患者20例均进入结果分析.①手术时间及失血量:手术时间为3.2～4.3 h,平均3.5 h;失血量为660～1 070 mL,平均865 mL.②Cobb角及主弯矫正率:术后主弯平均Cobb角从术前的82°(75o～ 92o)矫正到31°(22°～37°),平均矫正率为62%.③双肩高度差及住院时间:术后脊柱侧位片均显示患者胸腰椎基本恢复正常后凸及前凸,平均双肩高度差为7.5 mm(0～11 mm),患者住院日为8～11 d, 平均9 d.④随访结果:所有患者均获术后4年随访,所有侧凸主弯矫正角度未发生丢失,固定节段全部融合,无断钉、断棒发生.结论:单纯后路椎弓根螺钉内固定材料置入并植骨融合术能有效治疗主弯在75o～92o,柔韧性≥ 20%的重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸.     

先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者采用半椎体切除治疗临床效果观察

我院60例先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形采用半椎体切除术治疗,观察患者手术前、后Cobb角及矫形率变化等情况。结果经治疗后,在手术后即刻、手术后末次随访时,患者冠状面局部侧凸Cobb角、冠状面整体侧弯Cobb角、头侧代偿弯Cobb角、尾侧代偿弯Cobb角、顶椎偏移、躯干偏移、SVA、矢状面后凸Cobb角较手术前明显减少,经治疗后患者后、侧凸均明显好转且术后未发生明显并发症。应用后路半椎体切除治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者疗效显著且安全。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术后疼痛评估与控制的研究进展

正按照国际脊柱侧凸研究学会(Scoliosis Research Society,SRS)的定义,脊柱侧凸是指全脊柱X线冠状面Cobb角10°~[1]。青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是儿童10岁至骨骼发育成熟期间不明原因的脊柱侧凸,是小儿最常见的骨骼肌肉畸形之一,占整个脊柱侧凸的80%~[2]。手术为该病的主要治疗方法,AIS矫形手术创伤大,疼痛为术后最为常见的问题。术后疼痛不仅影响患者术后呼吸功能、胃肠道功能、睡眠质     

半椎体切除术治疗先天性腰骶弯

  目的  探讨腰骶段半椎体手术治疗策略。  方法  本科2001年1月至2010年1月共收治了877例先天性脊柱侧凸患者, 其中腰骶段半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧凸8例。通过术前、术后及随访时X线片, 对这8例患者的半椎体特点、手术方式、侧凸冠状面Cobb角、矢状面Cobb角、躯干偏移进行回顾性分析。  结果  完全分节型半椎体5例, 部分分节型半椎体3例。一期前后路半椎体切除1例, 一期后路半椎体切除7例。手术出血量200~2300 ml, 平均692 ml; 手术时间平均6.5 h。短节段固定6例, 长节段固定2例。手术前后及末次随访时腰骶弯冠状面Cobb角分别平均为33.1°、9.8°和14.0°, 术后即刻矫正率为70.4%, 最终矫形率为57.7%;手术前后和末次随访时近端腰弯冠状面Cobb角分别平均为32.5°、12.6°和14.2°, 术后即刻矫正率为61.2%, 最终矫形率为56.3%。术前4例患者有冠状面躯干失平衡。全部病例随访12~82个月, 平均30.9个月。并发症包括伤口裂开1例, 椎弓根螺钉位置不良2例, 一过性神经根损伤1例, 其中1例行翻修手术。最终随访时7例患者冠状面躯干偏移改善, 1例患者发生冠状面躯干失平衡加重, 无矢状面失平衡发生。  结论  腰骶段半椎体畸形可引起明显的冠状面躯干失平衡, 应及早手术治疗。早期病例往往畸形较轻, 可采用半椎体切除+短节段固定融合术。如果畸形较重或代偿弯较明显则需要延长融合范围。     

不同摄片方法预测青少年特发性脊柱侧凸三维矫形融合术效果的比较

背景:站立侧屈、仰卧侧屈、侧方按压、俯卧推压和牵引下摄X射线片对预测哈氏法和卢氏法手术的矫正效果确实有效,但均不能更好地预测目前应用的三维椎弓根钉棒矫形系统的矫正效果。目的:评估术前支点弯曲位、重力悬吊牵引位和仰卧侧屈位X射线平片在预测青少年特发性脊柱侧凸三维矫形融合术效果的价值。设计:对比观察。单位:解放军第二一一医院骨科(全军骨科中心)。对象:选择2003-01/2005-12解放军第二一一医院骨科就诊的63例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者,男18例,女45例,年龄10￣21岁。均经临床检查及X射线平片诊断为青少年特发性脊柱侧凸;Cobb角≥40°;患者均对检测项目知情同意。方法:术前对63例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的79个结构性侧凸摄站立位全脊柱正侧位片、支点弯曲位片、重力悬吊牵引位片和仰卧侧屈位片,术后1周时摄站立位全脊柱正侧位片。主要观察指标:青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术前支点弯曲位Cobb角与术后实际Cobb角。结果:患者63例均进入结果分析。术前支点弯曲位Cobb角与术后站立位比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);而术前重力悬吊牵引位和仰卧侧屈位Cobb角与术后站立位比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:支点弯曲位X射线平片比重力悬吊牵引位和仰卧侧屈位X射线平片能更准确地预测术后矫正效果,而重力悬吊牵引位与仰卧侧屈位摄片的预测结果相似。     

Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸选择性融合的研究进展

Lenke 1型青少年脊柱侧凸是脊柱侧凸最常见的类型。随着三维矫形的进步,特别是椎弓根螺钉的广泛应用,Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸选择性融合的适应标准和末端融合椎的选择策略有了更新的认识,但目前尚无标准化的治疗方案。现就以上内容作一综述。     

应用内固定系统置入矫正特发性脊柱侧凸疗效论证

生长发育状态、弯曲的类型、脊柱的旋转、外观畸形程度等因素是青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者外科治疗指征,支具治疗现在已很少使用,随着脊柱三维理论的完善和内固定技术的进步,CD、TSRH、中华长城等第三代内固定系统是目前关注的热点.椎弓根螺钉系统矫正脊柱侧凸其固定作用非常有效,在矢状面、冠状面的畸形及椎体旋转畸形的矫正能力更强,通过旋转棍棒,使胸椎的侧凸转为后凸,使腰椎的侧凸转为前凸,三维矫正脊侧凸畸形,改善外观.     

Asymmetric biomechanical characteristics of the paravertebral muscle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundWe sought to assess the biomechanical properties of the paravertebral muscles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with Lenke Type 1, 2, or 3 (Lenke 1-3) curves.MethodsThe MyotonPro® and shear wave elasticity imaging system were used to assess the biomechanical features of the thoracic paravertebral muscles on concave and convex side in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with Lenke 1-3 curves. The Cobb angle of the main curve was measured using the anteroposterior whole spine radiograph in the standing position.FindingsA total of 40 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with a mean Cobb angle of 66.49° (SD 32.8°) were included in this study. Muscle tone, stiffness and Deborah number on the concave side was significantly greater than that on the convex side. Relaxation time was significantly longer on the convex side than on the concave side. No statistically significant difference in muscle elasticity was observed between the concave side and the convex side (P > 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that stiffness on the concave side was moderately positively correlated with the Cobb angle (P < 0.05, r = 0.582); the Deborah number on both sides and the relaxation time on the concave side showed a moderate negative correlation with the Cobb angle (P < 0.05, r = −0.632; r = −0.432; r = −0.611).InterpretationConcave paravertebral muscle tone and stiffness were greater than those on convex side in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. The asymmetric biomechanical characteristics of paravertebral muscles are closely related to the severity of scoliosis.     

内固定物置入分期矫形治疗重度僵硬脊柱侧凸

背景：重度脊柱侧凸是目前临床治疗的难点,目前研究表明分期矫形治疗是一种安全有效的治疗手段。目的：分析分期矫形在治疗重度脊柱侧弯中的疗效。方法：对10例重度僵硬的脊柱侧凸分期矫形治疗进行回顾性分析,平均年龄12岁。冠状面Cobb角110°-180°,平均140°,矢状位后凸Cobb角50°-100°,平均75°,均采用1期前路松解,2期行Halo-plevic环牵引,3期后路截骨矫形内固定物治疗。结果与结论：所有病例均顺利完成手术治疗,无严重并发症发生,1期前路松解及2期牵引治疗术后冠状位Cobb角平均90°,矫正率为35.7%,矢状位Cobb角50°,矫正率为33.3%;3期截骨矫形后冠状位Cobb角平均40°,矫正率为71.4%,矢状位Cobb角35°,矫正率为53.3%。结果说明对于重度僵硬脊柱侧凸畸形,分期矫形治疗是有效安全的治疗手段。     

椎弓根螺钉和椎板钩选择性融合治疗胸椎青少年特发性脊柱侧弯的差异

背景：既往的文献多报道用椎板钩或联合椎弓根螺钉治疗特发性脊柱侧弯或讨论融合节段的选择。目的：比较椎弓根螺钉和椎板钩治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧弯临床疗效的差异,并行影像学评价。方法：选择66例连续观察的青少年特发性脊柱侧弯（胸段主弯、腰段代偿弯）患者,均行后路内固定融合,末端融合到T12或L1椎体。其中32例行椎板钩内固定,34例行椎弓根螺钉内固定,内固定后最少随访2年。结果与结论：椎弓根螺钉组患者内固定后胸段Cobb角矫正程度及腰段Cobb角自发矫正程度明显大于椎板钩组（P〈0.001）。椎板钩组内固定后13例患者冠状面朝左侧失代偿大于20mm（参照C7铅垂线）,而椎弓根内固定组仅4例,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.005）。两组患者均无并发症发生。提示后路选择性融合治疗特发性脊柱侧弯（胸段主弯、腰段代偿弯）,与椎板钩相比,椎弓根螺钉有更好的矫正效果且内固定后冠状面失代偿发生率低。     

The natural history of idiopathic scoliosis

Background. The natural history of idiopathic scoliosis is a crucial issue in the planning and assessment of different treatment methods. This article presents the evaluation of scoliotic deformity in immature patients who have been in observation without any treatment. Material and methods. 159 patients (128 girls, 31 boys) were examined between 1971 and 2002. Skoliosis was diagnosed at a mean age of 6 years 4 months (range 2.1-8.10), and observation was concluded at a mean age of 16 years 11 months (range 14.6-20.3). The mean follow-up was 10 years 5 months. The prognostic factors analyzed were: age, sex, Cobb angle, Mehta angle, apical vertebral rotation, specific rotation, Risser test. The progression and regression of curvature was analyzed in different biological age periods, and was measured by calculating the difference in the Cobb angle on successive x-rays divided by the interval between x-rays. Results. The mean progression of curvature before age 5 was 5.7 degrees per year; in the 6-10 age bracket, 2.3 degrees per year; in the 11-15 age bracket, 7.4 degrees per year; in the >15 age bracket, 0.3 degrees per year. The mean progression for patients with Risser 1 was 8.8 degrees per year; Risser 2, 7.3 degrees per year; Risser 3, 5.1 per year; Risser 4, 2.1 degrees per year; Risser 5, 0.3 degrees per year. Conclusions. The progression of curvature in idiopathic scoliosis is variable, and is influenced by age. Knowledge of the natural history of idiopathic scoliosis is a crucial tool in predicting the development of spinal curvature. The Risser test and biological age are the only effective predictors of progression.     

特发性脊柱侧弯患者躯干倾斜角与脊柱Cobb角、冠状面平衡的相关性研究

目的:研究单胸腰弯特发性脊柱侧弯患者的躯干倾斜角与脊柱Cobb角、冠状面平衡的相关性,为明确脊柱形变与躯干外观畸形的关系提供理论基础.方法:在前期的脊柱侧弯筛查中,选取符合要求的患者40例,其中男性5例,女性35例.使用Scoliometer测量患者的躯干倾斜角(ATI);选取患者近一个月的脊柱全长X光片,测量Cobb...     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的胸椎旋转和椎弓根径线变化CT特点及临床价值

目的：探讨16层螺旋CT图像后处理技术对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的胸椎旋转和椎弓根径线变化特点及临床价值。方法：收集经临床诊治的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸20例,运用16层螺旋CT扫描及图像后处理技术,进行相关CT数据测量统计。结果：（1）脊柱胸椎侧凸的顶椎及邻近椎体均向凸侧旋转、后份向凹侧旋转,以顶椎旋转最重,且凹侧椎弓根径线小于凸侧,与侧凸程度及方向具有相关性。（2）上、下终椎椎体旋转及椎弓根径线变化则较复杂,其椎体无旋转或向相反方向旋转,椎弓根径线可凸侧小于凹侧,以上终椎明显。结论：16层螺旋CT及图像后处理技术,对显示青少年特发性脊柱侧凸胸椎旋转及椎弓根径线变化特征,可提供临床拟订手术方案的重要影像学依据。     

Evaluation of the efficacy of a carbon brace ("Corset monocoque carbone respectant la respiration" [CMCR]) preserving lung capacity to treat idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents: a retrospective study of 115 patients]

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate whether treatment with a carbon brace (CMCR) stops the progression of idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents affected by combined or thoraco-lumbar scoliosis. METHOD: We compared clinical features (hump and vital capacity) and radiolographic data (Cobb angle, sacral slope, lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis) at brace set-up and removal in 115 children and adolescents with combined or thoraco-lumbar scoliosis. The impact of the brace was evaluated in 2 subgroups: patients who started the treatment at Risser stages 0, 1 or 2 and those who started the treatment at Risser stages 3 or 4. With 95 patients, a questionnaire was used to evaluate the physical and psychological tolerance of the brace and technical difficulties during treatment with the orthosis. RESULTS: At brace set-up, the immediate angular correction was about 50% compared to the pre-brace angle; the reduction of the vital capacity was weak. After brace removal, radiographic data showed significant improvement in thoraco-lumbar scoliosis and in the lumbar curve of patients with combined scoliosis, although the thoracic curvature of the combined scoliosis was unchanged. No significant efficiency on the hump was observed. CONCLUSION: The CMCR brace can stop the progression of moderate combined or thoraco-lumbar scoliosis in growing children and adolescents, with little consequence to vital capacity, but seems to have no efficacy on the hump. This type of orthosis provides a better outcome in terms of thoracic mobility and vital capacity. The CMCR brace is indicated for children and growing teenagers with flexible, progressive scoliosis. This "mobile" brace definitely has its place in the current therapeutic arsenal.