倍氯米松对变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中多种炎性活细胞的作用

目的 :探讨倍氯米松对变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中多种炎性活细胞的作用机制。方法 :采用激光共聚焦显微镜扫描和荧光技术 ,观察变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞经倍氯米松处理后细胞内的形态变化。结果 :经倍氯米松处理后 ,嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞组细胞内RNA的荧光染色均减弱 ,RNA/DNA比值均变小 ,嗜酸性粒细胞组差异具有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;中性粒细胞组差异具有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;淋巴细胞组差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :倍氯米松能够明显地减少嗜酸性粒细胞和中性粒细胞细胞内RNA的含量 ,即减少细胞内RNA的合成和 (或 )促进RNA的降解 ;不直接影响淋巴细胞内的RNA代谢。     

倍氯米松对变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中嗜酸粒细胞的作用

为探讨倍氯米松对变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中嗜酸粒细胞的作用，使用激光共聚焦显微镜扫描和荣光技术，观察变应性鼻炎患者鼻分泌物中嗜酸粒细胞经倍氯米松处理后的形态变化。扫描图像分析显示，倍氯米松处理后，嗜酸粒细胞内RNA的荧光强度明显减弱。提示倍氯米松的抗炎作用是通过调控细胞内DNA转录形成RNA，使蛋白质合成降低，细胞分泌与释放物质的作用减弱，进而使鼻部炎症缓解来实现的。     

儿童变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞的临床研究

目的了解变应性鼻炎儿童患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞分布情况以及季节对嗜酸性粒细胞分布情况影响。方法对417例变应性鼻炎儿童患者及98例非变应性鼻炎儿童的鼻腔分泌物薄层涂片,经瑞-姬染色后观察嗜酸性粒细胞的数量及分布程度,417例变应性鼻炎患儿根据4个季节分为4个亚组,比较各季度亚组之间嗜酸性粒细胞的数量。结果变应性鼻炎患儿鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞阳性人数显著高于非变应性鼻炎患儿人数(P<0.001),变应性鼻炎儿童患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞数量显著高于非变应性鼻炎患者(P<0.001),变应性鼻炎患儿在春夏秋冬不同季节鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞数量差异明显(P<0.01),其中夏季高于冬季(P<0.01),其他各个季节之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论嗜酸性粒细胞在儿童变应性鼻炎的发病过程中具有十分重要的作用,变应性鼻炎患儿鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞明显上升,同时随着季节变化,嗜酸性粒细胞数量也变化明显,对儿童变应性鼻炎的诊断有重要参考价值。     

上海地区正常人群ECP参考值的调查及临床意义

变应性鼻炎鼻黏膜中嗜酸性粒细胞被激活后释放出的嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)具有很强的毒性作用,能诱导肥大细胞释放组胺,在变应性鼻炎发病中起重要作用。ECP可在血清、鼻分泌物等体液中检出,其含量的高低是嗜酸性粒细胞活化的特异性标志[1]。本文调查了上海地区正常人群ECP的参考值,并与变应性鼻炎患者炎症发作期及炎症控制期ECP值进行比较,以探讨其临床意义。     

变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞的检测

目的探讨变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞的检测及其对变应性鼻炎诊断的意义。方法随机选取变应性鼻炎、正常人和非变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物各100例行薄层涂片和瑞-姬染色,观察嗜酸性粒细胞的数量、形态及分布程度和阳性率。结果 100例变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞数量显著高于正常人及非变应性鼻炎患者(P<0.01),变应性鼻炎患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞阳性率也明显高于正常人和非变应性鼻炎患者(P<0.01)。结论嗜酸性粒细胞在变应性鼻炎的发病过程中具有十分重要的作用,鼻腔分泌物涂片检查嗜酸性粒细胞,对变应性鼻炎的诊断有重要参考价值。     

复方辛夷滴鼻液鼻腔冲洗治疗变应性鼻炎疗效观察及对鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞的影响

目的观察复方辛夷滴鼻液鼻腔冲洗对变应性鼻炎患者的临床疗效及对鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞影响。方法选取变应性鼻炎患者60例,随机均分为研究组和对照组。研究组采用复方辛夷滴鼻液冲洗鼻腔,对照组采用布地奈德鼻喷雾剂喷鼻,每组均治疗4周(1个疗程2周)。每个患者治疗前与治疗后均取鼻腔分泌物并检测其嗜酸性粒细胞的含量,并用SPSS 19.0统计学软件分析其差异。结果治疗2个疗程后两组患者鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞均明显降低,且研究组与对照组比较在改善流涕这一症状上有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论复方辛夷滴鼻液鼻腔冲洗可以有效治疗变应性鼻炎,且在改善流涕症状方面更具有优势。     

变应性鼻炎引起嗅觉障碍的临床分析

目的分析变应性鼻炎引起嗅觉障碍的发病机制。方法选取216例变应性鼻炎患者作为实验对象,同时选取99例健康志愿者作为对照组。采用嗅棒气味嗅觉测试方法测定两组患者的嗅觉功能;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白（eosinophil ationicprotein,ECP）及类胰蛋白酶的含量;应用鼻压计测定鼻气道阻力。结果变应性鼻炎患者鼻气道阻力与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;变应性鼻炎组患者嗅觉功能,鼻腔分泌物ECP和鼻腔分泌物类胰蛋白酶与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞的活性增加可能导致了变应性鼻炎患者的嗅觉障碍,而鼻腔阻塞可能不是引起变应性鼻炎患者嗅觉障碍的主要原因。     

变应性鼻炎嗜酸性粒细胞研究进展

文章就变应性鼻炎中嗜酸性粒细胞的颗粒及脱颗粒，细胞膜受体及变化进行综述。认为变应性鼻炎的嗜酸性粒细胞多为活化嗜酸性粒细胞。根据细胞密度、受体表达、代谢活性可将嗜酸性粒细胞划分为两个不同的亚群：活化细胞和未活化细胞。前者细胞密度降低、受体表达增加、代谢活性增强，与后者存在显著差异。表明，在鼻分泌物和末梢血细胞学检查中，仅测定嗜酸性粒细胞的数量是不够的，还需进一步确定其功能状态，这样将有助于变应性鼻炎的诊断和鉴别。     

滴鼻灵对变应性鼻炎患者血清IL-5和鼻分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞的影响

目的观察滴鼻灵滴鼻液对变应性鼻炎患者血清白细胞介素-5水平及鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞数量的影响。方法变应性鼻炎患者28例,予滴鼻灵滴鼻液治疗2周,记录治疗前后症状、体征的变化,同时检测治疗前后血清IL-5水平,行鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞计数,并与正常对照组22例进行比较,分析其疗效相关性及意义。结果疗程结束时评价疗效,本组患者显效25例,有效2例,无效1例,总有效率96．4％。治疗前,患者血清IL-5水平及鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞计数均较正常对照组显著升高（P〈0．01）;经滴鼻灵治疗后,血清IL-5明显下降（P〈0．01）,接近正常对照组（P〉0．05）,鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞明显减少甚至消失。结论滴鼻灵可能通过调控患者机体免疫功能对变应性鼻炎发挥治疗效应。     

鼻用糖皮质激素对变应性鼻炎和非变应性鼻炎患者呼吸道一氧化氮浓度的影响

目的　评估鼻用皮质类固醇激素对常年性变应性鼻炎及非变应性鼻炎患者鼻呼吸道一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）浓度的影响。方法　根据鼻内镜检查和鼻窦CT扫描排除鼻息肉及鼻窦受累患者,以皮肤点刺试验了解患者的特应性状态,并行鼻分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞检查。共选择收集23例常年性变应性鼻炎患者,17例非变应性鼻炎伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多症（nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophpilia,NARES）患者,20例正常人作为对照组。采集一般病史,视觉模拟量表评分法评估患者鼻部症状的严重程度,并填写鼻-结膜炎相关生活质量问卷,采用NIOX测量鼻呼出气。以布地奈德鼻喷雾剂（64 μg/喷/鼻）喷鼻治疗,2次/天,持续治疗4周,并于2周和4周时复查,再次评估症状、生活质量及鼻腔NO水平。结果　变应性鼻炎患者鼻NO水平明显高于NARES患者[（1053±137）ppb vs（741±65）ppb,P <0.001）];对比正常对照组[（838±79）ppb）],两组患者鼻NO水平较之分别表现为升高和降低,且差异具有统计学意义（P 均<0.001）。经鼻用布地奈德鼻喷雾剂治疗2～4周后,变应性鼻炎患者表现为鼻NO浓度降低,而NARES患者表现为鼻NO升高,且同组治疗前、后差异有统计学意义（P <0.001,P <0.05）。治疗2～4周之后,变应性鼻炎及NARES患者鼻NO水平持续向对照组接近,同时,患者的鼻部症状评分及生活质量评分明显改善。结论　变应性鼻炎和非变应性鼻 炎患者分别表现为NO浓度升高和降低;经鼻用糖皮质激素喷雾治疗后,两组患者鼻腔NO浓度向正常人水平回归。鼻腔NO水平改变可以作鼻炎患者炎症控制的指标。     

Hydrogen peroxide generation by eosinophils in allergic rhinitis.

It was the aim to study the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation by eosinophils in allergic rhinitis caused by house dust which was examined in nasal secretion and peripheral blood. The concentration of H2O2 in nasal secretions was increased after nasal challenge with house dust, and subsided gradually by the increase of peroxidase activity. The population of eosinophils and H2O2 generation which was morphologically detected on the plasma membrane of eosinophils in nasal secretion, were increased with the release of eosinophil chemotactic activity after nasal challenge. Also, in peripheral blood, the number and phagocytic activity of eosinophils in extremely high density 1.102 g/ml were increased after nasal challenge. A high number of eosinophils was found in a density of 1.097 g/ml in the high IgE group, but showed less phagocytic activity than in the lower IgE group. Considering from these findings, H2O2 generation by eosinophils appeared to be an important event in tissue injury and augmentation of allergic reaction.     

Standardization of diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis in the Oestrus ovis infected sheep model

BACKGROUND: The sheep is an established model for endoscopic surgical procedures, as well as for postsurgical healing. Standardization of the presence and the degree of eosinophilia within this model still has not been done. This study was undertaken to show the eosinophilic response secondary to Oestrus ovis parasitic infestation within the nasal cavity to standardize the sheep model of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to set diagnostic criteria for CRS in sheep. METHODS: Nasal mucosal secretions were obtained from sheep naturally infested with O. ovis and showed signs of CRS and from sheep treated with ivermectin to prevent the infestation. Full thickness mucosal biopsy specimens from the lateral nasal wall were obtained also from these sheep. After histological fixing and staining, the degree of eosinophilia in the mucous secretion smears and in the epithelial layer of the lateral nasal wall was quantified using a light microscope. RESULTS: The average number of eosinophils in the mucous secretions and in the nasal wall epithelium was significantly higher in the sheep that showed signs of rhinosinusitis and had visible O. ovis larvae compared with control sheep (p = 0.003 and p = 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Based on the average numbers of eosinophils observed the diagnostic criterion for CRS in sheep is two eosinophils per high-power field averaged over three fields of secreted mucous smears or an average of at least one eosinophil per high-power field of nasal wall epithelial biopsy specimens.     

细胞间粘附分子在鼻息肉组织中的表达及意义

目的 探讨以嗜酸粒细胞浸润为病理特征的鼻息肉组织中局部细胞间粘附分子的表达及其意义。方法 对９例正常鼻粘膜和１９例鼻息肉组织冰冻切片，用细胞间粘附分子１和淋巴细胞功能相关抗原１单抗进行免疫组织化学及其与ＭＧＧ双染，光镜观察，结果 与对照组相比，鼻息肉组织ＩＣＡＭ－１和ＬＦＡ－１的表达均显著增加，组织局部ＩＣＡＭ－１的表达与大量ＬＦＡ－１阳性的嗜酸粒细胞浸润密切相关。结论 鼻息肉组织ＩＣＡＭ－１和Ｌ     

The effect of nasal polyp epithelial cells on eosinophil activation

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Eosinophil infiltration into an inflammatory site is a characteristic histological finding in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Most of the eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis are activated in the nasal cavity, but the exact activation mechanism of eosinophils is unknown. The study was designed to investigate the effect of human nasal epithelial cells on the activation of eosinophils. STUDY DESIGN: Peripheral blood eosinophils were isolated from healthy volunteers and incubated in human nasal polyp epithelial cell conditioned media (HPECM). Superoxide production and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin were measured to determine eosinophils activation. HPECMs were assayed by ELISAs for interleukin-8 (IL-8), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), eotaxin, and regulated on activation normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES). To identify the chemical mediators involved in the activation of eosinophils. RESULTS: HPECM (n = 7) contained 31.48 ng/mL interleukin-8, 533.43 pg/mL GM-CSF, 5.90 pg/mL eotaxin, and 11.06 pg/mL RANTES. Eosinophils were activated by HPECM and inhibited only by anti-GM-CSF antibody, not by the other chemical mediators. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that eosinophils in nasal secretions are activated by GM-CSF, which is produced by nasal epithelial cells.     

变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物中上皮细胞集落和嗜酸粒细胞的检测

为了观察变应性鼻炎（allesgicrhinitis，AR）患者鼻分泌物中的上皮细胞集落和嗜酸粒细胞，对20例AR患者（AR组）和15例鼻窦炎患者（感染组）鼻分泌物中细胞成分进行了电镜观察，发现AR组鼻分泌物中有大量上皮细胞集落，其特征是数个至数十个上皮细胞成片状脱落，上皮细胞集落的数量和嗜酸粒细胞的数量、嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白（eosinophiliccationicprotein，ECP）的含量呈正相关。感染组中上皮细胞集落和嗜酸粒细胞极少，ECP含量甚微。结果提示嗜酸粒细胞的ECP可能导致AR患者的鼻粘膜上皮呈片状脱落，对上皮结构造成损害。     

Pathogenic mechanisms underlying the clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis

This paper reviews our previous studies on an objective evaluation of nasal symptoms, a quantitative determination of biochemical mediators, and inflammatory cells in nasal secretions of atopic patients after nasal allergen challenge (NAC) and during natural allergen exposure. The use of the microsuction technique has proved to be a useful and reliable nasal sampling method permitting quantitative analysis of important mediators in nasal secretions. This has provided accurate data on the activity of some important inflammatory cells such as mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in allergic rhinitis. Our studies demonstrate that a significant increase in the concentrations of histamine, tryptase, and LTC4 in nasal secretions occurs within seconds or minutes after NAC, and this is accompanied by itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction. The infiltration and activation of eosinophils are found to be the predominant condition during the late-phase reaction (LPR), which is mainly characterized by unilateral and/or bilateral nasal obstruction with little sneezing and rhinorrhea. The latter condition is found to be very much similar to the pathophysiology of patients with ongoing allergic rhinitis. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that patients with ongoing allergic rhinitis seem to be in a continuous late phase state of eosinophilia and increased mediator release, a condition that can explain priming and nonspecific hyperreactivity of the nasal mucous membrane.     

Cytolysis of eosinophils in nasal secretions

It is still unknown how eosinophils degranulate in nasal mucus. Currently, cytolysis is being reevaluated as the mode of degranulation of eosinophils in allergic nasal mucosa. To examine whether eosinophils migrating to the nasal mucus degranulate by cytolysis, we sampled nasal mucus from 9 patients with nasal allergy and observed it under electron and light microscopes. Both intact and necrotic eosinophils were observed in the nasal mucus. Although the total eosinophil count in the nasal mucus was not correlated with the frequency of sneezes, there was a significant correlation (p = .0025) between the rate of eosinophil lysis and the frequency of sneezes. Whereas extracellular release of eosinophil peroxidase was not detected from the eosinophils with intact cell membranes, large quantities of eosinophil peroxidase were found outside the eosinophils with injured cell membranes. We concluded that eosinophils migrating to the nasal mucus degranulate mainly by cytolysis, and that granular proteins released from the necrotic eosinophils into the nasal mucus are one of the important factors causing hypersensitivity in the nasal mucosa.     

Effects of intranasal azelastine on the response to nasal allergen challenge.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Azelastine, a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist, is available for topical administration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of topical intranasal azelastine on the early-phase and the late-phase allergic responses and on nasal hyper-responsiveness to methacholine. STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover study in 20 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis, out of their allergy season. METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or two puffs of azelastine twice a day (548 microg/d) for 2 weeks followed by nasal challenge with allergen. Twenty-four hours later, while still receiving treatment, subjects underwent a nasal lavage and a nasal challenge with methacholine. End points included symptom scores, levels of mediators and number of eosinophils in nasal lavages, and the weight of secretions after methacholine challenge. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, treatment with intranasal azelastine resulted in significant reductions in allergen-induced sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, nasal congestion, and levels of albumin during the early-phase response (P <.05). Azelastine had no effect on levels of histamine or tryptase during the early-phase response. There was a significant eosinophil influx 24 hours after challenge, which was not inhibited by azelastine. Treatment with azelastine had no effect on the levels of albumin, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and eosinophil cationic protein during the late-phase response. However, azelastine did show a significant inhibitory effect on the methacholine response 24 hours after nasal allergen challenge (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: The effects of intranasal azelastine are similar to those of oral second-generation antihistamines.