鼻咽癌海绵窦侵犯调强放疗后放射性颞叶损伤的临床分析

目的 探讨海绵窦受侵的局部晚期鼻咽癌行调强放疗后发生放射性颞叶损伤的临床特征、MRI表现、放疗剂量和预后。方法 回顾性分析2006年8月至2011年9月收治的10例行根治性调强放疗的海绵窦受侵局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,统计放疗计划中患侧颞叶受照射的总体积和剂量体积D1 ml、Dmax、Dmean,并随访所有患者治疗后的情况,分析发生放射性颞叶损伤后的临床特征、MRI表现及预后。结果 10例患者均行根治性调强放疗,患侧颞叶受照射的总体积为（104.31±13.091） ml,D1 ml为（78.657±2.918）Gy,Dmax为（78.298±3.498）Gy,Dmean为（29.488±8.891）Gy。全组患者于治疗后2～4年出现放射性颞叶损伤,其MRI表现均为T1WI高信号强化结节或片状强化灶,T2WI伴有不同程度的水肿带。随访至2016年8月,2例患者死亡;2例临床症状较重,迁延时间长,治疗后症状改善不明显,且MRI仍可见强化灶和水肿带;2例患者经对症处理后临床症状及MRI检查均明显好转;4例患者病情趋于稳定,其中2例患者的恢复期MRI提示小囊性灶形成。结论 海绵窦受侵的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者行调强放疗后发生放射性颞叶损伤与肿瘤侵犯范围、靶区勾画范围、颞叶受照射的体积及剂量有关。     

T1~2期鼻咽癌调强放疗后局部复发与临床转归分析

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨T1~2 期鼻咽癌IMRT后局部复发及临床转归。［方法］ 回顾性分析2005—2015年连续收治IMRT初治T1~2期鼻咽癌患者198例，分析复发危险因素、挽救治疗及转归情况。［结果］ T1~2 期鼻咽癌IMRT后1、3、5年局部控制率分别为99.5%、95.9%和94.6%，总生存率分别为 100.0%、96.4%和90.8%。共14例患者出现局部复发，其中rT1~2 12例，复发部位包括咽隐窝7例（50.0%）、顶后壁5例（35.7%）、筛窦2例（14.3%）；复发中位时间36个月（10～125个月）。挽救治疗中位随访36个月，其中7例行二程放疗，有3例再次复发；5例接受微创手术，均无再复发；2例行姑息化疗。6例患者病情进展死亡。［结论］ T1~2 期鼻咽癌IMRT后局部复发率低，二程放疗疗效欠佳，放射后遗症较重。而手术治疗取得较好疗效同时避免了放射性并发症。T1~2 期鼻咽癌也应定期随访，尽早发现局部复发。     

鼻咽癌调强适形放射治疗后颞叶放射性损伤的相关因素分析

目的探讨初治鼻咽癌患者接受调强适形放射治疗（intensity modulated radiation therapy,IMRT）引起颞叶放射性损伤（temporal lobe necrosis,TLN）的发生情况并分析其相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2006-01-01-2008-06-30中山大学肿瘤防治中心288例接受IMRT根治性放疗的初治鼻咽癌患者发生TLN的情况,并分析了患者性别、年龄、T分期、诱导化疗、同时期化疗、辅助化疗、联合化疗、鼻咽照射总剂量、鼻咽照射分次剂量、后装治疗、糖尿病或高血压病、肝病、吸烟、颞叶最大剂量和平均剂量与TLN发生的关系,进一步采用Logistic回归进行多因素分析TLN的独立危险因素,并用Kaplan-Meier法分析了具有不同独立危险因素的患者累积无颞叶损伤生存情况。结果 288例患者中有33例（11.5%）出现TLN;576侧颞叶中有41例（7.1%）出现TLN。TLN潜伏时间为17-70个月,中位时间36个月。ROC曲线分析显示,本组患者颞叶最大剂量分界点为65.85Gy,颞叶平均剂量分界点为15.42Gy;Logistic回归分析证实T分期、颞叶最大剂量和平均剂量是鼻咽癌放疗后TLN独立危险因素。T4、颞叶最大剂量≥65.85Gy及平均剂量≥15.42Gy的患者3年及5年累积无颞叶损伤生存率均显著低于低风险的患者,P均〈0.001。结论 T4、颞叶最大剂量≥65.85Gy和平均剂量≥15.42Gy是鼻咽癌IMRT后发生TLN的危险因素。     

56例鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病的临床分析

目的:分析鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病的临床特点、诊断治疗及预后。方法:回顾性分析郴州市第一人民医院2011年1月至2015年12月间56例鼻咽癌患者放疗后放射性脑病的临床资料。结果:同期鼻咽癌患者624例,发生放射性脑病56例,发病率8.97%（56/624）,中位潜伏期41个月（6～79个月）。好发部位为双侧颞叶。患者接受治疗后症状不同程度缓解,但易于反复,经多次住院,生活质量差。56例患者中50例完成随访,6例失访,36例存活,14例死亡。结论:放射性脑病的发生与肿瘤分期、放射剂量、二程放疗、照射野设计及放疗方式相关。动态MRI检查可早期诊断,但治疗效果欠佳,提前预防是防治放射性脑病的关键。     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后脑损伤49例临床分析

目的:分析鼻咽癌放射性脑损伤的临床特点及预后因素.方法:回顾性分析1998年1月至2006年6月我院收治的49例鼻咽癌放射性脑损伤患者的临床资料.结果:鼻咽癌单程放疗及再程放疗放射性脑损伤的发生率分别为2.31%(30/1 298),9.64%(19/197)(P＜0.05).单程放疗及再程放疗放射性脑损伤的中位潜伏期分别为50.5个月与25.5个月(P＜0.05).颞叶型、脑干型及混合型放射性脑损伤所占的比例分别为75.5%(37/49)、18.4%(9/49)、6.1%(3/49).经积极对症治疗后,放射性脑损伤的症状及体征有所改善,但生活质量明显下降.结论:鼻咽癌放射性脑损伤与射野的设计相关.放射性脑损伤以颞叶型发生率较高,再程放疗放射性脑损伤的发病率最高,且潜伏期明显缩短.     

53例鼻咽癌放疗后急性大出血介入疗效分析

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨介入治疗对鼻咽癌放疗后急性大出血的临床效果及安全性。［方法］ 59例鼻咽癌患者放疗后急性大出血经鼻腔填塞、药物治疗无效后,行颈内、颈外动脉造影,明确出血动脉后,选用明胶海绵、栓塞钢圈、覆膜支架等材料处理出血动脉。回顾性分析患者出血部位、介入治疗方案及疗效。［结果］ 59例患者均顺利完成造影,其中53例患者进行介入治疗,6例患者动脉造影发现颈内动脉假性动脉瘤,放弃治疗。41例患者行颈外动脉栓塞,9例患者行颈内动脉永久性栓塞,3例患者行颈内动脉覆膜支架置入术,46例患者介入治疗后出血停止,有效率86.8%（46/53）;术后发生面部肿胀疼痛28例,1周后自行缓解。2例患者行单侧颈内动脉永久性栓塞后发生大面积脑梗塞。［结论］ 根据出血动脉的不同情况采取不同介入术式治疗鼻咽癌放疗后急性大出血,止血效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

鼻咽癌放疗前后唾液腺影像结构与功能的变化及相关因素分析

摘 要：［目的］ 利用DW-MRI 技术观察鼻咽癌放疗前后不同时间段唾液腺（双侧腮腺及颌下腺）体积和DW-MRI ADC值的变化规律,探讨DW-MRI在唾液腺放射性损伤评价方面的价值。［方法］ 选择30例鼻咽癌患者作为研究对象,在放疗前后不同时间段行DW-MRI检查,记录放疗前后不同时间段唾液腺（双侧腮腺及颌下腺）体积和DW-MRI ADC值的测量值,分析两者的变化规律及其与唾液腺照射剂量的相关关系。［结果］ 30例鼻咽癌患者放疗期间腮腺和颌下腺的ADC值均明显升高,于放疗结束后3个月达最高值,此后呈缓慢下降趋势;各个时段酸刺激后唾液腺的ADC值呈不同程度升高。放疗期间及放疗后腮腺及颌下腺的体积呈逐渐下降的趋势,以放射治疗开始至放疗第4周最为显著,放疗结束时腮腺体积缩小36.0%±6.3%,颌下腺缩小29.3%±4.1%。放疗后3个月与放疗前的唾液腺体积变化率（ΔV）和唾液腺DW-MRI ADC值变化（ΔADC）与腮腺和颌下腺的平均剂量（Dmean）呈正相关。［结论］ DW-MRI在唾液腺放射性损伤评价方面具有一定程度的实用价值,ΔV和ΔADC可作为唾液腺损伤的评价指标,但研究结果还需通过扩大样本量进一步验证。     

鼻咽癌螺旋断层放疗与常规调强放疗剂量学及对唾液腺保护的分析

摘 要：［目的］ 比较鼻咽癌在螺旋断层放疗（helical tomotherapy,HT）与常规调强放疗（intensity modulated radiotherapy,IMRT）两种治疗计划中适形度指数（CI）、均匀性指数（HI）及唾液腺的剂量。［方法］ 收集2015～2016年行放疗的31例鼻咽癌患者,将定位数据及靶区勾画信息分别传输至Tomotherapy TPS工作站及Elekta Pinnacle TPS工作站进行调强计划设计,比较两个治疗计划的适形度指数、均匀性指数及唾液腺平均剂量、腮腺D50等指标。［结果］螺旋断层放疗计划与常规调强放疗计划比较,适形度指数（P<0.001）与均匀性指数（P<0.001）均有明显优势。腮腺的受照射剂量在常规调强放疗计划中更有优势（右侧P=0.01,左侧P=0.001）。腮腺D50在两组放疗计划差异无统计学意义（右侧P=0.671,左侧P=0.156）。螺旋断层放疗计划中颌下腺的平均剂量明显降低（右侧P=0.007,左侧P=0.007）。［结论］两组放疗计划均能满足临床要求,相较于传统调强放疗计划,螺旋断层放疗在鼻咽癌治疗中有更好的靶区剂量覆盖,剂量均匀性,在颌下腺保护优势明显。     

16例鼻咽癌放疗后脑损伤分析

目的 分析鼻咽癌（Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma,NPC)放疗后脑损伤的临床特点。放疗剂量与设野方式，早期诊断方法和治疗，以及临床转归，争取提高NPC患者生存质量。材料与方法 采用核磁共振诊断鼻咽癌单程放疗致放射性颞叶损伤，并使用生物效应剂量（Biological Effective Dose,BED)和脑耐受量（Brain Tolerance Units,BTU)公式分析射野内脑组织受量，判断出现放射性脑损伤的几率。结果 1987年8月至1993年6月，我院收治鼻咽癌1206例，部分经核磁共振检查的患者中发现本院治疗的14例，外院治疗的2例有放射性颞叶损伤，占我院同期NPC各期收治患者的1.2%，本组脑组织受量BTU：1220-1552，BED：136Gy2-196Gy2。中位随诊期5年，最短随诊3年，存活10例，死亡6例，其中无症状健康存活6例，仅1例死于放射性脑损伤。结论 本组NPC放疗后脑损伤潜伏期为放疗后1年无症状健康存活6年，肯定MRI为其重要的诊断方法，使用BED、BTU公式分析。判断出现放射性脑损伤的几率是较为合理和符合客观的，放射损伤程度与射野内脑组织体积、照射剂量成正比，并强调早期诊断与重视治疗如激素、高压氧、扩张脑血管等治疗，必要时手术切除坏死灶，可达到改善鼻咽癌患者生存质量之目的。     

非小细胞肺癌中两种不同放疗技术的剂量学及临床疗效对比

摘 要：［目的］ 对比研究非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）放疗中调强放疗（IMRT）与三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）对靶区及危及器官的剂量学的影响。［方法］ 选取2015年5月至2016年12月NSCLC患者90例进行CT检测,据其CT定位图像分别设计IMRT及3D-CRT两种计划。据放疗方法的不同将患者分为IMRT组（n=45）及3D-CRT组（n=45）,两种放疗计划的处方剂量均为64 Gy/32 f照射,并可满足靶区及关键器官的剂量要求。［结果］ IMRT组放射性食管炎发生率（13.33%）及放射性肺炎发生率（28.89%）均显著性低于3D-CRT组的31.11%及53.33%（P<0.05）,而两组间临床缓解率（RR）无显著性差异（P>0.05）。与3D-CRT组比较,IMRT组靶区剂量均匀性（HI）显著性降低（P<0.01）,而靶区最大剂量（PTV Dmax）、靶区最小剂量（PTV Dmin）、靶区平均剂量（PTV Dmean）及靶区适形度（CI）显著性升高（P<0.01）;与3D-CRT组比较,IMRT组肺V5显著性升高,而肺V20、肺V30及平均肺剂量（MLD）均显著性降低（P<0.01）,两组间肺V10无显著性差异（P>0.05）。与3D-CRT组比较,IMRT组脊髓最受量（Dmax）、脊髓平均受量（Dmean）、心脏V35、食管V50及食管V60均明显降低（P<0.01）。［结论］ IMRT与3D-CRT对NSCLC患者的临床疗效相近,但IMRT计划靶区剂量分布更加合理,可在提高靶区剂量的同时,减轻放疗的毒副作用,更好地保护周围正常组织。     

Experience with Impedance Phlebography Compared with Venography

Venography is a particularly reliable method for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis but is not suitable as a screening test. Impedance phlebography represents another attempt to discover a simple, non-invasive and reliable method of detecting deep venous thrombosis. It does not, however, meet these criteria.     

Compliance with guidelines and correlation with outcome in patients with advanced germ-cell tumours

PurposeTo evaluate prior compliance with guidelines in patients treated with salvage chemotherapy for advanced germ-cell tumours (GCT).Patients and methodsData concerning the initial management of patients requiring salvage chemotherapy for GCT at Institut Gustave Roussy between 2000 and 2010 were obtained and correlated with recommendations for treatment. Criteria of non-compliance were defined based on guidelines. Compliance with guidelines, predictive factors for non-compliance and the impact on outcome were analysed.ResultsAmong 82 patients treated in the salvage setting, guidelines to initial treatment were followed in only 41 cases (50%). The most common non-compliance criteria were non-adherence to the planned dose (16%), an inappropriate interval between first-line chemotherapy cycles (16%), the lack of post-chemotherapy surgery (16%) and a long interval to post-chemotherapy surgery (48%). Compliance with standard care was better in cancer centres than in other hospitals (private or public) (Odd Ratio (OR): 6.9, P = 0.001). A poor-risk status according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) was also predictive of compliance in univariate but not in multivariate analysis. No significant difference in outcome after salvage chemotherapy was observed. Patients relapsing after non-compliant first-line therapy tended to be more easily salvaged, which is consistent with the fact that their initial treatment was inadequate. Some of these relapses were therefore probably not due to true biologically refractory disease.ConclusionGuidelines for first-line treatment are adhered to in only half the patients requiring salvage chemotherapy. As the only predictive factor for non-compliance was the treating centre, centralisation of patients with GCT in well-trained hospitals should be recommended.     

Treatment with methylnaltrexone is associated with increased survival in patients with advanced cancer

BackgroundMethylnaltrexone (MNTX), a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist, is FDA-approved for treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Preclinical data suggest that MOR activation can play a role in cancer progression and can be a target for anticancer therapy.Patients and methodsPooled data from advanced end-stage cancer patients with OIC, despite laxatives, treated in two randomized (phase III and IV), placebo-controlled trials with MNTX were analyzed for overall survival (OS) in an unplanned post hoc analysis. MNTX or placebo was given subcutaneously during the double-blinded phase, which was followed by the open-label phase, allowing MNTX treatment irrespective of initial randomization.ResultsIn two randomized, controlled trials, 229 cancer patients were randomized to MNTX (117, 51%) or placebo (112, 49%). Distribution of patients' characteristics and major tumor types did not significantly differ between arms. Treatment with MNTX compared with placebo [76 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 43–109 versus 56 days, 95% CI 43–69; P = 0.033] and response (laxation) to treatment compared with no response (118 days, 95% CI 59–177 versus 55 days, 95% CI 40–70; P < 0.001) had a longer median OS, despite 56 (50%) of 112 patients ultimately crossing over from placebo to MNTX. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that response to therapy [hazard ratio (HR) 0.47, 95% CI 0.29–0.76; P = 0.002) and albumin ≥3.5 (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.30–0.69; P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for increased OS. Of interest, there was no difference in OS between MNTX and placebo in 134 patients with advanced illness other than cancer treated in these randomized studies (P = 0.88).ConclusionThis unplanned post hoc analysis of two randomized trials demonstrates that treatment with MNTX and, even more so, response to MNTX are associated with increased OS, which supports the preclinical hypothesis that MOR can play a role in cancer progression. Targeting MOR with MNTX warrants further investigation in cancer therapy.Clinical trials numberNCT00401362, NCT00672477.     

Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs

JOHNSTON S.R.D. (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care 19 , 561–563 Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs     

奥沙利铂联合羟基喜树碱治疗晚期胃癌临床分析

背景与目的体外及体内的临床研究显示,奥沙利铂(L-OHP)对多种肿瘤有显著抑制作用并与绝大多数抗癌药物具有相加或协同细胞毒作用.本文旨在观察L-OHP联合羟基喜树碱(HCPT)治疗晚期胃癌的近期疗效和患者耐受性,并与传统的化疗方案进行对比.方法采用非随机的分组方法将43例晚期胃癌患者分为L-OHP+HCPT方案组(治疗组)与Vp-16+CF+5-FU(ELF)方案组(对照组),其中男性28例,女性15例,中位年龄59岁,KPS评分≥60,观察两组的近期疗效和患者耐受性.结果治疗组24例有效率58.3%(14/24),对照组19例有效率42.1%(8/19).治疗组有效率高于对照组,两组差异有显著性(P<0.05).两组不良反应主要是骨髓抑制、恶心、呕吐、口腔炎、周围神经炎、静脉炎、脱发等,均在Ⅰ、Ⅱ度范围内.结论L-OHP联合HCPT方案治疗晚期胃癌疗效较好,不良反应可以耐受.     

Varicella-Zoster Virus Prophylaxis with Low-Dose Acyclovir in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated with Bortezomib

BackgroundVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation is a common complication in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated with bortezomib, with an incidence rate of 10%-60%. The aim of our study was to analyze the effect of acyclovir prophylaxis in this patient population.Patients and MethodsWe studied 98 consecutive patients with relapsed MM treated with bortezomib. Bortezomib 1.3 mg/m² was given on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle. At first, patients did not receive any VZV prophylaxis, but because of the high incidence of VZV reactivation, VZV prophylaxis with acyclovir was implemented subsequently.ResultsA total of 11 patients treated with bortezomib did not have any VZV prophylaxis, and 4 of these 11 patients (36%) developed VZV reactivation in the form of herpes zoster. No VZV reactivations were observed in the 32 patients who received acyclovir 400 mg 3 times daily or the 55 patients who received acyclovir in a dose reduced to 400 mg once daily during bortezomib treatment.ConclusionVaricellazoster virus reactivation is a common and serious adverse effect of bortezomib treatment. Acyclovir 400 mg once daily is sufficient to protect from VZV reactivation in patients with MM treated with bortezomib.     

Pseudomembranous colitis associated with chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil

Pseudomembranous colitis is frequently associated with antibiotics and more rarely with chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil. The objective of this study is to show that it is possible to confuse this infection with chemotherapy associated toxicity. We present a 54 year old woman who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer and in the first cycle of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil developed pseudomembranous colitis. We detected the toxin B of Clostridium difficile in stools and we began early antibiotic treatment. Thus, in patients with post chemotherapy neutropenia and diarrhoea that develop negatively, we have to rule out this infection.