方格星虫多糖分离纯化及性质鉴定

以方格星虫（Sipunculus nudus）体壁和血液为试验材料，经胰蛋白酶水解，Sevage法去除蛋白质，乙醇沉淀得到粗多糖，透析并冷冻干燥后分别得到方格星虫体壁多糖（SWP）和血液多糖（SBP）。经凝胶渗透色谱分析，SWP和SBP均为单一组分，相对分子质量分别为284528和198212。红外光谱分析表明，两种多耱结构相似，不含硫酸基团，均含有葡萄耱、半乳糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖。SBP含有乙酰氨基，而SWP不含乙酰氨基，它们是以α-糖苷键或β-糖苷键连接的呋喃多糖。     

南瓜活性多糖的降糖作用及其组成分析

为研究南瓜多糖对正常及糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的影响 ,本实验采用新的分离工艺从南瓜粉中提取得到南瓜粗多糖 (PP) ,用DEAE分级获得 3个组分 ,收集的主导组分过SephadexG 10 0柱 ,获得 2个组分 .收集有活性的组分 (AP) ,经SephadexG 2 0 0柱 ,证实为单一峰 .以葡萄糖为标准 ,苯酚 硫酸法测得总糖质量分数为 80 .6 % ;气相色谱分析其单糖组成为葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖及鼠李糖     

亚麻籽胶中的中性多糖NFG-1一级结构的研究

采用高碘酸氧化、Smith降解、甲基化分析、部分酸水解、^1H—NMR和^13C—NMR等方法对亚麻籽胶中的NFG-1的结构进行研究。结果表明：NFG-1的主链主要由木糖和葡萄糖组成。大部分阿拉伯糖和部分木糖位于NFG-1的侧链或末端；木糖主要以1→4位键合为主，并存在少量的1→2位键合和1→3位键合，约有1／3的木糖位于非还原末端；葡萄糖主要以1→6或1→2位键合为主；阿拉伯糖有1→4、1→2、1→3位键合，有1／3的阿拉伯糖位于非还原末端；半乳糖存在1→4或1→6位键合，约有1／5位于非还原末端。木糖是β-型，葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖均为α-型。     

水溶性蛋白聚糖AP-1的分离纯化和鉴定

利用人工栽培的姬松茸子实体干品 ,经热水提取 ,乙醇沉淀 ,蛋白酶法和Sevag法相结合去蛋白 ,H2 O2 脱色 ,DEAE SephadexA 2 5和SephadexG 2 0 0柱纯化 ,得到姬松茸蛋白聚糖AP 1 .葡聚糖凝胶柱层析分析表明 ,该蛋白聚糖为均一物质 ,相对分子质量为 1 2 4 0 0 0 .紫外扫描表明有核酸和蛋白质的特征吸收峰 .红外扫描显示有典型的多糖吸收峰 .纸层析和气相色谱分析表明 ,其单糖组成为葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖以及核糖 ,其物质的量之比 (摩尔比 )为 1 .1 9∶0 .56∶0 .4 3∶0 .54.     

不同碳源对Lactococcus FML02-8合成胞外多糖的影响

FML02-8分别以葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳清粉为碳源合成不同量、不同结构的胞外多糖,经红外光谱分析,波形、特征吸收波段、波峰强度均有差别;用HPLC法测得的相对分子质量分别为41092,54 029,45 468,46 996,46 257,45 468;用气相色谱法分析得到的单糖组成及摩尔比均不同.结果表明,碳源不仅影响FML02-8合成EPS的产量,而且影响EPS的结构,包括相对分子质量、单糖组成及摩尔比等.     

香菇多糖柱前衍生化高效液相色谱指纹图谱研究*

摘要目的建立香菇多糖1 苯基 3 甲基 5 吡唑啉酮（PMP）柱前衍生高效液相色谱（HPLC）指纹图谱。方法采用水提醇沉法提取香菇多糖,经三氟乙酸（TFA）水解和PMP柱前衍生后,HPLC 法测定香菇多糖的单糖组成。结果在所建立的指纹图谱中,共标示出13个特征共有峰,鉴别主要色谱峰6个,分别是甘露糖、D 葡萄糖醛酸、D 葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖和L 岩藻糖,其中葡萄糖比例最高,其次是甘露糖、半乳糖及岩藻糖。结论该方法稳定、简便、重复性好,可为香菇的质量控制提供参考。     

羊栖菜褐藻糖胶的分级纯化和结构分析

从浙江洞头产羊栖菜中提取得到的褐藻糖胶,经DEAESepharoseCL 6B柱层析得F1、F2和F33个组分,F3又经SepharoseCL 6B柱层析得F31、F32和F333个级分.经凝胶过滤色谱检测,F31、F32和F33为均一组分.化学组成分析表明,这5个级分均为岩藻糖、半乳糖和甘露糖等糖基组成的杂多糖,并含有硫酸酯、糖醛酸以及少量的蛋白质,相对分子质量范围为2.5×104～9.5×105.F33中氮的质量分数为2%,氨基酸分析和紫外扫描表明氮大部分可能来自核酸.F32的硫酸酯对碱基本稳定,表明大部分硫酸酯位于单糖残基的垂直位置.     

中压液相色谱快速分离纯化Kluyveromyces fragilis β-D-半乳糖苷酶

应用AKTA explorer 100型中压液相色谱快速纯化工艺，系统分离纯化了脆壁克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces fragilis）β-D-半乳糖苷酶。K．fragilis发酵生产的菌体细胞经过破碎、离心后的上清液中含有K．fragilis β-D-半乳糖苷酶。粗酶经过AKTA explorer 100中压液相色谱的Hiprep^R 16／10 Source 30Q强阴离子交换柱和Hioad26／60 Superdex凝胶过滤色谱连续两步纯化，酶的回收率为27％，纯化倍数为42。纯化的K．fragilis β-D-半乳糖苷酶在垂直板十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）上，呈现一条染色谱带，表明纯化的酶具有较高的纯度。K．fragilis LFS-8611 β-D-半乳糖苷酶相对分子质量约为60 000。     

百合中水溶性非淀粉多糖的分离与纯化

百合中水溶性非淀粉多糖的提取、分离和纯化方法的研究表明 ,糊化淀粉经α 淀粉酶和普鲁兰酶水解除去后 ,剩余多糖经SepharoseCL 6B与SephedexG 10 0凝胶过滤色谱分离 ,得到比浓粘度为 81.2 92cm3/ g的水溶性非淀粉多糖 ,其相对分子质量较小 (2 0 0 18.6 ) .研究中还发现一些多糖与蛋白质以结合形式糖蛋白存在 .     

L68菌株邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶纯化及性质

L68菌株中的邻苯二酚 2 ,3 双加氧酶经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE SepharoseFastFlow柱层析、Hydroxyapatite柱层析、Sephadex G15 0凝胶过滤分离 ,并经SDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测 ,达到了电泳纯 .提纯倍数为 2 34 .1倍 ,收率为 2 0 .2 % .酶相对分子质量为 (132± 10 )kDa ,由 4个相对分子质量相同的亚基组成 .最适反应温度 35℃ ,且酶活力在 15～ 65℃比较稳定 ;最适 pH为 8.0 ,在 pH 7.0～ 10 .5酶活力较高且比较稳定 .某些金属离子尤其是Fe3+ 对酶活力有强烈的抑制作用 .以邻苯二酚为底物 ,Km 为 2 0 .63μmol/L ,Vmax为 2 .82 μmol/ (min·mg)     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.