改良后与传统腹腔镜肾蒂周围淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿的疗效比较

目的探讨改良后腹腔镜下肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿的疗效。方法回顾性分析南京医科大学第一附属医院2006年2月至2014年1月58例乳糜尿患者的临床资料,其中男38例,女20例。年龄34~75岁,平均年龄(53.4±14.0)岁,平均体质指数(BMI)为18.5kg/m~2。病程为1~7年,临床表现为"牛奶样"乳糜尿。术前采用美国麻醉师协会(ASA)评分均为Ⅱ级。采用改良后腹腔镜下肾蒂周围淋巴管结扎术36例,传统后腹腔镜下肾蒂周围淋巴管结扎术22例,比较两组平均手术时间、术后卧床时间、术后住院时间、术后疼痛指数、术后肾小球滤过率损失、术后血红蛋白及白蛋白改善情况。结果共58例手术均顺利完成。改良组平均手术时间(85.6±21.4)min,术后卧床时间(1.72±0.8)d,术后疼痛指数(1.5±0.6)分,术后住院时间(6.9±1.5)d;传统组平均手术时间(137.4±44.8)min,术后卧床时间(3.41±1.1)d,术后疼痛指数(3.9±1.4)分,术后住院时间(8.7±1.7)d;两组各项指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.001)。改良组肾小球滤过率损失显著低于传统组[(4.9±2.0)vs.(8.2±2.9)mL/min,P0.001],两组血红蛋白及白蛋白变化无明显差异(P=0.674)。随访11~130个月,两组均未见复发,无明显并发症及肾下垂发生,两组的治愈率均为100%。结论改良后腹腔镜下肾蒂淋巴管结扎术可缩短手术时间、术后卧床时间、术后住院时间、并减轻患者术后疼痛及减少术后肾功能损失,治疗效果较好。     

后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿(附13例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿的手术方法与临床效果。方法:回顾分析2008年2月至2013年2月13例乳糜尿患者的临床资料,患者均行后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术。结果:13例手术均获成功,手术时间平均(102.36±31.05)min,术中出血量平均(48.59±35.46)ml,术后平均(3.37±0.25)d下床活动,术后平均住院(8.27±2.15)d,3例患者术后出现长时间淋巴漏,予以延长引流管放置时间、注意低脂饮食后恢复正常;1例发生小切口脂肪液化,加强换药后愈合;余者均无明显并发症发生。患者出院时尿色清,术后1个月复查尿乳糜试验,均阴性,随访6~24个月,无复发。结论:后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿疗效确切,具有患者创伤小、出血少、住院时间短、康复快、复发率低等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿（附49例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿的手术方法、疗效及临床应用价值。方法对49例乳糜尿患者行腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术，其中11例行经腹腹腔镜双侧肾蒂淋巴管结扎术，38例行后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术，术前乳糜尿实验均为阳性，采用膀胱镜检查确定乳糜尿的病变侧。焙果49例（60侧）均获得成功，无中转开放手术者。平均手术时间90min（70-120min）；术中平均出血量50mL（20-60mL）；术后平均住院时间6．7d；术后当日乳糜尿消失；术中术后无明显并发症；随访6—15个月无复发。焙论腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术具有微创、出血少、恢复快、结扎更彻底及近期疗效好等优点，可替代开放手术成为目前治疗乳糜尿的最佳手术方法。     

后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗复发性乳糜尿

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗复发性乳糜尿的疗效。方法 2004年2月～2010年9月经后腹腔行腹腔镜下肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗21例术后复发性乳糜尿。健侧卧位,游离肾及输尿管上段3～5 cm,于肾门处解剖出肾动、静脉,超声刀离断周围的脂肪、结缔组织及扩张的淋巴管,最后分离出动、静脉之间的淋巴管,仔细分束结扎并离断。结果 21例后腹腔镜手术全部成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间60～110 min,平均95 min。术中出血量42～90 ml,平均58ml。术后12～48 h肠道功能恢复。术后住院时间3～6 d,平均4.5 d。无严重并发症发生。所有患者术后乳糜尿消失。19例随访l～3年,平均2.1年,乳糜尿试验阴性。结论后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗复发性乳糜尿安全有效,具有损伤小、术后恢复快、住院时间短、并发症少等优点。     

后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿2O例临床分析

目的：探讨后腹腔镜。肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿的手术方法和疗效。方法：本组20例患者均行后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术。结果：20例患者手术均成功,平均手术时间65（45～90）min,估计术中出血量平均30（20～60）ml,术后平均住院时间8d,未见明显手术并发症;患者出院时尿液均清亮,尿乳糜试验全部阴性。随访6个月～2年均未见复发。结论：后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿疗效好,具有手术时间短、术中出血量少、淋巴管结扎彻底、术后并发症少、恢复快等优点,是目前治疗乳糜尿较理想的手术方式。     

经后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿（附21例报告）

目的：探讨后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿的手术方法和疗效。方法：2006年7月～2011年1月经后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿患者共21例,其中男13例,女8例,年龄40～72岁,平均（56±14．8）岁。手术步骤主要包括肾周淋巴管剥离、输尿管周围淋巴管剥离以及肾门淋巴管剥离。结果：本组21例手术顺利,无中转开放手术者。手术时间60～180min,平均（102±42．6）min,术中出血20～200（平均64±43．8）m1。术后乳糜尿消失,住院5～8天（3例乳糜瘘患者术后住院天数分别为16、27、60天）。随访1～50个月,均未见乳糜尿复发。术中出现l例。肾动脉损伤,1例肾静脉损伤,l例肾静脉伴腰静脉损伤,3例乳糜瘘,对症处理后痊愈。1例在术后随访过程中出现肾萎缩。结论：经后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿效果较好。     

后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿19例报告

目曲探讨应用后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿的手术方法和临床效果。方法19例患者均行后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术。结果19例患者手术均成功,平均手术时间60-130（100±23）min,术中出血量平均50-110（70±12）mL,未发生明显的并发症,术后平均住院（7.1±2.6）d。患者出院时尿液均清亮,19例单侧乳糜尿患者尿乙醚试验全部阴性。随访1-2.5年无复发。结论后腹腔肾蒂淋巴管结扎术具有微创、出血少、恢复快等特点,淋巴管结扎更加完全,I临床效果良好。     

后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿(附29例报告)

目的：探讨后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿的手术方法和疗效。方法：对29例乳糜尿均行经后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术(双侧者只做了一侧)。结果：29例患者手术均成功，平均手术时间110min，术中出血量平均84ml，未见明显的外科并发症，术后平均住院7．9d。患者出院时尿液均清亮，26例单侧乳糜尿患者尿乙醚试验全部阴性。随访1～3年，除1例双侧乳糜尿患者在术后3个月因对侧原因出现乳糜尿外，其余患者均无复发。结论：后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿近期疗效较好．具有术中出血量少、微创、淋巴管结扎彻底、术后住院时间短、恢复快等优点，是目前治疗乳糜尿较理想的手术方式。     

腹腔镜下肾蒂淋巴管剥脱结扎术(附14例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下肾蒂淋巴管剥脱术治疗乳糜尿的效果。方法:对乳糜尿14例行腹腔镜下肾蒂淋巴管剥脱结扎术。结果:所有手术均获成功,平均手术时间120m in(90~180m in),平均术中出血量50m l(30~80m l),术后平均住院时间5d。随访术后1年乳糜试验阴性。结论:腹腔镜下肾蒂淋巴管剥脱结扎术,效果确切,患者损伤小、康复快,尤其适于保守治疗无效的病例,可完全替代传统开放肾蒂淋巴管剥脱结扎术。     

后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术在乳糜尿治疗中的临床价值。方法:回顾分析14例后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎患者的临床资料,观察手术时间,术中出血量,术后肠功能恢复时间、住院天数、尿液变化,比较手术前后血红蛋白及血白蛋白变化。结果:14例手术全部取得成功,无中转开放,平均手术时间(156.4±68.7)min;术中平均出血量(25.7±14.7)ml;术后平均住院(9.3±2.4)天,术后肠功能恢复时间1～3天。所有患者术后乳糜尿立即消失。术后随访0.5～2.0年,患者尿液清亮,营养状况明显改善;术后半年复查血红蛋白及血白蛋白,均较术前有显著增加。结论:后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术手术疗效肯定,术中出血少,术后恢复快,对患者损伤小,并发症少,是一种安全,有效的治疗方法,有推广运用价值。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.