医务人员职业倦怠与工作满意度现状调查

目的调查医务人员职业倦怠与工作满意度情况。方法采用随机数字表法选取佛山市公立医院医务人员1 620名,采用职业生活质量量表(Pro QOL)、明尼苏达工作满意度问卷短式量表(MSQ)、主观幸福感量表(SHS)进行评定。结果共收集有效问卷1 423份;30≤年龄40岁的医务人员职业倦怠评分高于20≤年龄30岁者[(28.29±5.38)分vs.(27.27±5.20)分,t=-1.02,P=0.014],医生职业倦怠评分高于护士[(28.34±5.29)分vs.(27.34±5.16)分,t=-1.00,P=0.009],中级职称医务人员职业倦怠评分高于初级职称者[(28.28±5.16)分vs.(27.36±5.25)分,t=0.92,P=0.020],硕士学历者职业倦怠评分高于专科学历者[(28.49±4.96)分vs.(27.08±5.30)分,t=1.42,P=0.043],精神专科医院及口腔医院的医务人员职业倦怠评分低于其他医院医务人员[(25.39±5.00)分vs.(26.03±4.22)分,F=11.62,P0.01],而工作满意度评分[(72.98±9.52)分vs.(71.18±8.07)分,F=7.31,P0.01]和主观幸福感评分[(20.02±3.94)分vs.(20.33±3.67)分,F=5.65,P0.01)]均高于其他医院。结论 30≤年龄40岁、医生、中级职称、硕士学历的医务人员职业倦怠水平较高,精神专科医院及口腔医院医务人员职业倦怠水平较低且工作满意度和主观幸福感较高。     

不同类型首发症状的双相障碍患者临床特征对比研究

目的比较不同类型首发症状双相障碍患者社会人口学和临床特征的差异性。方法收集首次确诊为双相障碍的患者470例,根据首发症状类型不同分为躁狂/轻躁狂首发组(200例)和抑郁首发组(270例),采集相关社会人口学特征和临床特征信息;对所有入组患者随访12个月,记录6个月末和12个月末的复发情况。结果抑郁首发组与躁狂/轻躁狂组相比较,年龄更小[(36.67±12.24)岁vs.(39.18±11.07)岁,P=0.02],女性比例更高(51.90%vs. 41.00%,P=0.03),受教育年限更长[(10.45±4.71)年vs.(9.51±3.98)年,P=0.02],确诊延搁时间更短[(7.79±8.50)年vs.(11.46±10.30)年,P0.01],精神疾病阳性家族史比例(33.00%vs.23.50%,P0.01)和精神刺激史发生率(28.50%vs.14.00%,P0.01)更高,平均复诊时间更长[(7.54±5.69)月vs.(5.66±5.77)月,P0.01]),并且抑郁首发组复发次数多于躁狂/轻躁狂首发组(均P0.01)。结论双相障碍以抑郁症状为首发症状者较多;以抑郁症状为首发症状的双相障碍患者受教育程度高、确诊延搁时间更短、多伴有精神刺激史及精神疾病阳性家族史,且复发率高。     

女性复发性抑郁症共病心境恶劣的临床特征

目的:探讨女性复发性抑郁症患者共病心境恶劣的临床特征。方法:采用复合性国际诊断用检查访谈(CIDI)将301例女性复发性抑郁症患者分为共病心境恶劣组(共病组,26例)及非共病心境恶劣组(非共病组,275例);对两组的人口学资料、抑郁症临床特征、父母亲情关系量表(PBI)、艾森克神经质量表、生活应激事件量表评分进行比较。结果:两组人口学资料比较差异无统计学意义;与非共病组的临床资料相比,共病组抑郁症总病程更长[(14.1±9.5)年vs.(10.4±8.3)年;P=0.032],起病年龄更小[(30.9±8.3)岁vs.(36.1±9.4)岁;P=0.003],发病次数更多[(5.8±5.3)vs.(4.1±4.9);P=0.047],阳性家族史及有自杀行为比率更高(34.6%vs.18.5%,P=0.049;38.5%vs.20.4%,P=0.033);艾森克神经质评分明显增高[(13.3±6.0)vs.(10.6±5.7);P=0.025];二元Logistic回归分析显示,PBI母亲保护评分、共病焦虑障碍及生活压力事件是共病心境恶劣的因素(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:共病心境恶劣的女性复发性抑郁症患者其抑郁症病情更为严重;母亲过度保护、共病焦虑障碍及生活压力事件是其相关因素。     

单相与双相抑郁症患者童年虐待、认知偏差及认知情绪调节的比较

目的:探讨单相与双相抑郁症患者在童年虐待经历、认知偏差、认知情绪调节方面的差别。方法:采用认知情绪调节问卷中文版(CERQ-C)、Beck抑郁自评量表(BDI)、功能失调性认知态度问卷(DAS)、儿童期受虐经历问卷(CTQ-SF)对83例发作期双相抑郁障碍患者、76例发作期单相抑郁患者进行评定。结果:双相抑郁组CTQ-SF总分[(41. 34±5. 92) vs.(38. 28±7. 90)]及躯体虐待[(6. 81±1. 93) vs.(6. 08±1. 80)]、性虐待因子[(6. 35±1. 49) vs.(5. 42±0. 94)]分均显著高于单相抑郁组,差异具有统计学意义(t值依次为2. 78、2. 45、4. 66; P 0. 05或P 0. 01)。双相抑郁组DAS强制性因子[(22. 12±3. 55) vs.(20. 82±4. 51)]、依赖性因子[(22. 43±5. 20) vs.(19. 87±5. 18)]、自主性态度因子分[(24. 63±7. 24) vs.(22. 41±5. 95)]及CERQ-C自我责难[(14. 24±2. 47) vs(13. 43±2. 42)]、接受因子分[(13. 98±3. 66) vs (12. 82±2. 94)]显著高于单相抑郁组,而认知哲学因子分[(16. 47±5. 42)vs.(18. 45±4. 00)]低于单相抑郁组,差异具有统计学意义(t值依次为2. 04、3. 11、2. 10、-2. 60,P 0. 05或P 0. 01)。结论:双相抑郁较单相抑郁症患者可能具有更多的童年虐待经历,更为严重的功能失调性认知态度与认知情绪调节问题。     

双相障碍抑郁发作患者血清谷氨酸系统代谢紊乱特征及相关因素

目的探讨双相障碍抑郁发作患者外周血清中谷氨酸系统各指标变化的特点及其相关因素。方法选取50例双相障碍抑郁发作患者及48名正常对照,以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale-17,HAMD-17)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)评估患者抑郁和焦虑症状,以酶联免疫吸附法测定被试血清谷胺酰胺(glutamine,Gln)、谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)及谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamic acid dehydrogenase,GAD)水平,计算Glu/GABA比值。结果双相障碍抑郁发作组较之对照组,血清Glu水平[(35.80±6.34)mg/L vs.(28.69±5.73)mg/L,t=4.68,P0.01]及Glu/GABA[(6.18±1.40)vs.(5.06±1.29),t=3.44,P0.01]增高,血清GABA水平[(5.09±0.71)μmol/L vs.(5.83±1.17)μmol/L,t=3.10,P=0.01]、GAD水平[(28.72±5.39)U/L vs.(35.78±7.22)U/L,t=4.46,P0.01]降低。双相障碍抑郁发作组血清Glu水平与HAMD总分呈正相关(r=0.52,P=0.03),血清GABA水平与HAMD睡眠障碍因子分呈负相关(r=-0.38,P=0.04)。结论双相障碍抑郁发作患者存在Glu能神经元活性增强,GABA能神经元活性降低,兴奋性神经元与抑制性神经元功能失平衡。     

难治性抑郁症的临床特征以及甲状腺激素水平的对照研究

目的探讨难治性抑郁症的临床特征以及甲状腺激素水平。方法采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HRSD-17)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)对符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的48例难治性抑郁症患者和54例非难治性抑郁症患者进行测评,采用放射免疫法测定两组患者血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平。结果难治性抑郁症组(TRD组)与非难治性抑郁症组(非TRD组)比较,起病年龄更早[(16.4±3.8)岁vs.(23.6±4.3)岁],受教育年限更短[(8.7±2.1)年vs.(10.6±2.3)年],本次发病病程更长[(65.1±18.3)月vs.(4.9±2.5)月],HRSD-17中行为阻滞因子评分更高[(8.37±2.43)分vs.(6.51±2.55)分],血清FT3水平更低[(3.93±0.52)pmol/L vs.(4.21±0.49)pmol/L],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论难治性抑郁症患者单次病程长,起病早,文化水平低,阻滞症状重,血清FT3水平低。     

单双相抑郁患者的情感气质特征及其与抗抑郁治疗反应的关系

目的探索单相抑郁、双相I型和双相II型抑郁患者情感气质特征的差异及其与抗抑郁治疗反应的关系。方法收集广州医科大学附属脑科医院和暨南大学第一附属医院的住院和门诊患者,包括332例单相抑郁患者、116例双相I型患者和152例双相II型患者,所有患者均处于重性抑郁发作期。在为期6周的半自然临床试验中,所有患者均接受抗抑郁药治疗,完成情感气质问卷中文版(TEMPS-A)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)评定。比较治疗4、6周末不同气质类型为主导气质患者HAMD-17评分减分率。结果双相I型患者旺盛情感气质评分高于单相抑郁患者和双相II型患者[(9.91±4.53)分vs.(8.20±4.34)分vs.(8.53±4.14),F=6.562,P=0.002];而双相II型患者环性气质评分高于单相抑郁患者[(10.05±5.02)分vs.(7.47±5.22)分,F=12.89,P0.01]。治疗6周后,情感旺盛气质主导组HAMD-17评分减分率高于情感旺盛气质非主导组(F=6.44,P=0.011)。结论单双相抑郁患者的情感旺盛气质和环性气质的特征有所差异,旺盛情感气质可能可以作为处于重性抑郁发作期的情感障碍患者抗抑郁治疗反应的预测因子。     

人际社会节奏疗法对首发青少年抑郁障碍的效果

目的探讨人际社会节奏疗法(IPSRT)对首发青少年抑郁障碍的效果,为首发青少年抑郁障碍的治疗提供参考。方法纳入符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的首发青少年抑郁障碍患者为研究对象,共310例,采用随机数字表法分为研究组(n=155)和对照组(n=155),研究组接受IPSRT治疗,对照组接受常规心理干预,两组均连续干预2周。分别于干预前和干预2周后,采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版(HAMD-24)和人际交往能力问卷(ICQ)进行评定,采用便携式睡眠监测仪评定两组患者的睡眠质量。结果干预后,研究组HAMA[(5.92±1.04)分vs.(10.23±1.09)分,t=-10.310,P0.01]、入睡时间[(0.26±0.09)h vs.(1.29±0.78)h,t=-4.701,P0.01]和卧床时间[(10.19±0.99)h vs.(11.30±1.38)h,t=-2.353,P=0.027]均低于对照组;研究组ICQ的主动交往[(20.23±1.59)分vs.(17.38±1.33)分,t=4.959,P0.01]、适当拒绝[(14.77±1.17)分vs.(11.77±1.48)分,t=5.740,P0.01]、自我表露[(20.92±1.66)分vs.(16.15±1.46)分,t=7.780,P0.01]、情感支持[(21.00±1.53)分vs.(18.85±1.99)分,t=3.092,P0.01]维度评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。结论对首发青少年抑郁障碍患者实施IPSRT可能有助于改善其睡眠质量,调整不良心理状态,提高人际交往能力。     

单相与双相抑郁症患者沉思反应及拖延行为的比较

目的:探讨单相与双相抑郁患者沉思反应及拖延行为的差异。方法:对32例单相抑郁(单相组)及31例双相抑郁(双相组)患者分别评定沉思量表(RRS)、一般拖延行为问卷(GPS)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评定;对26名正常对照者(健康组)给予RRS和GPS评定,然后进行组间比较。结果:抑郁组的RRS总分(55.8±9.5)显著高于健康组[(45.8±8.1),P0.01)],抑郁组的GPS总分(57.2±8.9)也显著高于健康组[(49.3±8.4),P0.05];单相组和双相组的RRS总分及GPS总分与HAMD总分及阻滞、绝望感因子分均呈显著正相关(r=0.368~0.491,P0.05或P0.01);单相组与双相组的RRS总分及各因子分和GPS总分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:抑郁症患者比健康人更易陷入沉思,且也较易采取拖延方式;单相与双相抑郁症患者的沉思反应及拖延行为未见实质性差别,但在临床上需加以关注。     

双相Ⅰ型障碍抑郁发作患者血清尿酸水平及其影响因素

目的调查双相I型障碍抑郁发作患者血清尿酸(UA)水平及其影响因素。方法采用横断面研究,选取双相I型障碍抑郁发作患者(患者组)68例和健康人群(对照组)68例。采用全自动生化仪检测血清UA水平,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定患者抑郁严重程度。结果患者组高尿酸血症(HUA)检出率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(20.6%vs.7.4%,P0.05);患者组血清UA水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义[(310.31±83.35)μmol/L vs.(282.47±78.30)μmol/L,P0.05],患者组男性UA水平高于女性[(344.40±100.45)μmol/L vs.(296.10±71.59)μmol/L,P0.05]。相关分析显示:UA水平与性别和精神病家族史呈负相关(r=-0.28、-0.27,P均0.05);与甘油三酯水平呈正相关(r=0.34,P0.01)。逐步多元回归分析显示,性别、阳性精神疾病家族史对血清UA水平有明显影响(P均0.01)。结论双相I型障碍抑郁发作患者UA水平增高,并与性别、精神疾病家族史相关。     

Use of the Hypomania Checklist-32 and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire for detecting bipolarity in 1,051 patients with major depressive disorder

PurposeTo use the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), for detecting bipolarity in depressed patients.PatientsOne thousand and fifty-one patients fulfilling ICD-10 criteria for unipolar major depressive episode, single or recurrent, were studied. Patients were assessed using a structured demographic and clinical data interview, and by the Polish versions of the HCL-32 and MDQ questionnaires.ResultsHypomanic symptoms exceeding cut-off criteria for bipolarity by HCL-32 were found in 37.5% of patients and, by MDQ, in 20% of patients. Patients with HCL-32 (+) or MDQ (+) differed significantly from patients with HCl-32 (?) and MDQ (?) respectively, by being less frequently married, having more family history of depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism and suicide, earlier onset of illness, and more depressive episodes and psychiatric hospitalizations. The percentage of patients resistant to treatment with antidepressant drugs was significantly higher in HCL-32 (+) vs HCL-32 (?) and in MDQ (+) vs MDQ (?): 43.9% vs 30.0%, and 26.4% vs 12.4%, respectively.ConclusionsThe results confirm a substantial percentage of bipolarity in major depressive disorder. Such patients have a number of clinical characteristics pointing on a more severe form of the illness and their depression is more resistant to treatment with antidepressants.     

双相Ⅰ型障碍抑郁发作患者血清尿酸水平及其影响因素

目的：调查双相 I 型障碍抑郁发作患者血清尿酸（UA）水平及其影响因素。方法采用横断面研究,选取双相 I型障碍抑郁发作患者（患者组）68例和健康人群（对照组）68例。采用全自动生化仪检测血清 UA 水平,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定患者抑郁严重程度。结果患者组高尿酸血症（HUA）检出率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（20.6% vs.7.4%,P ﹤0.05）;患者组血清 UA 水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义[（310.31±83.35）μmol/ L vs.（282.47±78.30）μmol/ L, P ﹤0.05],患者组男性 UA 水平高于女性[（344.40±100.45）μmol/ L vs.（296.10±71.59）μmol/ L,P ﹤0.05]。相关分析显示：UA 水平与性别和精神病家族史呈负相关（r =-0.28、-0.27,P 均﹤0.05）;与甘油三酯水平呈正相关（r =0.34,P ﹤0.01）。逐步多元回归分析显示,性别、阳性精神疾病家族史对血清 UA 水平有明显影响（P 均﹤0.01）。结论双相 I 型障碍抑郁发作患者 UA 水平增高,并与性别、精神疾病家族史相关。     

中文版32项轻躁狂症状清单在双相Ⅱ型障碍患者中的应用

目的：研究中文版32项轻躁狂症状清单（32-item hypomania checklist,HCL-32）在双相Ⅱ型障碍患者中应用的效度、信度。方法：对69例双相Ⅱ型障碍患者应用HCL-32进行测评,其中有26例（37.7%）患者在8～14d后重测。结果：经相关分析及Kruskal-Wallis检验,双相Ⅱ型障碍患者在接受测评时的心境状态对HCL-32得分的影响无统计学意义（P分别为0.48、0.23）。因子分析显示前2个因子的特征值较佳,分别为6.19和3.57,前2个因子对总方差的累积贡献率为30.5%。内部一致性信度分析HCL-32全量表Cronbach＇salpha值为0.84,因子Ⅰ和因子Ⅱ分别为0.85和0.66。全量表重测相关系数为0.51（P=0.007）。前后两次测评中,32项条目重测一致率为53.8%～96.2%。患者的HCL-32得分范围为3～26分,HCL-32总分≥14的患者有46例（66.7%）。量表分均值为（15.26±5.91）分。32项条目阳性回答率为7.2%～82.6%。结论：HCL-32中文版在双相Ⅱ型障碍患者中初步试用,其效度、内部一致性信度尚满意,但重测信度偏低。     

Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder

Zimmerman M, Martinez JH, Young D, Chelminski I, Dalrymple K. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 856–862. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Objectives: The morbidity associated with bipolar disorder is, in part, responsible for repeated calls for improved detection and recognition. No such clinical commentary exists for improved detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients. Clinical experience suggests that borderline personality disorder is as disabling as bipolar disorder; however, no studies have directly compared the two disorders. For this reason we undertook the current analysis from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project comparing unemployment and disability rates in patients with bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. Methods: Patients were interviewed with semi‐structured interviews. We compared three non‐overlapping groups of depressed patients: (i) 181 patients with DSM–IV major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, (ii) 1068 patients with major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder, and (iii) 84 patients with bipolar depression without borderline personality disorder. Results: Compared to depressed patients without borderline personality disorder, depressed patients with borderline personality disorder were significantly more likely to have been persistently unemployed. A similar difference was found between patients with bipolar depression and major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder. No differences were found between patients with bipolar depression and depression with borderline personality disorder. Conclusions: Both bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder were associated with impaired occupational functioning and thus carry a significant public health burden. Efforts to improve detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients might be as important as the recognition of bipolar disorder.     

重性抑郁障碍或双相障碍患者抑郁发作伴随躁狂症状的临床特征

目的:了解重性抑郁障碍(MDD)或双相障碍抑郁发作患者出现躁狂症状的频率和程度。方法:对52例经简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)、符合《美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第4版(DSMIV)重性抑郁障碍或双相障碍抑郁发作的患者,采用情感障碍评估量表(ADE)评估患者本次抑郁发作中出现的躁狂症状。结果:52例患者中有36例重性抑郁障碍,16例为双相障碍抑郁发作。至少有1条躁狂症状的患者达86.5%(n=45),至少有3条躁狂症状的患者占32.7%(n=17),而没有任何躁狂症状的患者仅占13.5%(n=7)。结论:抑郁发作患者大多存在不同程度的躁狂症状,及时识别这些症状,对诊断与治疗有指导意义。情感障碍评估量表是一个值得应用的评估情感发作的工具。     

扁平疣患者的抑郁情绪和细胞免疫功能的研究

目的 探讨扁平疣患者抑郁情绪障碍与细胞免疫功能的关系.方法 采用自评抑郁量表(SDS)对68例扁平疣患者抑郁情绪进行评定,并比较分析有无抑郁的扁平疣患者外周血单一核细胞产生白介素-2(IL-2)的能力和天然杀伤(NK)细胞活性.结果 扁平疣患者的SDS标准分显著高于全国常模[(46.08±12.76)分vs(41.88±10.57)分;t=3.71,P＜0.01],差异有统计学意义.抑郁障碍的发生率为38%(26例).扁平疣患者中未婚者SDS标准分(48.89±11.52)分,抑郁发生率29%(20例),已婚者SDS标准分(43.16±10.17)分,抑郁发生率9%(6例),差异有统计学意义(t=2.28,x2=4.86,P＜0.05).女性患者SDS标准分(49.01±11.36)分,男性(41.96±10.48)分,差异有统计学意义(t=2.21,P＜0.05).具有抑郁情绪障碍者外周血单一核细胞产生IL-2的能力、NK细胞活性分别为(46.64±12.28)×103U/L、(19.23±5.60)%,低于无抑郁情绪患者[(56.15±18.32)×103 U/L、(24.65±6.89)%,t=3.18、3.32,P＜0.01].结论 部分扁平疣患者存在明显的抑郁情绪障碍,且抑郁者多伴有细胞免疫功能异常.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the possible association between depression and cellular immunologic status in patients with verruca planea. Methods Depression was assessed with the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the inteleukin-2 (IL-2)produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the activity of natural killer (NK) cells were measured in 68 patients with verruca planea. Results The SDS scores in patients with verruca planea(46. 08 ± 12.76) were significantly higher than those in the controls(41.88 ± 10. 57, t = 3.71, P ＜ 0. 01 ), and 38% of the patients were affected by depression. The mean scores of depression (48.89 ± 11. 52 ) and the rate ( 29% ) of depressive disorder among patients unmarried (single) were significantly higher than those married [(43. 16 ± 10. 17 ), 9%;t = 2. 28, x2 = 4. 86, P ＜ 0. 05] . The mean scores of depression among female patients (49. 01 ± 11.36 )were significantly higher than male patients [(41.96 ± 10.48 ) ,t =2. 21 ,P ＜0. 05] . In patients affected by depression, the level of the IL-2[(46. 64 ± 12. 28) × 103 U/L] produced by PBMC and the activity of NK cells[( 19. 23 ±5.60)%] were significantly decreased than those in undepressive group[(56. 15 ± 18. 32) ×103 U/L, (24.65 ± 6. 89)%; t = 3.18, 3. 32, P ＜ 0.01] . The differences above were all significant. Conclusions Patients with vermca planea are partly affected by depression and the cellular immunologic status may be abnormal among the patients with depression.     

The use of Mood Disorder Questionnaire, Hypomania Checklist-32 and clinical predictors for screening previously unrecognised bipolar disorder in a general psychiatric setting

Bipolar disorder is often unrecognised and misdiagnosed in the general psychiatric setting. This study compared the psychometric properties of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) and the Hypomania Checklist-32 (HCL-32), examined the clinical predictors of bipolar disorder and determined the best approach for screening previously unrecognised bipolar disorder in a general psychiatric clinic. A random sample of 340 non-psychotic outpatients with no previous diagnosis of bipolar disorder completed the MDQ and HCL-32 during their scheduled clinic visits. Mood and alcohol/substance use disorders were reassessed using a telephone-based Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. We found that the HCL-32 had better psychometric performance and discriminatory capacity than the MDQ. The HCL-32's internal consistency and 4-week test-retest reliability were higher. The area under the curve was also greater than that of the MDQ at various clustering and impairment criteria. The optimal cut-off of the MDQ was co-occurrence of four symptoms with omission of the impairment criterion; for the HCL-32, it was 11 affirmative responses. Multivariable logistic regression found that bipolar family history was associated with an increased risk of bipolar disorder (odds ratio=4.93). The study showed that simultaneous use of the HCL-32 and bipolar family history was the best approach for detecting previously unrecognised bipolar disorder.     

Unipolar depression with bipolar family history: links with the bipolar spectrum

The aim of the present paper was to find if unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) with bipolar family history could be included in the bipolar spectrum, by comparing it to unipolar MDD without bipolar family history, and to bipolar II disorder, on typical bipolar variables. A sample of 280 consecutive bipolar II outpatients, and a sample of 135 consecutive unipolar MDD outpatients, presenting for major depressive episode (MDE) treatment, were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn). Hypomanic symptoms during the MDE were systematically assessed. Clinical variables used to validate the inclusion of unipolar MDD with bipolar family history in the bipolar spectrum were young age of onset, many MDE recurrences, atypical features, and depressive mixed state (DMX; an MDE plus >2 concurrent hypomanic symptoms), following many previous studies reporting that these variables were typical features of bipolar disorders. Means were compared by t-test and frequencies by chi2 test (stata 7). Two-tailed P < 0.05 was chosen. Unipolar MDD with bipolar family history was present in 20% of MDD patients. Comparisons among unipolar MDD with bipolar family history (UP+BPFH), unipolar MDD without bipolar family history (UP-BPFH), and bipolar II (BPII), found that UP+BPFH versus UP-BPFH had a significantly lower age, lower age of onset, fewer recurrences, and more DMX; that UP+BPFH versus BPII had no significant differences (apart from recurrences); and that UP-BPFH versus BPII had significantly different age, age of onset, recurrences, atypical features, and DMX. Findings suggest that UP+BPFH shows many bipolar signs, and that it could therefore be included in the bipolar spectrum. Unipolar MDD with bipolar family history had a clinically significant 20.0% frequency in the unipolar MDD sample, supporting the clinical usefulness of this depression subtype. The subtyping of MDD based on bipolar family history could have treatment implications.     

Clinical Correlates of False Positive Assignment in Bipolar Screening Measures Across Psychiatric Diagnoses among Patients without Bipolar Disorder

ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to determine clinical correlates of false positive assignment (FPA) on commonly used bipolar screening questionnaires. MethodsA retrospective chart review was conducted to a total of 3885 psychiatric outpatients. After excluding patients who have bipolar spectrum illnesses, patients who were assigned as having hypomania on the mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) or the hypomania checklist-32 (HCL-32) were identified as patients who had FPA. Psychiatric diagnoses and severity of emotional symptoms were compared between patients with and without FPA. ResultsPatients with FPA on the MDQ showed significant associations with presence of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and alcohol-use disorder, while patients with FPA on the HCL-32 showed associations with presence of panic disorder and agoraphobia. FPA on the MDQ was also associated with greater emotional symptoms and lifetime history of suicide attempts. Logistic regression analysis showed that male sex, younger age, presence of alcohol-use disorder, and severity of depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms were significantly associated with FPA on the MDQ. ConclusionThe FPA for the MDQ was associated with clinical factors linked to trait impulsivity, and the FPA for both the MDQ and the HCL-32 could be related to increased anxiety.     

有攻击行为的双相障碍Ⅱ型患者认知功能特点

目的 探讨有攻击行为双相障碍Ⅱ型患者的认知功能特点.方法采用自编一般情况问卷、轻躁狂症状自评量表(HCL-32)、修订版Barratt冲动量表(BIS-11)、修改版外显行为攻击量表(MOAS)及威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院临床心理科愿意接受研究的60例双相障碍Ⅱ型患者进行调查,根据MOAS分为攻击组和非攻击组,各30例.结果两组患者HCL-32得分差异无统计学意义;攻击组运动冲动性评分高于非攻击组,WCST测验中完成第一个分类所需应答数高于非攻击组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论有攻击行为的双相障碍患者表现出更明显的运动冲动性;但在执行功能方面与无攻击行为患者差异不明显,攻击行为不能作为预测认知功能进一步损害的外在因素.