阴道镜筛查CIN及早期宫颈癌78例分析

目的进一步评价阴道镜在宫颈上皮内瘤病变（CIN）及宫颈癌早期诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析450例，进行阴道镜检查，行镜下定位取活组织病理检查，并与宫颈细胞涂片结果进行对比。结果450例中检出宫颈CINⅠ15例，CINⅡ19例，CINⅢ11例，宫颈鳞癌33例和宫颈湿疣15例，其余357例为慢性宫颈炎。宫颈CCT细胞涂片检出了71．8％宫颈病变，阴道镜检出了80．8％宫颈病变，细胞学与阴道镜下活检联合应用无漏诊。结论阴道镜检查是诊断CIN和宫颈癌的一个可靠方法，细胞学与阴道镜下活检联合应用能提高宫颈病变的检出率。     

阴道镜筛查细胞学阴性的光滑宫颈上皮内瘤变的临床意义

目的 探讨阴道镜筛查常规妇科检查宫颈光滑、细胞学阴性病例宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）的临床意义。方法 对门诊就诊或健康体检中妇科检查肉眼观察宫颈光滑、细胞学检查阴性的女性1050例进行阴道镜检查;对醋酸白色上皮和碘不着色异常征象及其他可疑病变进行活检组织病理检查。结果 （1）1050例中有458例进行了活检,另有56例同时取阴道镜下可疑病变部位和宫颈口息肉／息肉样赘生物部位进行活检,检出CIN 68例,其中属高危病变CINⅡ／CINⅢ 11例;（2）1050例中有72例同时表现醋酸白色上皮和碘不着色双异常,其中64例活检证实为CIN,醋酸和碘双染色试验异常对CIN的阳性预测值88.9％,漏诊率为3.3％;（3）宫颈息肉或息肉样赘生物局部取材350例,仅检出1例CIN（0.3％）;阴道镜下异常病变部位取材164例,检出CIN 67例（40.9％）,其中CINⅡ／CINⅢ 11例（6.7％）;（4）对164例阴道镜下可疑病变病例年龄分布分析显示,醋酸白色上皮和碘不着色双异常在性活跃期年龄段分布频率较高,与CIN的年龄分布相一致,而单纯碘不着色呈现随年龄增大而出现频率增高的特点。结论 阴道镜下检查异常,尤其是醋酸白色上皮和碘不着色双异常,对筛查宫颈癌前病变CIN有积极意义,即使在细胞学检查阴性的光滑宫颈也有一定的必要性。     

宫颈细胞学检查联合阴道镜检查对宫颈病变的诊断价值

目的 评价宫颈细胞学涂片联合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变的诊断价值.方法 2007年3月-4月五峰妇幼保健院院对五峰县直机关已婚妇女进行宫颈癌普查,行宫颈细胞学涂片联合阴道镜检查对宫颈病变进行筛查,以组织病理学诊断为金标准,对结果进行分析.结果 宫颈涂片检查744例,异常涂片118例(15.86﹪),行阴道镜检134例,126例行阴道镜下活检,病检结果是:子宫颈鳞癌4例(0.53﹪),其中早期浸润癌3例,中期癌1例,CIN32例,其中CIN Ⅰ 19例(2.55﹪),CIN Ⅱ 7例(0.94﹪),CIN Ⅲ 6例(0.80﹪),慢性宫颈炎79例(10.61),鳞状上皮化生11例(1.47﹪),宫颈细胞学涂片诊断CIN符合率为68.75﹪,阴道镜检对CIN的诊断符合率为93.93﹪,两者比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05),阴道镜诊断CIN的敏感性为93.93﹪,特异性为86.53﹪.结论 采用宫颈细胞学检查联合阴道镜下病理检查能及早发现癌前病变、早期癌,减少漏诊、误诊.     

电子阴道镜和光学阴道镜在宫颈早期病变诊断中的比较研究

目的：评价国产电子阴道镜（SLC－2000）检测系统对宫颈早期病变诊断的临床应用价值。方法：在山西省襄垣县宫颈癌高发现场的一组随访病例中,同时应用电子阴道镜和光学阴道镜检查诊断,以组织学为金标准,进行随机对比研究。结果：行宫颈活检的163例患者中,组织学诊断为慢性炎症103例;异常60例,其中乳头状瘤1例,宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）I级37例,CINⅡ级18例,CINⅢ级4例。另行颈管刮术33例,病理阳性3例。电子阴道镜和光学阴道镜诊断宫颈阳性病变（≥CIN I级）的灵敏度分别为83．3％和95．0％,差异无显著性（P＝0．075）;电子阴道镜和光学阴道镜的特异度、阳性预测值和准确率分别为61．2％和21．4％、55．6％和41．3％、69．3％和48．5％,差异有显著性（P=0.000,0.035,0.000)。光学阴道镜和电子阴道镜在诊断≥CINⅡ级的宫颈病变中,其灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和准确率的差异,均无显著性。电子阴道镜和光学阴道镜的阴性预测值分别为86．3％和88．0％,差异无显著性（P=0.075)。结论：电子阴道镜在诊断≥CIN I级的宫颈病变中,其特异度、阳性预测值和准确率均优于传统的光学阴道镜,但后者的灵敏度较高。在诊断≥CINⅡ级的病变中,两种阴道镜无差别。国产电子阴道镜在宫颈早期病变的诊断、随诊和研究中具有一定的可行性和实用性。     

阴道镜筛查860名妇女宫颈病变的临床研究

目的探讨阴道镜检查对宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法2004年1月至2006年2月，先后对860名妇女进行阴道镜检查，并在阴道镜下进行多点活检，以宫颈组织学诊断为金标准，对结果进行分析。结果病理检查证实：诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变88例，其中C1NⅠ51例（5．93％），C1NⅡ26例（3．02％），CINⅢ11例（1．28％）；诊断子宫颈鳞癌10例（1．16％），腺癌2例（0．23％），宫颈炎症760例（88．4％）；阴道镜下定点活检CIN检出率10．23％，发病年龄在45岁者所占比例最大（81．81％）；合并宫颈糜烂占36．36％（32／88），宫颈光滑者占7．95％（7／88）。结论阴道镜检查能及早发现宫颈癌前病变，是筛查宫颈病变的一项很有价值的方法。     

江西省修水县宫颈癌筛查分析

目的:了解我国宫颈癌高发之一的江西省修水妇女宫颈癌的流行状况和高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染与宫颈癌的关系。方法:对江西修水县2460名妇女进行妇科检查,宫颈刮片细胞学检查,对可疑病例采集其宫颈细胞进行高危型HPVDNA检测(HCⅡ)或对其行阴道镜检查。结果:以病理诊断为金标准,普查的2460例已婚妇女中宫颈癌10例,CINⅡ6例,CINⅠ8例。该人群宫颈癌的患病率为40650/10万,高危型HPVDNA检出率为245%(70/286),HPVDNA检出率随病变程度加重呈趋势性增高,χ2=773,P<001。结论:江西省修水县是宫颈癌高发区,女性生殖道高危型HPV感染是当地宫颈癌及宫颈内瘤样病变(CIN)高发的重要危险因素。对宫颈癌高发区进行有效筛查十分必要。     

应用HC-Ⅱ法检测宫颈高危型人乳头状病毒479例临床分析

目的分析高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HRHPV)检测结合阴道镜下活检对诊断宫颈病变的意义。方法采用杂交捕获二代(HC-Ⅱ)方法定量检测宫颈癌的患者HPV-DNA的含量(以此表示宫颈HPV负荷量)。对其中30岁以上HPV-DNA检测为阳性的妇女在阴道镜下取宫颈活组织检查。结果参加检测的患者共479例,178例阳性患者,阳性率为37%,年龄大于30岁的110例中有94例在阴道镜下取活组织送病理检查,宫颈炎81例(86.2%),宫颈癌前病变12例(12.8%),包括CINⅠ3例,CINⅠ~Ⅱ2例,CINⅡ1例,CINⅡ~Ⅲ3例,CINⅢ1例。原位癌2例、浸润癌2例。子宫颈炎的HPV-DNA含量为414±38,子宫颈癌前病变及浸润癌的HPV-DNA含量为418±32,两者比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论采用HC-Ⅱ法检测HPV-DNA,30岁以上阳性患者在阴道镜下取活组织送病理检查,能及早发现宫颈癌前病变和宫颈浸润癌。     

阴道镜筛查CIN及早期宫颈癌78例分析

目的进一步评价阴道镜在宫颈上皮内瘤病变(CIN)及宫颈癌早期诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析450例,进行阴道镜检查,行镜下定位取活组织病理检查,并与宫颈细胞涂片结果进行对比。结果450例中检出宫颈CINⅠ15例,CINⅡ19例,CINⅢ11例,宫颈鳞癌33例和宫颈湿疣15例,其余357例为慢性宫颈炎。宫颈CCT细胞涂片检出了71.8%宫颈病变,阴道镜检出了80.8%宫颈病变,细胞学与阴道镜下活检联合应用无漏诊。结论阴道镜检查是诊断CIN和宫颈癌的一个可靠方法,细胞学与阴道镜下活检联合应用能提高宫颈病变的检出率。     

液基细胞学、HPV检测及hTERC、C-myc基因检测在宫颈癌筛查中的临床应用

[目的]研究液基细胞学(TCT)、人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测及人类染色体端粒酶基因(hTERC)、C-myc基因检测在宫颈癌筛查中的临床应用价值.[方法]对1 000例患者分别进行TCT、HPV-DNA检测、荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术检测hTERC、C-myc基因,对以上任一结果阳性者进行阴道镜下宫颈活检术,以病理学结果为金标准,评价上述方法的敏感度及特异性.[结果]1000例患者中,TCT异常者304例(30.4％);HPV阳性者273例(27.3％);hTERC阳性者90例(9.0％);C-myc阳性者59例(5.9％).467例患者行阴道镜下宫颈活检术,结果宫颈慢性炎者244例,宫颈病变者223例,其中宫颈上皮内瘤变CINI 73例(15.6％),CINⅡ87例(18.6％),CINⅢ53例(11.3％),宫颈鳞状细胞癌10例(2.1％).hTERC基因在正常宫颈细胞、CIN Ⅰ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ和宫颈癌中的阳性表达率分别为4.1％、16.4％、36.8％、50.9％和90％.C-myc 在正常宫颈、CIN Ⅰ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ和宫颈癌中的阳性表达率分别为1.6％、9.6％、21.8％、37.7％和90％.[结论]联合筛查方法优于单一检测方法,TCT+hTERC联合检测宫颈癌的效果最好,hTERC、C-myc基因异常扩增率随宫颈病变程度的加重而增加,与宫颈癌发生发展密切相关.     

流式细胞术联合阴道镜活检在宫颈癌和癌前病变筛查中的意义

目的 探讨流式细胞术联合阴道镜活检在宫颈癌和癌前病变筛查中的应用价值。方法 选取2014年6月—2016年6月在我院就诊进行宫颈癌检查并有活检结果的705例病例进行研究,并用流式细胞术对此705例患者进行DNA含量分析,以DNA指数(DNA index,DI)、增殖指数(Proliferative index,PI)值作为DNA含量分析的参数。结果 阴道镜拟诊结果显示CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ/CIS、宫颈癌的检出率分别为62.2%、78.0%、100%、100%;流式细胞仪检测DNA倍性在CINⅡ及其以上级别病变(CINⅡ、CINⅢ或CIS和宫颈癌病变)的敏感性为87.7%(213/243),特异性为90.2%(417/462)。随着宫颈组织病变程度的加重,DI、PI值均呈上升趋势,且各组之间进行比较差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 流式细胞术联合阴道镜活检可提高宫颈癌和癌前病变诊断率、准确性和敏感性,是适合筛查宫颈癌和癌前病变的工具之一,值得临床推广和应用。     

Test characteristics of visual inspection with 4% acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol's iodine (VILI) in cervical cancer screening in Kerala,India

Simple and inexpensive methods based on visual examination of the cervix are currently being investigated as alternative methods of cervical screening. The test characteristics of visual inspection with 4% acetic acid (VIA), and Lugol's iodine (VILI) and conventional cytology were investigated in a cross-sectional study involving 4,444 women aged 25 to 65 years in Kerala, India. While detection of any acetowhite area constituted a low-threshold positive VIA, detection of well-defined, opaque acetowhite lesions close to or touching the squamocolumnar junction constituted a high-threshold positive VIA test. Detection of definite yellow iodine nonuptake areas in the transformation zone close to or touching the squamocolumnar junction constituted a positive VILI test. Cytology was considered positive if reported as atypia or worse lesions. All screened women were evaluated by colposcopy and biopsies were directed in 1,644 women (37.0%), which allowed the direct estimation of sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. The reference diagnosis was based on a combination of histology and/or colposcopy. True disease status was defined as CIN 2 and worse lesions. A total of 149 (3.4%) women had CIN 2 or worse lesions. The sensitivities of low-threshold VIA, high-threshold VIA, VILI and cytology to detect CIN 2 or worse disease were 88.6%, 82.6%, 87.2% and 81.9%, respectively; the corresponding specificities were 78.0%, 86.5%, 84.7% and 87.8%. Our results indicate that VIA and VILI are suitable alternate screening tests to cytology for detecting cervical neoplasia in low-resource settings.     

Comparison between Visual Inspection of Cervix and Cytology Based Screening Procedures in Bangladesh

Background: Cervical cancer continues to be a major problem in Bangladesh with approximately 18,000 newcases annually of which over 10,000 women die from it. Visual inspection of the cervix after 3-5% acetic acid(VIA) application is a simple and easy to learn method for cervical cancer screening, although cytology-basedscreening is more often applied in developed countries where it has successfully reduced the prevalence of cervicalcancer. Objective: To compare the efficacy of VIA and cytology-based primary methods for cervical cancerscreening in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This hospital based comparative study was conducted at theVIA centre and Colposcopy Clinic of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from October2008 to October 2010. Results: Among 650 women, 74 (11.4%) were VIA+ve and 8 (1.2%) had abnormalitiesin their Pap smear reports. During colposcopy, 38 (7.7%) women had different grades of CIN and 4 (0.6%)had cervical cancer. The gold standard histology findings proved 20 women had CIN I, 14 had CIN II/II and 4had cervical cancer. Among the 38 histology diagnosed abnormalities, VIA test could identify 30 abnormalitiesincluding two cervical cancers. However, Pap smear could detect only 8 cases of histological abnormalities (2low grade and 6 had high grade lesion) and it missed all the cervical cancer cases. The sensitivity and specificityof VIA were 88.9% and 52.1%. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were41.0%, and 92.6% respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of Pap smear were 33.3%,95.8%, 75.0% and 79.3%, respectively. Conclusions: VIA test should be used as the primary screening tool evenwith its low sensitivity and specificity in low resource countries like Bangladesh. False positive results may begreater, but overtreatment can be minimized by colposcopy evaluation of the VIA positive women.     

Human papillomavirus testing for primary screening of cervical cancer precursors.

Our objective was to determine whether the addition of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing to screening cytology improves the detection of cervical cancer precursors. Women of ages 18-69 years underwent conventional Pap cytology and HPV DNA testing in a multicenter study in Newfoundland, Canada. Those with positive cytology and/or HPV and a random sample of those with dual negative results were referred for colposcopy. The study enrolled 2098 women. The relative sensitivity of HPV testing was significantly higher than cytology for all-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [SILs; 73%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 62-82] and high grade SILs (HSILs; 90%; 95% CI, 74-97) but had lower relative specificity (62% for all-grade SILs and 51% for HSILs) than most cytological cutpoints. The rate of combined correct results for all-grade lesions was higher for HPV testing (68.8%) than for any cytological cutpoint (equivocal, 52.3%; LSILs, 51.6%; HSILs, 44.5%). The combination of HPV and an LSIL cutpoint had a negative predictive value of 68% (95% CI, 52-80) for all SILs and 100% (95% CI, 91-100) for HSILs, while referring for colposcopy only 12% of the women. We concluded that HPV testing in conjunction with cytology improved the screening efficacy of cytology alone and may allow for a more effective and safe primary screening program with increased screening intervals.     

Pooled analysis of the accuracy of five cervical cancer screening tests assessed in eleven studies in Africa and India

Cervical cancer is the main cancer among women in sub-Saharan Africa, India and other parts of the developing world. Evaluation of screening performance of effective, feasible and affordable early detection and management methods is a public health priority. Five screening methods, naked eye visual inspection of the cervix uteri after application of diluted acetic acid (VIA), or Lugol's iodine (VILI) or with a magnifying device (VIAM), the Pap smear and human papillomavirus testing with the high-risk probe of the Hybrid Capture-2 assay (HC2), were evaluated in 11 studies in India and Africa. More than 58,000 women, aged 25-64 years, were tested with 2-5 screening tests and outcome verification was done on all women independent of the screen test results. The outcome was presence or absence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of different degrees or invasive cervical cancer. Verification was based on colposcopy and histological interpretation of colposcopy-directed biopsies. Negative colposcopy was accepted as a truly negative outcome. VIA showed a sensitivity of 79% (95% CI 73-85%) and 83% (95% CI 77-89%), and a specificity of 85% (95% CI 81-89%) and 84% (95% CI 80-88%) for the outcomes CIN2+ or CIN3+, respectively. VILI was on average 10% more sensitive and equally specific. VIAM showed similar results as VIA. The Pap smear showed lowest sensitivity, even at the lowest cutoff of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (57%; 95% CI 38-76%) for CIN2+ but the specificity was rather high (93%; 95% CI 89-97%). The HC2-assay showed a sensitivity for CIN2+ of 62% (95% CI 56-68%) and a specificity of 94% (95% CI 92-95%). Substantial interstudy variation was observed in the accuracy of the visual screening methods. Accuracy of visual methods and cytology increased over time, whereas performance of HC2 was constant. Results of visual tests and colposcopy were highly correlated. This study was the largest ever done that evaluates the cross-sectional accuracy of screening tests for cervical cancer precursors in developing countries. The merit of the study was that all screened subjects were submitted to confirmatory investigations avoiding to verification bias. A major finding was the consistently higher sensitivity but equal specificity of VILI compared with VIA. Nevertheless, some caution is warranted in the interpretation of observed accuracy measures, since a certain degree of gold standard misclassification cannot be excluded. Because of the correlation between visual screening tests and colposcopy and a certain degree of over-diagnosis of apparent CIN2+ by study pathologists, it is possible that both sensitivity and specificity of VIA and VILI were overestimated. Gold standard verification error could also explain the surprisingly low sensitivity of HC2, which contrasts with findings from other studies.     

P16/Ki-67 Dual Staining in Positive Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing for Predictive Diagnosis of Abnormal Cervical Lesions in Northeastern Thai Women

Objective: Cervical cancer screening can effectively reduce new cervical cancer cases, including in Thailand. The abnormal results are subsequently referred for colposcopy. To avoid unnecessary colposcopy, an efficient triage is still needed for validation. This study aimed to investigate the overall positivity of cytology-based screening, HPV detection, and p16/Ki-67 dual staining and evaluate different triage strategies for predictive diagnosis of abnormal cervical lesions in northeastern Thailand. Methods: Cervical cells were collected from 191 women who came for cervical screening in the gynecological outpatient department during March 2019-February 2020. Pap smear samples were classified into 6 groups including 17 atypical glandular cells (AGC), 21 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), 7 atypical squamous cells - cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H), 26 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), 19 high-grade SILs (HSILs) and 101 no squamous intraepithelial lesion (noSIL). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for HPV DNA detection. HPV genotyping was determined by reverse line blot hybridization. P16/Ki-67 dual staining was performed by using CINtec PLUS Cytology kit. Biopsies from abnormal screening were collected for surgical pathology classification. Results: High-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection was 2.97%, 29.41%, 38.10%, 57.14%, 46.15% and 84.21% in noSIL, AGC, ASC-US, ASC-H, LSIL and HSIL cytology respectively. P16/ Ki-67 in noSIL, AGC, ASC-US, ASC-H, LSIL and HSIL was 0.99%, 5.88%, 9.52%, 42.86%, 26.92% and 63.16%, respectively (P-value < 0.001). Among p16/Ki-67 positive cases, 96.15% (25/26) were infected with HPV and 84.62% (22/26) were HR-HPV. The overall positivity of each and co-testing between cytology or HPV DNA testing or p16/Ki-67 dual staining was evaluated. In each cervical lesion, primary HPV DNA testing showed the highest sensitivity, but low specificity. The combined all HPV/HR-HPV with p16/Ki-67 detection increased the specificity of abnormal cervical lesions. Conclusion: P16/Ki-67 dual stain cytology in HPV-positive women performs well for diagnosis of abnormal cervical lesions and should be considered for management of HPV-positive women to avoid unnecessary colposcopy referrals.     

Accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid to detect cervical cancer precursors among HIV‐infected women in Kenya

Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is becoming a more widely recommended and implemented screening tool for cervical cancer prevention programs in low‐resource settings. Many of these settings have a high prevalence of HIV‐infected women. We carried out a cross‐sectional validation study to define the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of VIA among HIV‐infected women. Women enrolled in HIV care at the Family AIDS Care and Education Services clinic in Kisumu, Kenya, were recruited for participation. All participants underwent VIA followed by colposcopy performed by a second blinded clinician. At colposcopy, lesions suspicious for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or greater (CIN2+) were biopsied. Disease status was determined by final histopathologic diagnosis in women who underwent biopsies. A satisfactory colposcopy with no lesions was considered a negative result. From October 2010 to June 2012, 1,432 women underwent VIA and colposcopy. A total of 514 (35.7%) women had a positive VIA, and 179 (12.2%) had CIN2+ confirmed by colposcopically directed biopsy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of VIA for CIN2+ were 86.6, 71.6, 30.3 and 97.4%, respectively. Specificity, but not sensitivity, increased with older age. Among older women, sensitivity was affected by CD4+ count and use of antiretroviral therapy. Although they are impacted by age and immune status, test characteristics for VIA among HIV‐infected women are similar to what has been reported for general populations. Recommendations to use VIA as a screening tool should not vary by HIV status.     

4 种不同检查方法在宫颈癌筛查中的临床应用价值*

目的:了解4 种不同检查方法在宫颈癌筛查中的临床应用价值。方法:采用第二代杂交捕获技术（hybrid capture 2,HC-II）检测13种高危型人乳头瘤病毒（human papillomavirus ,HPV ）、薄层液基细胞学技术（Liquid-based cytology test,LCT ）检测宫颈脱落细胞、醋酸肉眼检查（visual inspection with acetic acid,VIA）和阴道镜检查4 种方法对2004年11月～2004年12月深圳南山区华侨城区域15～59岁有性生活女性共1 137 例进行盲法同步宫颈癌筛查。对阴道镜检查异常或可疑异常者行阴道镜下直接活检;对HPV 阳性并且LCT ≥未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞（atypical squamous cells of undetetemined sign,ASCUS ）,或HPV 阴性但LCT ≥低度鳞状上皮内病变（low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion ,LSIL ）的妇女再次行阴道镜下活组织病理学检查,以病理结果作为验证4种检查方法的金标准。结果:共取病理122 例。病理结果证实该人群中无宫颈癌病例:子宫颈上皮内瘤变（cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ,CIN）Ⅲ级3 例,CIN Ⅱ级11例,CIN Ⅰ级36例;慢性宫颈炎和鳞状上皮化生69例;正常宫颈3 例。人群的高危HPV 总检出率为14.0% ;LCT 阳性率为12.6% ;VIA 阳性率为12.5% ;阴道镜阳性率为13.6% 。随宫颈病变级别升高,高危HPV 感染率及LCT 阳性率均呈趋势性增加（P<0.005）;VIA 和阴道镜阳性率在各级宫颈病变中无统计学差异,但在宫颈病变组阳性检出率明显高于正常宫颈组。高危HPV 对宫颈高度病变的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比和阴性似然比分别为100% 、87.1% 、87.3% 、8.8% 、100% 、7.6% 和0;LCT 以上各指标分别为92.9% 、88.4% 、88.5% 、9.1% 、99.9% 、8.0% 和8.0% ;VIA 以上各指标分别为35.7% 、96.0% 、95.3% 、10.0% 、99.2% 、8.9% 和67.0% ;阴道镜以上各指标分别为50.0% 、86.8% 、86.4% 、4.5% 、99.3% 、3.8% 和58.0% 。结论:高危HPV 检测和LCT 检查均为目前宫颈癌筛查较好的方法,VIA 和阴道镜检查敏感性较差,漏诊率高,不适合大范围筛查,但二者阴性预测值均较高,可应用于临床病例诊断。      

HPV testing in primary screening of older women.

Certain types of the human papilloma virus (HPV) are well established as the primary cause of cervical cancer. Several studies have shown that HPV testing can improve the detection rate of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), but these have been carried out primarily in younger women. In this study we evaluated the role of HPV testing as an adjunct to cytology in women aged 35 or over. An additional aim was to evaluate commercially available kits for HPV testing. A total of 2988 eligible women aged 34 or more attending for a routine smear in 40 general practitioner practices received HPV testing in addition to routine cytology, after having given written informed consent. Samples were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and two versions of the Hybrid Capture test for HPV, and women were invited for colposcopy if there was any cytological abnormality (including borderline smears) or the PCR test was positive. Any apparent abnormality was biopsied and loop-excision was performed as necessary. CIN was judged by histology; 42 women had high-grade CIN, of which six were cytology negative (86% sensitivity for borderline or worse) and three had a borderline smear (79% sensitivity for mild dyskaryosis or worse). The positive predictive value of a borderline smear was only 3.1%. Eleven high-grade lesions were negative by the PCR HPV test (sensitivity 74%). The first generation Hybrid Capture II test had a similar sensitivity but an unacceptably high false positive rate (18.3%), while the newer Hybrid Capture II microtitre kit had a 95% sensitivity and a 2.3% positivity rate in normal women when used at a 2 pg ml(-1) cut-off (positive predictive value 27%). Cytology performed very well in this older cohort of women. The newer Hybrid Capture II microtitre test may be a useful adjunct, especially if the results reported here are reproducible in other studies. A combined screening test offers the possibility of greater protection and/or longer screening intervals, which could reduce the overall cost of the screening programme.     

新型国产杂交捕获HPV检测技术在ASC-US人群分流中的应用效果评价

目的 探讨基于杂交捕获原理的DH2检测技术在未明确意义的不典型鳞状细胞(Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance,ASC-US)人群中的分流应用效果.方法 本研究于2016年10月—2018年10月在河南省新密市招募21～64岁普通女性参加研究.所有女性在...     

两次醋酸染色肉眼观察在宫颈癌筛查中的价值

[目的]探讨两次醋酸染色肉眼观察(VIA)在宫颈癌筛查中的应用价值。[方法]2011年对2463名河南省新密市25～65岁的妇女进行HPV检测、VIA的联合筛查,任一筛查阳性者和10%随机抽取的筛查阴性者共855名妇女进行第二次VIA和阴道镜检查。[结果]最终完成两次VIA、阴道镜检查及宫颈活检的855名妇女,其中未绝经组561人,绝经组294人。未绝经组和绝经组第一次VIA的阳性率分别为19.8%(111/561)和7.1%(21/294),灵敏度分别为59.1%和20.0%,特异性分别为81.8%和93.6%。未绝经组和绝经组进行第二次VIA的阳性率分别为15.7%(88/561)和5.8%(17/294)。未绝经组和绝经组进行两次VIA检查总的阳性率分别为27.3%和10.2%,两次VIA检查并联的灵敏度分别为81.8%和40.0%,特异性分别为75.0%和91.4%。未绝经组通过两次VIA检查比单独一次VIA检查多发现5例CIN2+的漏诊病例(1例CIN2,4例CIN3),绝经组通过两次VIA检查比单独一次VIA检查多发现3例CIN3的漏诊病例。[结论]宫颈癌筛查中,两次VIA检查不仅可以明显提高单次VIA检查的灵敏度,还可以发现单次VIA检查漏诊的高度CIN病例。两次VIA在未绝经女性宫颈癌筛查中的价值优于绝经组。