外周血循环肿瘤细胞联合程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1/及其配体在中晚期乳腺癌化疗患者预后判断中的价值

程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1(programmed cell death 1,PD-1)/及其配体(programmed cell death 1 ligand 1,PD-L1)表达于多种肿瘤表面的共抑制分子,通过影响T细胞的抗肿瘤活性参与肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸[1]。本研究通过将两者联合进行乳腺癌患者预后的预测,旨在为临床乳腺癌患者预后评估提供新型方案选择。     

PD-L1和BAFF-R在胃弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨程序性死亡蛋白受体-1配体(programmed death ligand-1, PD-L1)和TNF家族的B细胞活化因子(B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family, BAFF-R)在胃弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, GDLBCL)的瘤组织和瘤旁组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学法和定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应法(quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)检测26例GDLBCL瘤组织和瘤旁组织中的PD-L1和BAFF-R的表达,分析PD-L1和BAFF-R的表达与GDLBCL临床分期和病理分型之间的关系和PD-L1与BAFF-R表达的相关性。结果 PD-L1和BAFF-R在GDLBCL中的表达显著高于瘤旁组织(P0.01)。PD-L1和BAFF-R表达与GDLBCL分期及病理分型均有明显相关性(P0.01),PD-L1与BAFF-R有相关性(P0.01)。结论 PDL-1和BAFF-R表达上调与GDLBCL分期及病理分型密切相关,联合检测PD-L1和BAFF-R可能成为GDLBCL有价值的预后指标。以PD-L1和BAFF-R信号通路为靶点的治疗有望成为GDLBLC免疫治疗的潜在方案。     

CMTM6蛋白与肿瘤发生、发展及预后关系的研究进展

正肿瘤的发生发展与免疫系统关系密切。程序性死亡受体1(programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)主要表达于T细胞等免疫细胞表面~([1])。程序性死亡受体配体1(programmed cell death ligand-1,PD-L1)表达于多种肿瘤细胞表面,包括肺癌、黑色素瘤、卵巢癌、肾癌、口腔鳞状细胞癌等,与PD-1结合后可抑制T细胞迁移、增殖和杀伤功能,实现肿瘤免疫逃     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在胃癌中的研究现状

目的阐述程序性死亡受体蛋白-1(PD-1)及其配体-1(PD-L1)抑制剂在胃癌中的研究现状,了解PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂存在的关键问题,为以后的研究提供理论基础。方法复习经典及最新有关免疫治疗,尤其是PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的文献并综述之。结果PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂是目前肿瘤免疫治疗研究中的热点,派姆单抗及纳武单抗在临床免疫抑制剂治疗研究中较常用,继在血液系统恶性肿瘤和恶性黑色素瘤中展示出良好疗效后,二者在胃癌临床研究中也取得了较大成功。在一些临床研究中,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗患者相较常规化疗患者总生存期延长,尤其是在PD-1阳性患者中的疗效更为显著,但是其研究仍存在无法精确预测受益人群、肿瘤免疫超进展等亟待解决的问题,可喜的是,目前肿瘤免疫基础研究成果日益增多,为解决这些问题在理论方面提供了有力支撑。结论PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂等肿瘤免疫抑制剂疗法为胃癌患者的治疗提供了新思路,尽管其在临床研究中仍存在较多问题,但随着研究的进一步深入,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂必将成为晚期胃癌患者治疗的利器之一。     

非小细胞肺癌生物标志物的研究进展

肺癌是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因。尽管通过筛查高危人群进行早期检测越来越普遍,但大多数肺癌患者确诊时已是晚期。在过去10年中,非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）治疗有了显著进步。新出现的靶向治疗和免疫治疗方案已使NSCLC治疗更具个体化,这显著影响了NSCLC患者的病程和结局。目前,分子生物标志物已经成为诊断癌症、预测治疗反应结果和评估预后的有利工具。本文总结了NSCLC诊断、预测和预后相关的生物标志物以及新型潜在预测性生物标志物。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗进展期胃癌的现状与进展

目的 探讨以程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体1(programmed cell death ligand-1,PD-L1)抑制剂为代表的免疫治疗药物在进展期胃癌中的临床价值。方法 检索有关PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在进展期胃癌中应用的最新文献并进行综述。结果 PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在进展期胃癌的治疗、生物标志物及耐药情况方面均有相应的临床试验研究，其单药或它联合化学药物或（和）靶向药物治疗进展期胃癌或胃食管交界癌，有部分患者表现出较好的疗效，从PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂获益的患者可能是具有特定分子特征的群体，但在治疗过程中耐药性的出现影响了其疗效。结论 从本综述了解的进展看，PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗能使部分进展期胃癌患者获益，但仍需寻找更多用于可预测疗效的生物标志物以优化用药方案，同时还需深入研究其耐药机制以解决耐药问题。     

PD-1与PD-L1抑制剂在非转移性三阴性乳腺癌新辅助治疗应用进展

三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)病人肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(TILs)表达水平与活性明显高于其他乳腺癌亚型。多项临床试验表明,程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)及程序性死亡受体配体-1(PD-L1)抑制剂在非转移性TNBC新辅助治疗阶段取得出色的治疗结果。此外,新辅助治疗阶段降低化疗强度联合免疫治疗或去化疗的双免疫治疗有较好的治疗前景,可能是未来发展趋势。不同于转移性TNBC,PD-L1在非转移性TNBC新辅助治疗疗效的特异度与敏感度较低,未来需结合其他免疫标记物,细化TNBC分型,有针对性地选择可从免疫治疗中获益的人群,进一步提高PD-1和(或)PD-L1抑制剂的疗效价值,从而实现TNBC的精准治疗。     

肝细胞肝癌免疫检查点阻断治疗疗效相关生物标志物的研究进展

目的总结与肝细胞肝癌(HCC)免疫检查点抑制剂治疗疗效相关的生物标志物。方法查阅并总结以靶向程序性死亡受体1及其配体1(PD-1/PD-L1)通路抑制剂为主的免疫检查点抑制剂单药治疗,以及其与靶向药物联合治疗的相关生物标志物的基础和临床应用研究文献,并加以综述。结果免疫治疗与靶向治疗的联合方案为晚期HCC患者的治疗带来了希望,但仍有一部分患者不能临床获益。目前研究表明,肿瘤组织中PD-L1表达、肿瘤突变负荷、肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞、外周免疫细胞、循环肿瘤DNA、肠道微生物菌群等均对HCC的免疫治疗或靶向联合免疫治疗疗效有一定的预测作用。结论目前尚无明确的生物标志物能预测HCC免疫治疗及其联合方案的疗效,仍需要更多的前瞻性研究来证实这些生物标志物的预测价值,并建立一个多因素预测模型或免疫评分来筛选可能获益的患者,这对HCC的精准免疫治疗具有重要意义。     

单细胞转录组测序技术在非小细胞肺癌免疫微环境分析中应用的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）是最常见的癌症类型之一,也是导致癌症死亡的重要原因。虽然近年来免疫治疗的应用极大改善了NSCLC的预后,但NSCLC的治疗依然存在巨大挑战。免疫微环境在NSCLC发展、浸润和转移过程中发挥重要作用,二者可相互作用、相互影响,形成恶性循环。单细胞转录组测序可以对单个细胞进行高分辨率分析,在揭示免疫微环境中的细胞类型、细胞演变轨迹、细胞分化的分子机制以及细胞间相互调节中有重要价值。通过单细胞转录组测序有望发现更多有潜力的免疫治疗方法。本文综述了单细胞转录组测序在NSCLC免疫微环境中的重要研究及最新成果,旨在探讨应用单细胞转录组测序分析NSCLC免疫微环境的重要意义。     

HIF-1α和LOX在非小细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的检测缺氧诱导因子-1α(Hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)及赖氨酰氧化酶(Lysyl oxidase,LOX)在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中的表达,探讨二者在NSCLC发生、发展及转移中的作用。方法采用免疫组织化学方法,分别检测HIF-1α和LOX在不同临床病理特征中的变化。结果 HIF-1α和LOX在NSCLC肿瘤组织中表达均明显高于癌旁组织,二者均与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移和肿瘤分期有关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两者间呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 HIF-1α和LOX在NSCLC的发生、发展中发挥重要的调节作用,可共同促进NSCLC的进展。     

A retrospective analysis of eleven gene mutations,PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics in non-small cell lung cancer patients

ObjectivesTo investigate the associations among expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), eleven mutated genes, and clinicopathological characteristics in 273 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsWe retrospectively examined tumor PD-L1 expression in 247 surgically resected primary and 26 advanced NSCLC patients by immunohistochemistry using SP263 antibody assay. Gene mutations of EGFR, TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, ERBB2, MET, RET, ALK, BRAF, ROS1, and APC were examined by NGS sequence. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 22.0. The associations among PD-L1 expression, eleven mutated genes and clinicopathological characteristics were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsAmong the total 273 patients, 68 (24.9%) patients were positive for PD-L1 expression. Data showed that mutated rate of EGFR gene was the highest with 63.0% (172/273), followed by TP53 (11.7%, 32/273) and KRAS (5.5%, 15/273). The female, non-smoker, and patients with adenocarcinoma (ADC) were more likely to have EGFR mutations. Multivariate logistic regression showed that PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with Non-ADC, lymphatic invasion, EGFR wild type and TP53 mutation (p = 0.041, <0.001, 0.004 and 0.014, respectively). Moreover, PD-L1 expression in adenocarcinoma was associated with lymphatic invasion, mutation of TP53 and KRAS gene (p = 0.012, <0.025 and 0.041, respectively).ConclusionsMutations of EGFR, KRAS and TP53 should be routinely detected in clinical practice to better guide the immunotherapy for NSCLC patients. Future investigations are warranted to illustrate the potential mechanisms between driver mutations and PD-L1 expression for guiding immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC.     

程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1在结直肠癌免疫治疗中的研究进展

近年来,抗程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD-1)药物在转移性结直肠癌患者错配修复缺陷治疗中的成功使得该疾病的免疫治疗得以重视。然而,失配修复缺陷的结直肠癌患者仅占结肠癌患者的一部分。目前的研究重点是将免疫治疗应用到疾病的早期阶段,包括辅助一线治疗,以及检测免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的敏感性。然而,哪些患者能够从该免疫治疗中获益仍是值得商榷的问题,因为这类药物具有自身免疫毒性。PD-1的配体之一程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1(PD-L1)作为一种检测生物标记物,其检测可以通过免疫组化来实现。但其免疫组化的检测存在一些混杂因素,包括应用不同的检测抗体、不同的免疫组化临界值、肿瘤组织的采集准备方式不同、处理过程的不同、原发与继发的活检标本、肿瘤源性或诱导的PD-L1表达,以及肿瘤与免疫细胞的染色等。目前的结果表明,免疫组化检测肿瘤过表达PD-L1的患者在接受抗PD-L1治疗时临床效果更理想,而有些低表达的肿瘤也对该治疗有所缓解,这使PD-L1的分析中存在复杂性。阐明宿主免疫系统与肿瘤微环境的机制则能够更好地解释针对PD-L1药物是否让患者受益。     

Research progress regarding programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors combined with targeted therapy for treating hepatocellular carcinoma

In recent years, a number of targeted therapeutic agents have achieved success in phase III trials in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including sorafenib, lenvatinib, and regorafenib. Immunotherapy is considered to be an effective treatment for advanced HCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are important antitumor immunotherapy agents that represent breakthroughs in the treatment of advanced HCC. However, treating advanced HCC is still a great challenge, and the need for new treatments remains urgent. This review briefly summarizes the research progress in the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with targeted therapy for treating HCC.     

纳米刀消融联合程序性死亡蛋白-1/程序性死亡蛋白配体-1治疗胰腺癌及其免疫学机制研究进展

胰腺癌特殊的肿瘤微环境不利于免疫治疗,而纳米刀消融可在一定程度上逆转免疫抑制,使其成为目前唯一适用于胰腺癌的消融治疗方法。动物研究结果证实,纳米刀消融联合程序性死亡蛋白-1（PD-1）/程序性死亡蛋白配体-1（PD-L1）治疗胰腺癌可延长患者生存时间。本文对纳米刀消融联合PD-1/PD-L1治疗胰腺癌及其免疫学机制研究进展进行综述。     

阿特珠单抗在肺癌治疗中的研究进展

近年来,程序性死亡受体配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂阿特珠单抗(atezolizumab)已显示出对许多不同的实体恶性肿瘤的临床疗效.2016年10月下旬,阿特珠单抗通过了美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)审批,用于治疗含铂类药物化疗期间或之后病情进展的转移性非小细胞肺癌...     

A review of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint in bladder cancer: From mediator of immune escape to target for treatment

Purpose

Recent observations have focused attention on the means that human tumors employ to evade host defense systems critical to immune surveillance. The concepts of immunotherapy are familiar to urologists because of the use of bacillus Calmette-Guérin in bladder cancer. Research demonstrating the importance of checkpoint inhibitors in suppressing immune responses against tumors has heightened interest in immunotherapy at a time when there is a need for alternatives to bacillus Calmette-Guérin. We review the literature on the application of immunotherapeutic agents targeting a key checkpoint pathway, programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), in the field of bladder cancer.

Narrative review: update on immunotherapy and pathological features in patients with bladder cancer

Over the last few years efficacy of immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has been investigated in patients with bladder cancer (BC) at all stages. The present article aims to assess new therapeutic options with emerging agents in BC patients, shedding light on ICI-based treatments encompassing all disease stages, from non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) to muscle-invasive (MIBC) BC, concluding with metastatic MIBC. In bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) unresponsive patients with carcinoma in situ, pembrolizumab has been recently approved. In the neoadjuvant setting, results from two clinical trials seem to identify pathological and genomic features of highly responsive tumors. Squamous cells and lymphoepithelioma/like histotypes, programmed cell-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and high levels of activate T cells have been associated with higher response rate. In the metastatic setting, only 30% of patient may respond to ICI. A panel of biomarkers for patient selection is an actual need since the correlation between response and PD-L1 expression seem inconsistent across clinical trials, with some exceptions. Molecular characterization of BC, tumor mutation burden and immune-gene expression profiling might introduce new molecular biomarkers, hopefully transferable into the clinical-pathological practice.     

The Cancer Immunogram as a Framework for Personalized Immunotherapy in Urothelial Cancer

Context

The abysmal outlook of urothelial cancer (UC) has changed with the introduction of immunotherapy. Still, many patients do not respond and distinctive biomarkers are currently lacking. The rise of this novel armamentarium of immunotherapy treatments, in combination with the complex biology of an immunological tumor response, warrants the development of a comprehensive framework that can provide an overview of important immunological processes at play in individual patients.

Porcine PD-L1: cloning, characterization, and implications during xenotransplantation

BACKGROUND: Effective intervention achieved by manipulating cell-mediated xenogeneic immune responses would critically increase the clinical feasibility of xenotransplantation as immediate hyperacute rejections become controllable through genetic modulations of donor organs. Endogenous negative regulatory signals like the programmed death 1 (PD-1)-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) system are candidate targets for the control of cell-mediated xenogeneic immune response. METHODS: A porcine PD-L1 molecule was cloned using RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) technology based on the human PD-L1 sequence. The functional effects of cloned porcine PD-L1 were tested on human CD4(+) T cell activation using porcine PD-L1-transfected bystander cells. Cellular proliferation was monitored by [3H] thymidine incorporation, and human T cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Porcine PD-L1 (GenBank accession number AY837780) was found to have 73.8% sequence homology with human PD-L1 and to contain two immunoglobulin domains in its extracellular region. Moreover, porcine PD-L1 expressed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells inhibited human CD4(+) T cell proliferation stimulated with anti-CD3 only or anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28. Percentages of apoptotic activated human T cells increased by over 30% in the presence of porcine PD-L1/CHO cells, and the addition of recombinant human PD-1-Fc fusion proteins during human T cell activation reversed the inhibitory effects of porcine PD-L1. CONCLUSIONS: Cloned porcine PD-L1 showed high sequence homology with human PD-L1 and a similar molecular structure. Moreover, porcine PD-L1 inhibited human CD4(+) T cell activation in human PD-1-dependent manner, and this involved activated T cell apoptosis. The authors suggest that PD-1-PD-L1 might play an important endogenous immune regulatory role during xenogeneic transplantation, and that the effective application of this system would improve transplanted xenogeneic organ survival.