淫羊藿属主要资源种类的化学品质比较研究

本文对淫羊藿属主要资源种类药材化学品质进行综合比较研究。应用HPLC法建立不同品种淫羊藿药材中朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷及宝藿苷I等5种指标成分的含量测定方法,通过紫外-可见分光光度法测定淫羊藿总黄酮含量,并考察样品中水分、灰分、酸不溶性灰分和醇溶性浸出物等含量,比较不同品种淫羊藿药材化学品质。结果显示,不同品种淫羊藿药材中含有朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷及宝藿苷I等异戊烯基黄酮苷类成分的种类及含量各不相同,结合总黄酮含量及水分、灰分等常规理化实验项目测定结果,表明不同品种淫羊藿药材化学品质差异较大。本研究为不同品种淫羊藿药材综合质量评价体系的建立提供理论和实验依据。     

专利

盐酸赛庚啶滴丸及其制备方法；氯雷他定口腔崩解片及其制备方法；人参皂甙单体Rb1在制备治疗心肌细胞损伤药物中的应用；一种皂苷类成分作为制备抗柯萨奇病毒药物的应用；淫羊藿总黄酮片剂及制备方法；     

生精胶囊主要组分的薄层色谱鉴别

目的:为生精胶囊的质量控制寻找检验依据.方法:采用薄层色谱法对方中的君药黄芪、人参,臣药当归,佐药淫羊藿,使药牡丹皮进行鉴别试验,以黄芪甲苷、人参皂苷Rgl、人参皂苷Re、淫羊藿苷、丹皮酚、当归为对照品和对照药材,以除去被检药材后制备的样品为空白对照.结果:供试品色谱中,在与对照品、对照药材相应的位置上有相同的斑点,空白对照试验无干扰.结论:薄层色谱法简便、灵敏,为生精胶囊的质量控制提供了一个有效的定性方法.     

不同厂家炙朝鲜淫羊藿饮片主成分含量比较

目的:对不同厂家炙朝鲜淫羊藿饮片主成分进行比较。方法:以反相高效液相色谱(PR-HPLC)法同时测定炙朝鲜淫羊藿饮片中5种主要黄酮类成分朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷和宝藿苷I的含量。结果:朝藿定A以亳州千草药业有限公司的炙朝鲜淫羊藿饮片含量最高;朝藿定B、朝藿定C以药都集团茗都中药饮片有限公司的炙朝鲜淫羊藿饮片含量最高;淫羊藿苷、宝藿苷I以安徽滕王药业有限公司的炙朝鲜淫羊藿饮片含量最高。结论:建立多种成分的含量测定方法可全面控制炙朝鲜淫羊藿饮片质量。     

HPLC测定大鼠血浆中的三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1

目的 采用HPLC测定大鼠血浆中三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1的含量.方法 以淫羊藿为内标,采用C18色谱柱,乙腈-水线性梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长203 nm.结果 样品中的3种皂苷成分分离良好,且线性关系良好;R1、Rg1和Rb1的线性范围分别为2～200、5.5～550、1...     

紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定淫羊藿总黄酮含量的比较研究

目的:比较紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定淫羊藿总黄酮含量的差异,探讨淫羊藿总黄酮含量测定方法的可靠性。方法:紫外分光光度法以淫羊藿苷为指标性成分,在270 nm 波长处进行测定。高效液相色谱法以 ZORBAX SB-C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为分析柱,乙腈-水梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为270 nm。经紫外光谱识别的黄酮类成分(部分经 ESI-MS 确认),除朝藿定 C、淫羊藿苷、鼠李糖基淫羊藿次苷-Ⅱ和宝藿苷Ⅰ以自身对照外,其他黄酮类成分均以淫羊藿苷为参比进行定量,淫羊藿总黄酮含量等于朝藿定 C、淫羊藿苷、鼠李糖基淫羊藿次苷-Ⅱ、宝藿苷Ⅰ和其他黄酮成分含量之和。结果:紫外分光光度法,淫羊藿苷在2.45～24.50μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9996),测得淫羊藿总黄酮含量以淫羊藿苷计为56.6%。高效液相色谱法中,与淫羊藿苷紫外光谱相似的33个色谱峰,MS 归属了其中10个主要成分均为黄酮类成分。朝藿定 C、淫羊藿苷、鼠李糖基淫羊藿次苷-Ⅱ和宝藿苷Ⅰ分别在0.093～1.852μg(r=0.9998)、0.107～2.136μg(r=0.9997)、0.094～1.876μg(r=0.9998)、0.098～1.956μg(r=0.9998)线性关系良好,淫羊藿总黄酮含量为35.6%。结论:紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法测定的淫羊藿总黄酮含量差异显著,紫外分光光度法的准确性有待进一步考证。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定不同品种淫羊藿药材中5种主要黄酮类成分的含量

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法测定不同品种淫羊藿药材中5种主要黄酮类成分含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Zorbax SB-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(梯度洗脱),检测波长为270nm,柱温为30℃,同时测定淫羊藿药材中淫羊藿苷、朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、宝藿苷Ⅰ的含量。结果:5种成分均能达到基线分离,线性良好。不同品种淫羊藿药材中5种主要黄酮类成分的含量差别较大。结论:建议在考察淫羊藿药材的质量时,不能只考察淫羊藿苷,应建立多种黄酮类成分测定指标,以全面控制淫羊藿药材的质量。     

HPLC-DAD/ELSD、UPLC-MS/MS分析复方五仁醇胶囊中皂苷类成分

目的：分析复方五仁醇胶囊中皂苷类成分。方法：分别采用HPLC—DAD／ELSD、UPLC—MS／MS检测,通过与对照品色谱图比对及比较制剂和对照品提取离子流色谱图（EIC）。并通过质谱图相关离子峰分析,鉴别制剂中的皂苷类成分。结果：HPLC—DAD／ELSD检测出三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1及人参皂苷Rb1,未检测到柴胡皂苷A和D;UPLC—MS／MS除检测到上述3种三七皂苷类成分外,还检测到柴胡皂苷D,但柴胡皂苷A仍未检测到。结论：复方五仁醇胶囊中存在三七和柴胡所含皂苷类成分。     

提高更年乐胶囊质量标准的研究

目的：修订了更年乐胶囊的质量标准。方法：采用TLC对处方中的人参和淫羊藿进行鉴别;用高效液相色谱法测定淫羊藿苷的含量。结果：在TLC色谱中均能检出人参和淫羊藿；淫羊藿苷的含量限度不低于0．13mg／粒。结论：所建立的方法简便可行，重现性好，提供了更年乐胶囊较佳的质量控制方法。     

不同方法炮制对巫山淫羊藿中主要成分朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的影响

目的:研究不同方法炮制对巫山淫羊藿中主要成分朝藿定C及淫羊藿苷的影响。方法:采用RP-HPLC法,使用Shim-pack VP-ODS(5μm,150 mm×4.6 mm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水(25∶75)流动相,流速为1 mL·min-1,检测波长270 nm,柱温30℃,比较不同炮制品中朝藿定C及淫羊藿苷含量的变化。结果:巫山淫羊藿不同炮制品中活性成分淫羊藿苷含量均有较大程度的上升;而朝藿定C变化则比较复杂,除羊脂油炙巫山淫羊藿中朝藿定C含量有较大的下降外,其余均有较小程度的上升。结论:加热炮制可能促使巫山淫羊藿中的其他成分分解或转化为淫羊藿苷;羊脂油炙巫山淫羊藿中朝藿定C含量有较大的下降,提示朝藿定C可能不是淫羊藿中的助阳成分;不同方法炮制对巫山淫羊藿主要成分影响较大,提示巫山淫羊藿在临床应用时必须选择合适的炮制方法。     

A rapid method for simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids in Epimedium using pressurized liquid extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography

Herba Epimedii (family Berberidaceae), Yinyanghuo in Chinese, is one of commonly used Chinese medicines. Flavonoids are considered as its active components. In this study, a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids, including hexandraside E, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, hexandraside F, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, epimedoside C, baohuoside II, caohuoside C, baohuoside VII, sagittatoside A, sagittatoside B, 2'-O-rhamnosyl icariside II and baohuoside I in different species of Epimedium. The analysis was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC system with an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm x 2.1mm I.D., 1.7 microm) and gradient elution of 50mM acetic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile within 12 min. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R2>0.9997) within test ranges. The LOD and LOQ were lower than 0.13 and 0.52 ng on column, respectively. The R.S.D.s for intra- and inter-day of 15 analytes were less than 5.0% at three levels, and the recoveries were 95.0-103.7%. The validated method was successfully applied to quantitatively analyze 15 flavonoids in different species of Epimedium. The results showed there were great variations among the contents of investigated flavonoids. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on characteristics of 15 investigated compounds peaks in UPLC profiles showed that 37 samples were divided into 3 main clusters, which were in accordance with their flavonoids contents. The simulative mean chromatogram of the high content cluster was generated to compare the samples from different species and/or locations of Epimedium. Four flavonoids including epimedin A, B, C and icariin were selected as markers for quality control of the species of Epimedium used as Yinyanghuo.     

药典内5种淫羊藿中黄酮类成分的反相高效液相色谱分析

报道了药典规定的5种淫羊藿──淫羊藿、箭叶淫羊藿、巫山淫羊藿、柔毛淫羊藿和朝鲜淫羊藿中9种黄酮──淫羊藿甙(icariin)、宝藿甙-Ⅰ(baohuosideI)、宝藿甙-Ⅱ(baohuosideⅡ)、淫羊藿甙A(epimedosideA)、箭藿甙B(sagittatosideB)、朝藿定B(epimedinB)、朝藿定C(epimedinC)、大花淫羊藿甙C(ikarisosideC)和大花淫羊藿甙F(ikarisosideF)的反相高效液相色谱测定。色谱柱为DISK-C_phenlyl,流动相为乙腈-乙酸液(水:36%乙酸=100:4),梯度洗脱,检测波长为272nm。     

主要人参皂甙的分布和比例及人参产品的质量控制

采用反相高效液相色谱法，对１５０多种西洋参、人参及三七的根、叶及其产品进行了分析。以８种主要的人参皂甙Ｒｇ，Ｒｅ，Ｒｆ，Ｒｂ１，Ｒｃ，Ｒｂ２，Ｒｇ２和Ｒｄ作为对照品，来评价人参及其产品的质量，这８种人参皂甙的分布及其比例在对人参及其商品的定性、定量分析方面具有显著的意义。本文首次提出了单体皂甙的含量比率这一有价值的数据在人参品种及不同用药部位鉴定方面的有效性。     

不同采收季节的淫羊藿中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的含量比较

目的比较3个贵州主流产淫羊藿药材在不同采收季节中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的含量。方法用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定粗毛淫羊藿、巫山淫羊藿、黔岭淫羊藿中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量。采用EliteSinoChromODS—AP柱（250mm×4．6mm,5．0Ixm）,流动相为乙腈（A）一水（B）梯度洗脱（0—22rain,27％_29％A;22～23rain,29％_÷100％A;23～34rain,100％A;34～36rain,loO％一27％A;36～50min,27％A）。结果朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷进样量分别在13．22～396．6Ixg（r=0．9999）和3．026～151．3斗g范围内与峰面积均呈良好线性关系（r=0．9999）,平均回收率均在98．0％一105．O％范围内;粗毛淫羊藿中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量分别为0．516％～2．973％,0．096％～0．216％;黔岭淫羊藿中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的含量分别为0．071％～0．185％,0．081％～0．164％;巫山淫羊藿含朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量分别为1．015％～4．219％,0．080％～0．190％。结论巫山淫羊藿中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量最高,其次为粗毛淫羊藿、黔岭淫羊藿,说明不同产地、不同品种的淫羊藿药材中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量差异较大．     

Characterization of medicinal Epimedium species by 5S rRNA gene spacer sequencing

Sequences of 5S rRNA gene spacer were used to identify Epimedium brevicornu Maxim., E. sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim., E. wushanense T. S. Ying, E. pubescens Maxim., and E. koreanum Nakai. These species are listed as source plants of Chinese medicine 'Ying Yang Huo' in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The neighbor-joining method was used in a sequence analysis of Epimedium species. A position-specific nucleotide was found in the 5S rRNA gene spacer for E. pubescens, E. wushanense, and E. brevicornu. A 19-bp deletion was found for E. koreanum in the 5S rRNA gene spacer. E. koreanum was most divergent from the other four endemic Chinese species of Epimedium.     

Chemical pattern-aided classification to simplify the intricacy of morphological taxonomy of Epimedium species using chromatographic fingerprinting

Epimedium herb (Yinyanghuo), one of the popular Chinese materia medica, is a multiple species colony of Epimedium genus belonging to Berberidaceae. There are five species of Epimedium that have been officially adopted in Chinese Pharmacopoeia under the same crude drug name ‘Yinyanghuo’ comprising Epimedium brevicornu, E. koreanum, E. sagittatum, E. pubescens, and E. wushanense. In addition, non-official species like E. acuminatum, E. miryanthum and E. leptorrhizum are also mix-used. Frequently, the morphological taxonomical identification is very difficult during on-site inspection for species authentication in the market. Researchers are often bewildered by the multiple species ambiguity when putting this crude drug in use. Referring to the bioactive constituents that are vital for therapeutic efficacy, the key to clarifying the multiple species confusion should rely on analysis of the bioactive composition. It is well known that medicinal Epimedium herbs contain special C-8 prenylated flavonol glycosides which contribute to various bioactivities and the major four, epimedin A (A), epimedin B (B), epimedin C (C) and icariin (I), are unanimously used as bioactive markers for quality control. In this study, HPLC-DAD fingerprinting was performed for investigating the molecular spectrum of various Epimedium species. It was found that the four major flavonoids constitute the middle part of the chromatographic profiles to form a specific region (named as ‘ABCI fingerprint region’) being dominant in the HPLC profiles of all medicinal Epimedium species, and the five official species express five different ‘ABCI’ patterns (different peak: peak ratios). Our study found that the convergent tendency of the ‘ABCI region’ among multiple species of Epimedium could facilitate differentiation of complex commercial samples based on similar bioactive composition should confer similar bioactivities. Merging the different species that possess the same ‘ABCI region’ pattern into the same group can create a simpler bioactive-fraction-aided classification array by clustering the commercial samples into three bioactive ingredients-based fingerprint patterns – ‘E.b. pattern’, ‘E.k. pattern’ and ‘extensive E.w. pattern’. This approach offers the feasibility of characterizing and quality-controlling complex samples in the same genus designated under a single herbal drug entity on the premise of possessing the same bioactive ingredients pattern and supported by long-term traditional usage.     

Medicinal history and ginsenosides composition of Panax ginseng rhizome, "Rozu"

Ginseng is prepared from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer root. The root of wild P. ginseng has long tortuous rhizome called traditionally "Rozu" in Japanese. In the present historical studies on ginseng, it has been proven that ginseng has sometimes been used after removing "Rozu" due to its emetic effects. However, ginseng with "Rozu" is prescribed in almost all the present Kampo formulations used clinically in China and Japan. Possible reasons for this are (1) some formulations including "Rozu" have been used for vomiting resulting from the retention of fluid in the intestine and stomach, "tan-in" in Japanese, and (2) the present cultivated ginseng has shorter "Rozu" than wild ginseng. Furthermore, it is proved that "Rozu", rich in ginsenoside Ro with oleanane-type aglycone, is distinguished from ginseng roots rich in ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 with dammarane-type aglycone. This is the first report to declare the distribution of ginsenosides in underground parts of wild P. ginseng. Ginsenoside Ro is a minor ginsenoside in ginseng whereas it is the major ginsenoside in P. japonicus rhizome (chikusetsu-ninjin in Japanese). Ginsenoside Ro is characterized by antiinflammatory effects which differ from ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 responsible for adaptogenic effects of ginseng. These results suggest that "Rozu" containing both oleanane- and dammarane-type ginsenosides might be a promising raw material distinct from ginseng root or P. japonicus rhizome.     

Axonal and dendritic extension by protopanaxadiol-type saponins from ginseng drugs in SK-N-SH cells

Extension of axons and dendrites in neurons may compensate for and repair damaged neuronal networks in the dementia brain. To find out drugs capable of regenerating the neuronal network, we focused on several herbal drugs belonging to the genus Panax, kinds of Ginseng, and investigated neurite outgrowth activity of their extracts and compounds. We found that the methanol extracts of Ginseng (root of P. ginseng), Notoginseng (root of P. notoginseng) and Ye-Sanchi in Chinese (rhizome of a relative to P. vietnamensis) increased neurite outgrowth in SK-N-SH cells. The protopanaxadiol-type saponins, ginsenosides Rb(1) and Rb(3), and notoginsenosides R(4) and Fa isolated from Ye-Sanchi extract extended neurites, while protopanaxatriol-, ocotillol- and oleanane-type saponins had no effect on the neurite outgrowth. The percentage of cells with multipolar neurites and number of varicosities were intensely high in cells treated with the methanol extract of Ye-Sanchi as well as ginsenosides Rb(1) and Rb(3), and notoginsenosides R(4) and Fa. Both phosphorylated NF-H-expressing neurites and MAP2-expressing ones were extended by treatment with those saponins and the extract. Especially, longer neurites were mainly positive for phosphorylated NF-H. These results suggest that protopanaxadiol-type saponins enhance axonal and dendritic formation activity.     

A comparative study on commercial samples of ginseng radix

A total of 37 commercial samples of Ginseng Radix, the origins of which belonged to Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, P. quinquefolia Linn. (American ginseng), and P. notoginseng Burkill (sanchi-ginseng), respectively, were collected from the Taiwan herbal markets. The contents of nine ginsenosides, Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg(1), Rg(2), R(0), and three malonylginsenosides, mRb(1), mRb(2), mRc, in these samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was found that the saponin contents in P. notoginseng and P. quinquefolia were generally higher than in P. ginseng. The ginsenosides that were of the highest contents in the white-ginseng, red-ginseng, and shihchu-ginseng samples of P. ginseng were Rb(1) and Rg(1); those in the root-hair of P. ginseng were Rb(1) and Re, those in P. notoginseng were Rb(1), Rg(1) and Rd, and those in P. quinquefolia were Rb(1), Re, and mRb(1). Among the samples, those of P. quinquefolia did not contain Rf and Rg(2), whilst those of shihehu-ginseng and red-ginseng of P. ginseng contained none or only traces of the malonylginsenosides. From the data of chemical analysis of a herb's constituents and its external appearance, we can postulate not only the quality but also the origin of the herb.