慢性肾脏病患者24小时动态血压的特点分析

目的采用24h动态血压监测的方法,分析慢性肾脏病（CKD）不同分期患者24h动态血压特点。方法将152例CKD患者分为5组：CKD1期组（A组）15例;CKD2期组（B组）29例;CKD3期组（C组）42例;CKD4期（D组）组34例;CKD5期组（E组）32例。所有患者均无糖尿病、非肾脏替代治疗。采用携带式的动态血压检测仪测定各组患者动态血压参数和昼夜节律。结果①随着肾功能下降,24h、日间和夜间平均收缩压越来越高;②CKD患者总体非杓型血压比例为81．6o,4,肾功能下降组（CKD2～5期）非杓型血压比例显著高于肾功能正常组（CKD1期）;③夜间收缩压与24h尿蛋白定量呈正相关（r=0．427,P〈0．01）,与。肾小球滤过率（GFR）呈负相关（r=-0．352,P〈0．05）。结论CKD患者的血压非杓型节律现象比较普遍,并随着肾功能下降,其发生率逐渐升高;夜间收缩压与尿蛋白排泄、肾功能有相关性。     

慢性肾脏病患者血压变异性与肾功能损伤关系的研究

目的研究不同肾功能水平的慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者24 h动态血压特点,探讨血压变异性与肾功能损伤之间的关系。方法选择上海交通大学附属瑞金医院肾脏科的CKD住院患者509例,收集并记录患者的基本信息、实验室检查数据,采用携带式动态血压检测仪监测患者24 h动态血压参数,采用GEVivid7彩色超声心动图检查仪记录患者左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)参数。采用SPSS 15.0统计软件进行数据统计分析。结果本研究共纳入CKD患者509例,其中CKD 1期102例(占20.0%),CKD2期107例(占21.0%),CKD3期114例(占22.4%),CKD4期97例(占19.1%),CKD 5期89例(占17.5%)。随着CKD患者肾功能水平的下降,患者的24 h平均收缩压逐渐升高(P0.05),而24 h平均舒张压的改变无统计学差异(P0.05)。CKD 4期和5期患者的白昼平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压明显高于CKD 1~3期患者(P0.05),而白昼平均舒张压的差异则无统计学意义。CKD 4期和5期患者的24 h收缩压标准差(24 h systolic standard deviation,24hSSD)、白天收缩压标准差(day systolic standard deviation,dSSD)、夜间收缩压标准差(night systolic standard deviation,nSSD)明显高于CKD 1~3期患者(P0.05),而24 h舒张压标准差(24 h diastolic standard deviation,24hDSD)、白天舒张压标准差(day diastolic standard deviation,dDSD)、夜间舒张压标准差(night diastolic standard deviation,nDSD)则无统计学差异(P0.05)。CKD患者非杓型血压的比例随肾功能下降逐渐升高,CKD 1期患者的非杓型血压比例为54.1%,而CKD 5期患者的非杓型血压比例甚至高达85.6%。LVMI异常的CKD患者的24hSSD及dSSD高于LVMI正常的CKD患者(P0.05),而nDSD,nSSD,dDSD,24hDSD的差异无统计学意义。结论随着CKD患者肾功能下降及平均血压水平升高,血压变异性增加,血压昼夜节律减退,非杓型血压比例增加。控制血压水平及调整血压昼夜节律对CKD患者的治疗具有重要意义。     

慢性肾脏疾病患者血压变异性与血脂异常的关系

目的探讨慢性肾脏疾病（chronickidneydisease,CKD）1～4期患者血脂代谢异常与血压变异性的相关性。方法入选142例CKD1-4期的患者,将不伴有高脂血症的患者47例设为A组,其中男28例,女19例;伴有高脂血症的患者95例设为B组,其中男56例,女39例。记录2组饮酒史、吸烟史、病程、年龄、性别、身高、体质量、诊所血压,并计算体质量指数。测量空腹时血清总胆固醇（totalcholesterol,TC）、三酰甘油（triglyceride）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（10wdensitylipopro—teincholesterol,U）L厂C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high-densitylipoproteincholesterol,HDL-C）、肌酐、尿酸,对入选的患者进行24h动态血压监测（ambulatorybloodpressure,ABPM）。收集血压参数,将2组血压标准差及变异系数进行对比分析,并将B组的血压变异系数与血脂值进行相关性检验与回归分析,了解血脂异常与CKD患者血压变异性的相关性。结果与A组比较,B组的24h收缩压标准差变异系数和白昼收缩压标准差变异系数增大,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,B组24h收缩压标准差变异系数与TC值呈正相关（r=0．21,P=0．03）,但未能建立回归方程;白昼收缩压标准差变异系数与TC值呈正相关（r=0．19,P=0．04）,但未能建立回归方程;夜间收缩压标准差变异系数与TC值呈正相关（r=0．22,P=0．02）,但未能建立回归方程。结论CKD合并血脂异常较不伴有血脂异常者血压变异性增大,且收缩压血压变异性与TC值呈正相关,提示CKD患者血压变异性与血脂异常之间存在密切的关系,二者联合干预治疗对于减少CKD患者心血管疾病的发生、改善CKD发展和预后具有重要的意义。     

慢性肾脏病患者血压昼夜节律异常的研究

目的 观察慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者24 h血压动态变化，探讨昼夜节律异常与肾功能损害的关系。方法 随机选择本院肾脏科CKD患者236例，高血压科原发性高血压住院患者43例。病例分组:正常对照组(NC)14例；原发性高血压组(EHC)43例；CKD血压正常组(NCKD)130例；CKD伴血压升高组(HCKD)106例。动态血压监测(ABPM)采用携带式的动态血压检测仪，ABP Report Mangement System Version 1.03.03进行数据分析。夜间血压下降率:(白昼平均值-夜间平均值)/白昼平均值，下降率≥10%，称勺型血压；<10%，称非勺型血压。结果 在血压正常的患者中，NCKD组的平均夜间收缩压和舒张压数值均高于NC组[(111.2±10.8)比 (91.6±7.5)，(68.7±9.5) 比 (56.2±4.6)mm Hg，P < 0.05]；而日间收缩压和舒张压无明显差异。在高血压患者中，HCKD组患者夜间收缩压和舒张压数值均高于EHC组[(141.9±16.5) 比(118.6±16.4)， (84.5±10.6)比(73.0±11.1)mm Hg， P < 0.05]。CKD患者无论血压正常或升高，其心率均较其对照组明显加快，尤其是夜间心率无明显下降。NCKD组、HCKD组与NC组、EHC组相比，夜间收缩压和舒张压下降数值较小，尤其是CKD伴血压升高组，呈典型的非勺型血压模式。NC组血压节律消失者占7.14%，EHC组为37.2%，NCKD组为70.0%，HCKD组为81.6%。结论 CKD患者无论血压正常或升高，夜间收缩压和舒张压下降减少或消失，呈典型的非勺型血压；血压昼夜节律异常率明显高于原发性高血压患者。在积极降低血压值的同时，还需降低血压负荷和调整血压昼夜节律，以延缓肾功能恶化。     

硝苯地平控释片和雷米普利降血压作用及对肾功能的影响

目的观察并比较硝苯地平控释片和雷米普利对慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者的降压效果以及对肾功能的影响。方法将46例CKD患者随机分为两组,雷米普利（2．5mg／d）组与硝苯地平（30mg／d）组,每组23例,连续使用8周,比较两组治疗前后24h平均收缩压（SBP）和平均舒张压（DBP）,昼、夜间SBP和DBP,24h尿蛋白定量及肾功能的变化。结果两组患者的SBP和DBP均有所下降。降压的同时,雷米普利组82％的患者、硝苯地平组78％的患者恢复了血压的昼夜节律,血肌酐、尿蛋白有所下降。雷米普利组24h尿蛋白定量减少幅度明显高于硝苯地平组。结论硝苯地平和雷米普利对CKD患者均有良好的降压效果和改善肾功能的作用,雷米普利降低尿蛋白的疗效明显强于硝苯地平。     

糖尿病肾病患者24h动态血压临床特点分析

目的:分析比较由糖尿病(DN)肾病和非糖尿病导致的慢性肾脏病患者的动态血压变化情况,探讨糖尿病肾病患者动态血压变化的特点。方法:选择62例符合慢性肾脏病诊断标准的DN患者,均无肾脏替代治疗。观察其24 h动态血压监测结果,并与152例年龄、性别、肾功能等匹配的非糖尿病的CKD患者的动态血压结果相比较。结果:在对62例DN患者和152例非糖尿病CKD患者动态血压的分析中,我们发现:(1)DN组的24 h平均收缩压、日间平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压均显著高于非DN组。(2)两组患者血压变异性差异无统计学意义;夜间血压下降率普遍较小,但差异无统计学意义。(3)DN组收缩压负荷均显著高于非DN组。(4)DN组非杓型节律的发生率为90.3%,非DN组为81.6%,两组血压节律类型差异无统计学意义。(5)非DN组和DN组24 h尿蛋白量与夜间收缩压均具有显著正相关。结论:中晚期DN患者收缩压控制较非糖尿病的CKD患者更差,血压非杓型节律现象比较普遍。夜间收缩压与24 h尿蛋白排泄量密切相关。     

中青年MHD患者血压变异性与左室肥厚的关系

目的:探讨中青年维持性血液透析(MHD)患者血压变异性与左室肥厚的关系。方法:收集我院透析中心符合病例选择标准的中青年MHD患者进行回顾性研究。根据心脏彩超测量结果,计算左室质量指数(LVMI),据LVMI分为左室肥厚组(LVH组)和非左室肥厚组(non-LVH组)。所有患者均行24 h动态血压监测,获得血压变异性参数。同时收集患者平均超滤量/干体重(MUF/BW,%)、透析充分性Kt/V、血常规、空腹血糖、血脂、肾功能、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、白蛋白(Alb)、血钙(Ca~(2+))、血磷(P~(3-))、甲状旁腺素(iPTH)等资料。用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行统计学分析,以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果:(1)共有95例符合病例选择标准的MHD患者,79例中青年MHD患者中男53例,女26例。平均年龄(40.72±11.40)岁(19岁~64岁)。中位透龄24月(3月~169月)。79例MHD患者中有高血压73例(92.4%),有LVH41例(51.9%)。(2)与non-LVH组比较,LVH组男性患者比例更高(P0.01),LVMI、MUF/BW、LDL-ch更高(P分别0.01,0.01,0.05)。两组年龄、透龄、基础疾病、糖尿病、高血压、高血脂的比例、KT/V、Hb、hsCRP、FBG、Alb、BUN、Scr、BUA、TC、TG、HDL-ch、Ca~(2+)、P~(3-)、iPTH差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)LVH组24 h收缩压变异性(24 h SBPs)、24 h平均收缩压(24 h SBPmbp)、白昼收缩压变异性(d SBPs)、白昼平均收缩压(d SBPmbp)、夜间平均收缩压(n SBPmbp)、24 h舒张压变异性(24 h DBPs)、24 h舒张压变异系数(24 h DBPcv)、白昼舒张压变异性(d DBPs)、白昼舒张压变异系数(d DBPcv)、夜间舒张压变异性(n DBPs)、夜间舒张压变异系数(n DBPcv)均显著高于non-LVH组(P均0.05),但两组24 h收缩压变异系数(24 h SBPcv)、白昼收缩压变异系数(d SBPcv)、夜间收缩压变异性(n SBPs)、夜间收缩压变异系数(n SBPcv)、24 h平均舒张压(24 h DBPmbp)、白昼平均舒张压(d DBPmbp)、夜间平均舒张压(nDBPmbp)差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。(4)LVH组血压不达标、血压变异性大的比例、使用CCB、RASI比例均显著高于non-LVH组(P均﹤0.05)。两组间夜间血压下降不达标比例、使用β受体阻滞剂、α受体阻滞剂的比例差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。(5)经Logistic单因素分析,性别、MUF/BW、LDL-ch、24 h SBPs、24 h SBPmbp、24 h DBPs、CCB和RASI的使用与LVH有关(P均﹤0.05),而年龄、透龄、24 h DBPmbp与LVH无关(P均0.05)。进一步多因素分析显示,24 h SBPmbp、24 h DBPs是LVH独立危险因子(OR值分别为1.098,1.306,95%CI分别为1.041~1.159,1.014~1.683,P分别0.01,0.05),性别(女性)是LVH独立保护因子(OR值为0.088,95%CI为0.014~0.567,P0.01)。结论:中青年MHD患者血压变异性与左室肥厚密切相关,SBPmbp、DBPs是LVH独立危险因素,舒张压的变异性对于LVH可能更为重要。在中青年MHD患者中,女性患者是LVH保护因素。     

早期慢性肾病患者动态血压变化与左心室肥厚的关系

目的：分析早期慢性肾脏病（CKD1期）患者24h动态血压变化与左心室肥厚（LVH）的关系。方法：以25例正常人作为对照组（N组）,71例肾功能稳定的CKD1期患者作为疾病组（D组）。收集肾功能、血脂、24h动态血压监测（ABPM）等临床资料;采用超声心动图检测早期CKD患者LVH有关指标,分析ABPM指标与LVH的关系。结果：（1）与N组相比,D组夜间收缩压,昼、夜及24h平均舒张压均升高（P均〈0.05）;夜间收缩压下降率（nDRS）及舒张压下降率（nDRD）均明显下降（P均〈0.05）;舒张末期左室内径（LVDd）及左心室质量指数（LVMI）均升高（P均〈0.05）。（2）D组高血压及非杓型血压发生率分别达47.9%、62.0%。（3）与杓型血压组（Dip组）相比,非杓型血压组（non-Dip组）LVMI值及LVH发生率均显著增高（P均〈0.05）。（4）与非高血压组（non-LVH组）相比,高血压组（LVH组）nDRS和nDRD均明显下降,血红蛋白（Hb）显著降低（P均〈0.05）。（5）相关性分析显示LVMI值与nDRS、nDRD和Hb均呈负相关（P均〈0.01）,昼间平均收缩压（dSBP）、夜间平均收缩压（nSBP）、夜间平均舒张压（nDBP）和24h平均舒张压（mSBP）均呈正相关（P均〈0.05）。多因素逐步回归分析显示：nDRS、Hb、nDRD和血肌酐（Scr）进入回归方程：y=123.429-2.290x1-0.47x2-0.768x3＋0.178x4（y=LVMI;123.429=常数,t=8.41,P=0.000;x1=nDRS,t=-5.43,P=0.000;x2=Hb,t=-4.77,P=0.000;x3=NDRD,t=-3.47,P=0.001;x4=Scr,t=2.08,P=0.041）。结论：早期CKD患者即已出现血压升高及血压节律改变;LVH发生与早期CKD患者夜间高血压及非杓型血压关系更为密切;贫血和肾功能减退本身也与早期CKD患者LVH发生有关。     

慢性肾脏病不同阶段的动态血压分析

目的：研究慢性肾脏病不同阶段的动态血压形态特征。方法：慢性肾脏病住院患者129例,患者入院后1h记录安静状态卧位诊室血压,并进行24h动态血压监测,血压〉140/90mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）为诊室血压升高。24h动态血压平均值〉130/80mmHg,日间平均值〉135/85mmHg,夜间平均值〉125/75mmHg为血压升高。结果：本组资料显示,在CKD各期动态血压监测提示24h平均收缩压均超过130mmHg,各组间P〈0.01,提示各组平均收缩压间差异有统计学意义。而日间收缩压及夜间收缩压在CKD各期也有明显差异。但比较24h平均舒张压、日间平均舒张压、夜间平均舒张压在各阶段差异不大,P值均〉0.05。在CKD各期的病例中,正常的杓形血压只占少数,而在各期中比较（P〈0.05）,提示CKD早期病例中动态血压就可能已经发生了变化。结论：慢性肾脏病各期动态血压的形态均以非杓形,反杓形为主,随着肾小球滤过率下降,收缩压有逐渐升高趋势。     

慢性肾脏病患者血清1,25（OH）2D水平与蛋白尿及尿炎症细胞因子相关性研究

目的：探讨慢性肾脏病（CKD）1～4期患者血清1,25（OH）2D水平与蛋白尿、尿炎症细胞因子的关系。方法：对我科115例CKD1～4期患者及20例健康对照者进行血清1,25（OH）2D、血CRP,尿TGF-β1、MCP-1、TNF、IL-6,24h尿蛋白定量检测;分析血清1,25（OH）2D水平与以上指标相关性。结果：（1）CKD组患者血清1,25（OH）2D水平低于对照组（P〈0.05）;血CRP,尿MCP-1、TGF-β1、IL-6、TNF水平,24h尿蛋白定量高于对照组（P〈0.05）。（2）与GFR≥60ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2患者比较：GFR〈44ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2患者CRP,尿MCP-1、TGF-β1、IL-6、TNF水平、24h尿蛋白定量升高（P〈0.05）;血清1,25（OH）2D水平降低（P〈0.05）;而GFR45～59ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2患者与GFR≥60ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2患者比较,两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;（3）单因素相关分析显示CKD患者血清1,25（OH）2D与年龄（r=-0.442）、收缩压（r=-0.464）、舒张压（r=-0.399）、GFR（r=0.902）、Scr（r=-0.430）、PTH（r=-0.341）、UA（r=0.237）、24h尿蛋白定量（r=-0.372）及尿TGF-β1（r=-0.894）、MCP-1（r=-0867）、TNF（r=-0.899）、IL-6（r=-0.934）水平相关（P〈0.05）。多元回归分析显示血清1,25（OH）2D与GFR呈正相关;与24h尿蛋白定量,尿MCP-1、IL-6,血Scr、PTH呈负相关。结论：CKD1～4期患者存在1,25（OH）2D水平降低,并与蛋白尿及尿炎症细胞因子水平密切相关。     

Impact of cardiac transplantation in 24 hours circadian blood pressure and heart rate profile

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate 24 hours blood pressure (BP) and heart rate changes as well as 24-hour circadian BP rhythm of cardiac transplant recipients. METHODS: Twenty-five transplant recipients and twenty-five healthy volunteers underwent 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. Parameters of 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (24-h/daytime/nightime systolic, diastolic BP, pulse pressure, and heart rate) were determined in all patients. RESULTS: Clinic systolic/diastolic BP, mean 24-h systolic/diastolic BP, mean daytime systolic/diastolic BP, mean nighttime systolic/diastolic BP, and mean 24-h/daytime/nighttime heart rate were significantly higher in transplant recipients than in control group subjects. Standard deviations of 24-h/daytime/nighttime heart rates were significantly lower in transplant recipients. Dippers were 48% of the control and only 12% of the transplantation group. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac transplant recipients had increased ambulatory BP. They also had increased 24-h/daytime/nighttime heart rate and decreased heart rate variability. Also, diminished nocturnal decrease of BP was found in transplant recipients.     

Very preterm birth is a risk factor for increased systolic blood pressure at a young adult age

Children born very prematurely who show intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) are suggested to be at risk of developing high blood pressure as adults. Renal function may already be impaired by young adult age. To study whether very preterm birth affects blood pressure in young adults, we measured 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (Spacelabs™ 90207 device) and renin concentration in 50 very premature individuals (<32 weeks of gestation), either small (SGA) or appropriate (AGA) for gestational age (21 SGA, 29 AGA), and 30 full-term controls who all were aged 20 years at time of measurement. The mean (standard deviation) daytime systolic blood pressure in SGA and AGA prematurely born individuals, respectively, was 122.7 (8.7) and 123.1 (8.5) mmHg. These values were, respectively, 3.6 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.9 to 8.0] and 4.2 mmHg (95% CI 0.4−8.0) higher than in controls [119.6 (7.6)]. Daytime diastolic blood pressure and nighttime blood pressure did not differ between groups. We conclude that individuals born very preterm have higher daytime systolic blood pressure and higher risk of hypertension at a young adult age.     

Repeated ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in adolescents with mild hypertension

The reproducibility of serial measurements of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has not been well explored in children. We performed 24-h ABPM in 59 subjects (38 boys) aged 8-19 years with repeatedly elevated casual blood pressure (BP). According to the results of ABPM, the individuals were divided into a hypertensive group (mean 24-h systolic or diastolic BP >95th percentile for height, n=28) and a normotensive group (n=31). No antihypertensive agents were given. Both groups were reexamined after 1 year. In the hypertensive group, systolic and diastolic BP dropped significantly by an average of 2.1-4.5 mmHg when measured either during the daytime or over 24 h, but not at nighttime. In the normotensive group, only small BP changes were observed except for a significant increase in systolic BP at night. At the repeat examination after 1 year, 54% of the originally hypertensive subjects were defined as normotensive and 23% of the originally normotensive subjects as hypertensive. The study indicates that a single ABPM measurement is not sufficient for definitive classification of young individuals into hypertensives or normotensives.     

慢性肾脏病患者血脂变化相关因素分析

目的通过分析慢性肾脏病非透析患者不同分期及原发病脂质代谢紊乱特点及其变化相关因素,为临床调脂治疗提供依据。方法对618例慢性肾脏病非透析患者进行回顾性研究,分析血脂特点及其变化相关因素。结果总胆固醇在前4期均高于对照组（P〈0．01）,三酰甘油在前4期高于对照组（P〈0.01）,高密度脂蛋白在各期均与对照组无差异。相关分析显示患者血总胆固醇与血红蛋白、红细胞压积等呈正相关（P〈0.01）,与白蛋白、尿素氮、血肌酐等呈负相关（P〈0．05）。三酰甘油与血红蛋白、红细胞压积等呈正相关（P〈0.01）,与年龄、白蛋白、尿素氮、血肌酐等呈负相关（P〈0．05）。高密度脂蛋白与血红蛋白、红细胞压积等呈正相关（P〈0．05）,与体质量、尿素氮、血肌酐呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论慢性肾脏病不同分期患者血脂水平异常与患者年龄、血红蛋白、白蛋白、肾功能等多种因素相关。     

Association of low blood pressure with increased mortality in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Blood pressure shows an inverse association with mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis. It is unclear if the same phenomenon exists in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis. METHODS: We examined the association of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure with all-cause mortality in a historical prospective cohort of 860 patients (age 68.1+/-10.1 years, 99.1% male, 24.4% black) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. We used Cox models to adjust for the effects of age, race, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), congestive heart failure, smoking, antihypertensive medications, body mass index, GFR, albumin, cholesterol, haemoglobin and proteinuria. To examine the role of comorbidities, we performed subgroup analyses based on prevalent ASCVD status and level of estimated GFR. RESULTS: Higher SBP and higher DBP were both associated with lower mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for SBP 133-154, 155-170 and > 170 mmHg, compared with < 133 mmHg, respectively: 0.61 (0.44-0.85), 0.62 (0.45-0.87) and 0.68 (0.49-0.96); and for DBP 65-75, 76-86 and > 86 mmHg, compared with < 65 mmHg: 0.85 (0.62-1.18), 0.72 (0.52-1.00) and 0.60 (0.41-0.86)]. The same association was present for both SBP and DBP only in subgroups with GFR < or = 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and for DBP only in the subgroup with ASCVD. CONCLUSIONS: Lower blood pressure is associated with higher mortality in patients with moderate to severe CKD, but interactions with kidney function and with ASCVD suggest that blood pressure may play a surrogate rather than a causative role in this association.     

Blood pressure control and comorbidity in a nephrology clinic

BACKGROUND: Many patients with established hypertension have poorly controlled blood pressure (BP). We studied demographic and clinical characteristics related to hypertension and analyzed the relationships between BP control and comorbidity. METHODS: This study was based on 414 consecutive hypertensive out-patients referred to our nephrology clinic. We recorded systolic and diastolic BP, age, gender, body mass index, total cholesterol, family history of hypertension, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 24-hr proteinuria, diabetes, coronary artery disease, smoking habits and antihypertensive drug treatment. BP control was considered optimal if BP was < 130/80 mmHg in patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease (CKD), if BP was < 125/75 mmHg in CKD with proteinuria > 1 g/24 hr and if BP was < 140/90 mmHg in patients with no comorbidity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between BP control and predictors. RESULTS: Only 26.6% of patients had adequately controlled BP. Eighty-five percent of patients aged > 65 yrs had uncontrolled systolic hypertension. Univariate analysis showed a significant association between poor BP control and age >65 yrs, family history of hypertension, diabetes, CKD with or without proteinuria > 1 g/24 hr and total cholesterol > 220 mg/dL. Multivariate logistic regression showed that age > 65 yrs, diabetes and CKD with or without proteinuria > 1 g/24 hr were significantly and independently associated with poor BP control. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate hypertension control is a common cause for referral to our out-patient nephrology clinic. Our data confirm that elderly patients, diabetic patients and nephropathic patients are difficult to treat; and therefore, deserve the highest quality clinical attention.