糖尿病肾病腹膜透析患者残余肾功能下降的危险因素分析

目的分析影响糖尿病肾病腹膜透析患者残余肾功能(residual renal function,RRF)下降的危险因素。方法选取2007—2014年浙江大学附属第一医院肾脏病中心规律持续性不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者880例,其中原发病为糖尿病肾病的患者150例,非糖尿病肾病患者730例。测定其糖化血红蛋白(Hb A_1c)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿肌酐(Ucr)、尿尿素氮(UUN)及24 h尿量等。结果880例患者在规律随访12个月后,糖尿病(DN)组及非糖尿病(非DN)组患者RRF均显著下降,DN组下降较非DN组更快(P0.05)。DN组中非强化控制血糖组(Hb A_1c7%)较强化血糖控制组(Hb A_1c7%)RRF下降速率更快(P0.05),而强化血糖控制组(Hb A_1c7%)RRF下降速率与非DN组相近(P0.05)。DN组中非强化血糖控制组(Hb A_1c≥7%)CRP较非DN组显著增高(P0.05)。结论原发病为糖尿病的腹膜透析患者强化控制血糖可以更好地延缓RRF下降,而这种效应可能是通过控制腹膜透析患者的微炎症而达到的。     

残余肾功能状态对腹膜透析效能的影响

目的:前瞻性观察终末期肾衰(ESRF)患者在腹膜透析(PD)治疗后残余肾功能(RRF)对透析效能及相关临床指标之间的影响。方法:所有患者按残余肾小球滤过率(rGFR)水平将其分为A组(GFR0~2ml/min)、B组(GFR2·1~4ml/min)和C组(GFR>4ml/min)。每3个月进行一次临床随访,全面评估患者的全身情况及透析状态,包括血压、身高、体重、体重指数(BMI)、尿量(UV)、残余肾肌酐清除率(Ccr)、每周总尿素氮表现率(Kt/Vtotal)、每周肌酐总清除率(WCcrtotal)、蛋白氮呈现率(nPNA)、残余肾尿素及Ccr。对比观察不同RRF状态患者透析状况和部分临床及生化指标变化。尿量<100ml/d或Ccr<1·0ml/min视为无尿。结果:三组不同残肾状态患者Kt/vtotal和Ccr分别为1·75±0·35、2·07±0·54、2·46±0·50和53·4±11·2、66·6±11·2、97·6±22·1(L/Wks),各组之间差异非常显著(P<0·001)。三组不同残余肾Kt/v和Ccr分别占总体kt/v的12·4%、27%、45·7%及总体Ccr的18·3%、47·3%和65·3%,三组间相比差异亦显著(P<0·01)。此外,三组间高血压发生率、心胸比例及左心室肥厚(LVH)亦存在一定差异,C组心脏增大的病例明显低于A、B两组。RRF状态与透析效能呈正相关。本组患者除2例在透析治疗时即无尿,128例患者中有31例(24·2%)发生无尿,其中原发病为血管炎综合征及糖尿病肾病各占4例和7例,其无尿发生率分别占本病种的66·7%及25·9%;另20例无尿患者为肾小球肾炎或其它疾病,占此类疾病的20·6%。此外,发生无尿患者中有5例(16·1%)透析时尿量<300ml/d。结论:PD患者的残余肾仍然是清除体内代谢产物的重要途径,同时也影响血压及心血管系统并发症。     

基于残余肾功能的腹膜透析剂量评估

目的:探讨利用残余肾功能(RRF)计算个体化透析剂量在腹膜透析(PD)治疗中的意义。方法:557例腹膜透析患者,每3~6个月随访一次,共进行5 476次测定。根据残余肾小球滤过率(r GFR)分为A组[rGFR2 ml/(min·1.73m~2)]、B组[rGFR 2~4 ml/(min·1.73m~2)]、C组[rGFR 4~6 ml/(min·1.73m~2)]、D组[rGFR6 ml/(min·1.73m~2)],观察四组透析参数、部分实验室指标及心脏指标的变化。结果:四组间透析剂量(PDV)、单位体质量指数透析剂量(PDV/BMI)、单位体表面积透析剂量(PDV/BSA)、尿量(UV)、尿素清除指数(Kt/V)、每周肌酐清除率(WCcr)有显著性差异(P=0.000);标准蛋白分解率(nPCR)、血白蛋白(Alb)、血红蛋白(Hb)四组间亦有显著性差异(P=0.000);随着RRF下降,炎症指标超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)及血清磷有显著增加趋势(P=0.000);A组左心室射血分数(LVEF)明显低于其他三组(P=0.000),而左心室质量指数(LVMI)、心胸比(CTR)明显高于其他三组(P=0.000)。根据透析充分与否分为透析不充分组[尿素清除指数(Kt/V)1.7且每周肌酐清除率(WCcr)50 L/(周·1.73m~2)](1 301,23.8%)和充分组[Kt/V≥1.7或WCcr≥50 L/(周·1.73m~2)](4 175,76.2%),两组PDV、PDV/BMI、PDV/BSA、rGFR、UV有显著差异(P0.000)。Pearson相关分析发现,透析充分状态下PDV/BMI与rGFR具有直线相关性,即PDV/BMI=323.7-10.15r GFR(r=-0.615,P=0.000);由此得出腹膜透析患者个体化透析剂量的计算公式:PDV(mL/d)=(323.7-10.15rGFR)×BMI。结论:依据RRF、BMI来计算透析剂量,不仅可以达到个体化透析的目的,还可以最大程度地发挥RRF在PD中的优势,提高透析质量。     

日间不卧床腹膜透析与持续不卧床腹膜透析对心血管事件发生率的影响

目的探讨日间不卧床腹膜透析(DAPD)和持续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)对心血管事件发生率的影响。方法将2012年6月至2013年6月进行腹膜透析置管术的80例患者按随机数字表分为DAPD组(40例)和CAPD组(40例)。观察两组患者充血性心力衰竭等心血管事件发生率,每6个月行一次心功能的评估,心脏超声和胸部平片检查透析前、透析12个月、24个月左心室内径、右心室内径、左心房内径、左心室壁厚度、室间隔厚度等心血管相关指标变化情况。结果 DAPD组患者12个月和24个月心血管事件发生率为7.50%和15.00%,而CAPD组分别为17.50%和35.00%,时间越长心血管事件发生率越大。两组患者入组时心胸比例无统计学差异,24个月时DAPD组患者心胸比例明显小于CAPD组,DAPD左心室内径小于CAPD组(P0.05)。24个月时DAPD组患者的血压达标率82.50%,明显高于CAPD组55.00%(P0.05)。DAPD组残余肾尿素清除指数(Kt/V)和肌酐清除率(Ccr)明显高于CAPD组(P0.05)。结论采用DAPD模式的透析患者心血管事件发生率低,心胸比例变化小,对心血管事件影响小。     

根据残余肾功能状态计算腹膜透析患者透析剂量的临床研究

目的:回顾性分析了腹膜透析(PD)患者不同透析效能状态下所使用透析液剂量(PDV)与残余肾功能(RRF)及体表面积(BSA)之间的相关性,探讨符合国人生理及病情特点的透析液剂量计算方法. 方法:414例患者中位透析时间为14.8个月(6～161个月)共进行1 650例次测定.按2006 NKF-K/DOQI标准分为充分、临界及不充分三组,观察各组患者之间尿素Kt/V、肌酐清除率(CCr)、蛋白质表现率(nPNA)和血浆白蛋白(Alb)、残余肾小球滤过率(rGFR)、PDV及单位BSA透析剂量(PDV/BSA)改变及彼此间相互关系. 结果:1 650检测中,透析不充分391例次,占23.7%.分析三组患者除尿素Kt/V、Ccr及nPNA有明显差异外,透析充分组无论是尿量(UV)及rGFR均明显高于其它两组,各组间亦有明显差异(P<0.01);以PDV/BSA为单位计算透析剂量,并以此判断与Kt/V、Ccr及nPNA之间相关性,较PDV更具有统计学意义(P<0.01);透析充分组患者rGFR明显高于其它组(P<0.01),而PDV/BSA明显少于其它各组(P<0.01);按rGFR分组观察同样显示不同RRF所需透析剂量差异有显著统计学意义(F=189.3,P<0.01);探讨rGFR与PV/BSA的相关性发现,两者间的相关系数可以用以下公式表达:PV/BSA=4277.0-123.7×rGFR(r=-0.58,P<0.01).由此得到PD患者个体化透析剂量的计算公式:PDV(L/d)=(4.4-0.15×rGFR)×BSA. 结论:所有PD患者应根据RRF及BSA状态来计算透析剂量.这种个体化透析方案不仅可以最大程度地发挥RRF在PD中的优势,还可以节约透析液用量,减少患者的经济开支.     

腹膜透析联合血液透析治疗终末期肾病:一种新的治疗模式

残余肾功能(RRF)对持续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)治疗患者(RRF)生存质量及生存率至关重要.随着透析时间的延长,腹膜透析(PD)患者的RRF逐渐下降或丢失使患者出现透析不充分的临床症状.此外,腹膜超滤功能衰竭也是导致患者退出PD的主要原因之一.此时,如选择每日PD联合1次/周血液透析(HD)的治疗方案,既可达到清除毒素和水分的目的,也能提高患者生活质量、减少医疗费用.本文就PD联合HD治疗终末期肾病这一新疗法作一简述.     

日间不卧床腹膜透析与持续不卧床腹膜透析对心血管并发症的影响

目的:比较日间不卧床腹膜透析(DAPD)与持续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)对心血管并发症的影响。方法:将2010年6月至12月行PD置管术的64例患者,随机分成CAPD组和DAPD组,每组32例。观察两组患者充血性心力衰竭、恶性高血压等心血管并发症的发生率、发生时间及转归,每半年进行一次容量及心功能的评估,行心脏超声和胸部平片检查,动态观察透析前、透析12月和24月患者心胸比例,左心室内径、左心房内径、左心室壁厚度、右心室内径、室间隔厚度等心血管系统相关指标及血压、透析效能、残余肾肾小球滤过率的变化情况。结果:(1)CAPD组患者1、2年心血管事件发生率为16%、28%,而DAPD组分别为6%和13%(P<0.05),随着透析时间延长,其发生率增加。(2)CAPD与DAPD患者入组时心胸比例无统计学差异,随访至24月CAPD组患者心胸比例明显大于DAPD组(0.51±0.04 vs 0.48±0.05,P<0.05),同时两组左心室内径分别为52.66±6.49 mm,48.69±4.70 mm(P<0.05)。(3)在末次随访中,以血压<140/90 mmHg为标准,CAPD组患者的血压达标率明显低于DAPD组患者(54.2%vs 84.8%,P<0.05)。(4)在透析效能方面,两组溶质清除均充分,且无明显差异。结论:采用DAPD模式的患者较CAPD患者心功能不全发生率低,心胸比例变化小,对心血管系统影响小,可能与容量负荷、残余肾功能状态有关。     

残余肾功能对腹膜透析患者心血管系统的影响

目的:观察不同残余肾功能(RRF)对腹膜透析(PD)患者心血管系统的影响. 方法:根据PD患者随访过程中残余肾小球滤过率(rGFR)水平将其分为A组(GFR 0～2 ml/min)、B组GFR(2.1～4 ml/min)、C组GFR(4.1～6.0 ml/min)和D组(>6.0 ml/min).每3个月对患者进行一次临床随访,全面评估患者的伞身情况及透析状态,包括血浆白蛋白(AIb)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、体重指数(BMI)、尿量(UV)、残余肾肌酐清除率(Ccr)、每周总尿素氮清除率(Kt/V total)、每周肌酐总清除率(WCcr total)、蛋白氮呈现率(nPNA)、心脏超声和胸部平片. 结果:四组不同RRF患者Kt/v total分别为1.66±0.42、1.85±0.40、2.11±0.45、2.60±0.69(P<0.01);四组间心胸比分别为0.54±0.08、0.51±0.07、0.51±0.06、0.50±0.06(P<0.05);左室后壁厚度分别为(10.4±1.79)、(9.96±1.35)、(9.51±1.33)、(9.65±1.40)mm(P<0.05);室间隔厚度分别为(10.9±1.88)、(10.4±1.59)、(10.2±1.59)、(10.1±1.47)mm(P<0.05);此外四组间AIb、SBP、DBP均存在统计学差异(P<0.05). 结论:RRF每下降2 ml/min患者室间隔厚度、左室后壁厚度均增加,且室间隔厚度与RRF呈负相关.RRF对腹膜透析患者心血管并发症有重要影响.     

影响腹膜透析患者残余肾功能下降速率的因素

目的:比较腹膜透析(PD)患者不同基线水平下残余肾功能(RRF)的下降速率,并分析其相关影响因素。方法:选取行PD置管术的201例新患者,根据估算的肾小球滤过率(e GFR)水平将其分为A组[e GFR6ml/(min·1.73m2)]、B组[e GFR 6~10 ml/(min·1.73m2)]、C组[e GFR10 ml/(min·1.73m2)]。至少每6个月对患者进行一次临床随访,评估患者的全身情况及透析状态,并计算36个随访月每组RRF的平均下降速率。结果:A、B、C三组的RRF平均下降速率分别为-0.089 ml/(min·1.73m2·月),-0.152 ml/(min·1.73m2·月),-0.247 ml/(min·1.73m2·月)(P0.001)。多元线性回归显示基线时心胸比(rs=-0.238);三酰甘油(rs=-0.421)、e GFR(rs=-0.557)、血红蛋白(rs=0.216)分别是B、C组r GFR下降速率的独立影响因素(A组没有纳入变量)。在随访末,C组RRF仍然保持最高的水平且RRF消失的百分比在三组中最低(P0.001),且心力衰竭发生的时间较晚。结论:基线时e GFR高的PD患者RRF下降速率快,但其随访末在3组中仍然保持最高的RRF水平及最低的RRF消失百分比。     

替米沙坦对非糖尿病腹膜透析患者胰岛素抵抗及残余肾功能的影响

目的探讨替米沙坦对非糖尿病腹膜透析患者胰岛素抵抗的影响,并观察其能否延缓残余肾功能(RRF)的丢失。方法入选病情稳定的持续不卧床非糖尿病腹膜透析患者60例,随机分为替米沙坦组和对照组各30例。其中替米沙坦组给予替米沙坦片80 mg/d,观察时间1年,定期检测两组空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、血红蛋白(Hb)、总Kt/V、总肌酐清除率(Ccr)、甲状旁腺素(iPTH)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP),计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及RRF。结果研究结束时,对照组HOMA-IR较研究前有所下降,但无显著性差异(P0.05),替米沙坦组HOMA-IR较对照组显著下降(3.24±1.41 vs 4.37±1.93,P0.05),两组患者RRF均显著下降,但替米沙坦组较对照组RRF下降延缓〔(3.25±1.31 vs 2.35±1.20)ml/min,P0.05〕。结论替米沙坦能改善非糖尿病腹膜透析患者胰岛素抵抗,并延缓残余肾功能的丢失。     

The effect of coronary angiography on residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis

BACKGROUND: The risk of intravascular radiocontrast to residual renal function (RRF) in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains largely unknown. HYPOTHESIS: This study sought to estimate the effect of coronary angiography on RRF in patients on PD. METHODS: All patients at the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and University of Pittsburgh who underwent coronary angiography between 1993 and 2005 while on PD and who had RRF measured prior to angiography were identified retrospectively. For patients without a postprocedure RRF recorded, medical records were reviewed to determine whether anuria had developed. The longer-term rate of loss of RRF among cases was compared with a composite rate of decline in RRF among cases before angiography and matched controls. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients with a mean preprocedure RRF of 4.4+/-3.2 ml/min/1.73m(2) were evaluated. Of these patients, 23 (79%) had postangiography RRF assessments (mean clearance 3.4+/-3.0 ml/min/1.73m(2)). One of the remaining six patients definitely became permanently anuric following angiography, one was lost to follow-up, and there was no postprocedure RRF assessment in four others. The rate of decline in RRF in the cases was similar to the composite rate (0.07 ml/min/1.73m(2)/month vs. 0.09 ml/min/1.73m(2)/month, p=0.53) CONCLUSION: The risk for permanent anuria in patients on PD undergoing coronary angiography appears to be quite small. Patients who do not develop anuria following coronary angiography have the same gradual rate of loss of RRF as other patients on PD. Providers should be vigilant in protecting RRF in patients on PD undergoing coronary angiography.     

Decline in Residual Renal Function in Automated Compared with Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Summary

Background and objectives

We compared the decline of RRF in patients starting dialysis on APD with those starting on CAPD, because a faster decline on APD has been suggested.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

NECOSAD patients starting dialysis on APD or CAPD with RRF at baseline were included and followed for 3 years. Residual GFR (rGFR) was the mean of urea and creatinine clearances. Differences in yearly decline of rGFR were estimated in analyses with linear repeated measures models, whereas the risk of complete loss of RRF was estimated by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) for APD compared with CAPD. As-treated (AT) and intention-to-treat (ITT) designs were used. All of the analyses were adjusted for age, gender, comorbidity, and primary kidney disease and stratified according to follow-up and mean baseline GFR.

Results

The 505 CAPD and 78 APD patients had no major baseline differences. No differences were found in the analyses on yearly decline of rGFR. APD patients did have a higher risk of losing RRF in the first year (ITT crude HR 2.43 [confidence interval 95%, 1.48 to 4.00], adjusted 2.66 [1.60 to 4.44]; AT crude 1.89 [1.04 to 3.45], adjusted 2.15 [1.16 to 3.98]). The higher risk of losing all RRF was most pronounced in patients with the highest rGFR at baseline (ITT; crude 3.91 [1.54 to 9.94], adjusted 1.85 to 14.17).

Conclusions

The risk of losing RRF is higher for patients starting dialysis on APD compared with those starting on CAPD, especially in the first year.     

Baseline and Time‐Averaged Values Predicting Residual Renal Function Decline Rate in Japanese Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Residual renal function (RRF) is a strong prognostic factor of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). We determined predictors of the RRF rate of decline using both baseline values and time‐averaged ones. We retrospectively analyzed 94 patients being treated with PD at the Japanese Red Cross Medical Center. The decline rate of RRF was calculated by a diminution in the weekly renal Kt/V between the first and last follow up divided by follow‐up years. The mean follow‐up period was 2.28 years, and the mean decline rate of weekly renal Kt/V was 0.25 per year. A multivariate analysis using baseline parameters identified dialysis‐to‐plasma ratios of creatinine at 4 h (P = 0.02), urinary protein (P = 0.02), and mean blood pressure (MBP) (P < 0.01) as being positively associated with the RRF rate of decline, while the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) had a negative correlation (P = 0.03). When using time‐averaged values as independent variables, a lower weekly total renal Kt/V (P < 0.0001), higher urinary protein (P < 0.0001), and higher MBP (P = 0.04) independently predicted a faster RRF rate of decline. We demonstrated that PD patients with a lower MBP and lower urinary protein both at baseline and throughout their PD duration had a slower RRF rate of decline. We recommend strict control of blood pressure and anti‐proteinuric therapy for PD patients.     

透析初始月的残肾功能及高转运特性对腹膜透析成功率的影响

目的　尽管近年来腹腔感染率有所降低 ,但腹膜透析 (PD)仍有较高的失败率。探讨何种患者行PD有较高的失败率以望指导透析治疗。方法　选择 96例PD病人 ,平均腹透龄 ( 2 3 .1±10 0 )个月。分为两组 :A组为因各种原因 (脑血管意外、营养不良、失超滤、胸腔积液、反复感染等 )终止PD而改血液透析或死亡患者 ( 2 5例 ) ;B组 :PD持续至今者 ( 71例 )。两组的透析量 (DV)、体表面积(BSA)和年龄差异无显著性。对他们透析首月的营养状态、透析充分性、残肾功能及腹膜转运功能进行比较。同时用Kaplan Meier法进行生存率分析。结果　数据显示B组透析充分性明显好于A组 ,透析初始月的残肾功能 (RRF)在两组中有显著差异 ,残肾功能较好 (RRF≥ 2ml/min)的患者其生存率明显高于较差组 (RRF <2ml/min)。A组中高转运特性患者的比例 ( 4 0 0 % )高于B组 ( 2 3 .5 % )。结论　透析开始时达较高的清除率水平似可维持较长时间的透析 ,而这与透析开始时所具有较好的残肾功能不无相关。当患者残肾功能逐步下降 ,日间不卧床腹膜透析无法保证透析充分性 ,尤其当水平衡难以维持时可行血液透析     

Impact of heavy proteinuria on clinical outcomes in patients on incident peritoneal dialysis

Background

There are few reports on the nutritional status changes and residual renal function (RRF) according to proteinuria levels in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD).

Methods

A total of 388 patients on PD were enrolled. The patients were divided into 3 groups with respect to initial proteinuria: the A (n = 119; <500 mg/day), B (n = 218; 500–3,500 mg/day), and C groups (n = 51; >3,500 mg/day).

Results

The patients with higher proteinuria levels had a higher incidence of male sex, diabetes mellitus, and icodextrin use than those with lower proteinuria levels. Although initial peritoneal albumin loss in C group was lower than that detected in the other groups, no significant difference was observed in peritoneal albumin loss among the 3 groups at the end of follow-up period. At the time of PD initiation, the Geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) was lower in the C group than in the other 2 groups. However, at the end of the follow-up period, there was no significant difference in GNRI between the 3 groups. The GNRI increased, and the proteinuria level or RRF decreased more in the C group than in the other 2 groups. There were no significant differences in lean mass index or fat mass index change from the time of PD initiation to the end of the follow-up period. However, fat mass index and nPNA showed greater increases in the C group. The multivariate analysis revealed that proteinuria was negatively correlated with GNRI at the time of PD initiation and at the end of the follow-up period. The initial RRF and proteinuria were negatively correlated with the RRF decline during the follow-up.

Conclusion

The attenuation of the nephrotic proteinuria, along with the RRF decline, was associated with the improvement of the malnutrition.

     

Red blood cell distribution width predicts residual renal function decline in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

To investigate the relationship between red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and residual renal function (RRF) in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Seventy-seven CAPD patients were enrolled in this study. According to receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, patients were divided into high RDW (RDW > 14.95%) and low RDW (RDW ≤ 14.95%) groups. The data of baseline clinical, biochemical parameters, comorbidities, medication status, peritoneal function, and dialysis adequacy were compared. Survival curves were calculated using Kaplan–Meier method. Cox regression model was employed to analyze risk factors of decline in RRF. The overall median survival time was 24 months, the median survival time of high RDW group (46 patients) and low RDW group (31 patients) were 24 and 12 months, respectively. Compared with the low RDW group, patients in the high RDW group were older, higher rate of decline RRF and white blood cells count as well as lower total Kt/V (all p < 0.05). Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that the low RDW group had higher survival of RRF compared with the high RDW group (p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high RDW was independent risk factor for decline of RRF(hazard ratio = 1.441, 95% confidence interval: 1.089–1.905, p = 0.01). Increased baseline RDW is associated with decline of RRF in CAPD patients and RDW can be stratified as a valuable indicator for the risk of RRF decline.     

Changes in Echocardiographic Parameters According to the Rate of Residual Renal Function Decline in Incident Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Residual renal function (RRF) is associated with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy as well as all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, no studies have yet examined the serial changes in echocardiographic findings according to the rate of RRF decline in incident dialysis patients.A total of 81 patients who started peritoneal dialysis (PD) between 2005 and 2012 at Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea, and who underwent baseline and follow-up echocardiography within the first year of PD were recruited. Patients were dichotomized into “faster” and “slower” RRF decline groups according to the median values of RRF decline slope (−1.60 mL/min/y/1.73 m²).Baseline RRF and echocardiographic parameters were comparable between the 2 groups. During the first year of PD, there were no significant changes in LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), left atrial volume index (LAVI), or LV mass index (LVMI) in the “faster” RRT decline group, while these indices decreased in the “slower” RRT decline group. The rate of RRF decline was a significant determinant of 1-year changes in LVEDVI, LAVI, and LVMI. The linear mixed model further confirmed that there were significant differences in the changes in LVEDVI, LAVI, and LVMI between the 2 groups (P = 0.047, 0.048, and 0.001, respectively). During a mean follow-up duration of 31.9 months, 4 (4.9%) patients died. Compared with the “slower” RRF decline group, CV composite (20.29/100 vs 7.18/100 patient-years [PY], P = 0.098), technique failure (18.80/100 vs 4.19/100 PY, P = 0.006), and PD peritonitis (15.73/100 vs 4.95/100 PY, P = 0.064) developed more frequently in patients with “faster” RRF decline rate. On multivariate Cox regression analysis, patients with “faster” RRF decline rate showed 4.82-, 4.44-, and 7.37-fold higher risks, respectively, for each clinical outcome.Preservation of RRF is important for conserving cardiac performance, resulting in an improvement in clinical outcomes of incident PD patients.     

Relationship Between Residual Renal Function and Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels in dialysis patients are influenced by various factors, including phosphorus load. However, the clinical parameters that determine serum FGF23 levels in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of clinical factors, on serum FGF23 levels, with an emphasis on residual renal function (RRF). This cross‐sectional study included 56 outpatients undergoing PD therapy. Urine volume ≥100 mL/day or renal creatinine (Cr) clearance was used as a surrogate marker for RRF. Clinical characteristics were compared between patients with and without RRF. Linear regression analysis was conducted with serum FGF23 level as the dependent variable and renal Cr clearance as the main independent variable. The median and interquartile range of serum FGF23 levels were 5970 (1451–11 688) pg/mL. Patients with RRF showed higher urinary and total phosphate eliminations, and lower serum FGF23 and phosphate levels than patients without RRF. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the renal Cr clearance and serum phosphate and dialysis history were negatively associated with serum FGF23 levels, even after adjusting for potential confounders including peritoneal Cr clearance. Further, the predictabilities of serum FGF23 were comparable among renal Cr clearance, Kt/V for urea, and renal phosphate clearance. RRF determined by renal Cr clearance or residual urine volume is an independent negative determinant of serum FGF23 levels in PD patients.