超低压井堵漏工艺技术研究与应用

针对开绕组永磁复合轮毂(Permanent Magnet Compact In-Wheel, PMCW)电机驱动系统中单开关管开路故障工况,在60°坐标系下,提出了基于双三相四开关逆变器的电压空间矢量调制(SVPWM)重构容错控制策略。该策略采用电压解析模型法进行故障诊断,通过桥臂冗余开关组合在线模拟开关管故障,依据矢量分解准则,在一个调制周期内,一个逆变器钳位于对应三角区域顶点的相同冗余开关状态,另一个逆变器进行电压矢量合成,两个逆变器交替运行在钳位和矢量合成状态,在不增加额外器件的情况下,实现了开绕组PMCW电机驱动系统单开关管开路故障容错运行,并兼顾了双逆变器之间的功率平衡。仿真和实验验证了该容错控制策略能够实现开绕组PMCW电机驱动系统从开关管故障状态到容错运行的平滑、可靠切换。     

Boost-Flyback单级PFC电路的原边控制策略

针对Boost-Flyback单级功率因数校正(PFC)电路的原边控制技术进行研究。由于Boost-Flyback单级PFC电路中开关管电流同时包含输入电感电流和反激变压器电流,传统反激式变流器的原边控制方法不再适用。本文提出并研究了适合双电感单级PFC拓扑下的两种原边控制策略,即变频控制策略和恒定频率控制策略,并对比两种控制策略的性能。为满足高精度恒流输出,高功率因数值及低谐波分量等多方面指标,本文研究不同控制策略的电路参数优化方法,特别是电感取值的优化。经对比分析,在减小输出电流纹波及提高功率因数方面,变频控制策略比恒定频率控制策略更具优势。最后在一台交流输入180～264V,恒流输出32V/0.7A的样机上对理论分析结果予以验证。     

一种具有中点电位平衡可降低损耗的三电平空间矢量调制方法

对中点钳位式(NPC)三电平逆变器降低开关损耗的方法进行研究。提出一种新的不连续空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)方法,在单位功率因数下实现大电流不开关原则,较大程度的降低开关损耗。另外由于中点电位平衡是三电平NPC的固有问题,基于不连续SVPWM,提出一种滞环控制策略,通过切换矢量序列方式控制中点电位平衡。仿真和实验结果证明了本文提出的新型调制方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于改进的广义谐波小波包分解和混沌振子的小电流接地系统故障选线

小电流系统发生故障时,各线路零序电流具有非平稳、非线性等复杂特性。本文提出一种基于改进的广义谐波小波包分解算法和混沌振子检测的小电流接地系统故障选线方法。广义谐波小波包分解算法经过扩频,能进行任意频段及任意频宽的信号特征提取,且计算量小,实现信号的快速无混叠分离。Duffing振子系统不受噪声影响且对于与内驱动力同频的外界信号具有高度敏感性,对Duffing振子系统进行时标变换,可以适应不同频率信号的检测要求,通过观察相图的变化可以准确选出故障线路。数值仿真验证了该算法的准确性及可靠性。     

基于优化虚拟矢量的三电平逆变器中点电位平衡闭环控制

通过对二极管钳位型逆变器中点电位不平衡引起的直流侧电容电压振荡、功率器件电压应力增加及输出电压谐波等问题的分析,提出一种基于优化虚拟空间矢量的三电平逆变器中点电位平衡闭环控制方案,通过构建包含优化因子的最近三虚拟空间矢量模型合成参考空间矢量,根据中点电压实时反馈量对其进行优化,减少输出电压的谐波及失真,同时引入中点电位的不平衡量,计算出各优化虚拟空间矢量作用时间的补偿量,并利用对负载位移角的在线估计实现系统闭环控制。仿真与实验结果表明本方案具有良好的多电平逆变器中点电位平衡控制性能,有效降低了直流侧电容波动。     

基于全响应功率补偿的电压型PWM整流器直接功率控制

为提高直流环节的动态响应,抑制功率突变时的母线电压波动,本文在建立双PWM变频调速系统能量平衡数学模型的基础上,将无功电流引入功率调节环,采用输出功率直接反馈,首次提出动态和稳态分步补偿的全响应直接功率控制策略,即以功率为控制量,对稳态所需能量进行实时性补偿,对动态所需能量以n个期望控制周期为单位进行阶段性补偿。实验结果表明,改进后的电压型PWM整流器控制策略显著提高了直流环节的动态响应,且有效抑制直流母线电压波动,实现了对双PWM变频系统能量流动的精确控制和协调性能的提升。     

基于新型四象限开关单元的并联型有源滤波器

提出了一族基于新型四象限开关单元的并联型有源电力滤波器(Parallel Active Power Filter,PAPF)拓扑。它实质上由降压型最小功率单元通过有机方式组合而成,解决了传统有源滤波器拓扑的桥臂直通隐患,且具有可高频、高效率运行的优点。本文以一种半桥型交错降压有源滤波器(IB-APF)为例,详细分析研究了其工作原理,给出了其控制策略,仿真和实验结果验证了这种新型有源滤波器的可行性。该族有源滤波器特别适合于高可靠性的场合,同时具备优良的补偿性能。     

基于空间直角坐标系的逆变器调制波研究

基于空间直角坐标系,对逆变器三相调制波进行研究,提出三维空间调制波矢量的概念并讨论其特点。利用调制波矢量得到了SPWM和SVPWM的解析表达式,使调制方法、控制策略、主电路成为一个整体,便于进行统一建模,具有几何含义清晰、理解直观、计算简单等优点。利用Matlab/Simulink进行仿真和逆变器平台进行实验,结果证明研究方法正确有效。     

三相并网逆变器静止坐标系零稳态误差电流控制分析及在线切换控制研究

电流控制是三相并网逆变器运行的关键问题之一。为了实现快速准确的电流控制,深入分析了三相并网逆变器旋转坐标系PI控制、静止坐标系PR控制和静止坐标系PCI控制三者之间的联系和区别,证明了静止坐标系PR控制和旋转坐标系PI控制两者并不等效,探讨了静止坐标系PR控制和PCI控制在动态性能和稳态性能方面的特点,并提出一种在线平滑切换方案,有效利用两者的优势,最后搭建了基于TMS320F2812 DSP的数字控制实验平台,完成了电网电压平衡/不平衡两种情况下的实验测试,为不同工况下合理选择控制策略提供了重要的理论依据。     

一种高动态性能的级联型有源电力滤波器

基于级联H桥多电平拓扑的有源电力滤波器(Active Power Filter, APF)的研究越来越广泛。本文针对级联型APF系统的动态性能进行了研究。首先分析了电网电流反馈控制动态响应慢的原因和理想情况时的动态响应,在此基础上提出了一种提高系统动态性能的方法,该方法的特点是:稳态时,系统的控制策略为电网电流反馈控制,负载突变时,系统采用复合控制策略。文中进一步详细阐述了其实现方法,并对级联APF直流侧电容电压均衡控制的原理及其硬件实现进行了描述。仿真和实验结果表明,采用该方法的级联APF具有较高的稳态和动态补偿性能。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."