经皮微创加压螺钉内固定治疗腕舟状骨骨折

目的探讨采用经皮微创加压螺钉内固定治疗腕舟状骨骨折的疗效。方法采用经皮微创加压螺钉内固定治疗腕舟状骨骨折9例。结果本组获随访3~6个月,骨折均获得愈合,骨折平均愈合时间为8周。患者于功能活动时均无腕部疼痛,腕关节活动度均达到对侧的90%以上。结论采用微创方法置入加压螺钉内固定治疗新鲜腕舟状骨骨折,近期疗效满意。     

经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗新鲜腕舟状骨腰部骨折12例

目的 探讨空心螺钉内固定治疗腕舟状骨骨折的方法、手术适应证及优缺点.方法 采用经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗新鲜无移位腕舟状骨腰部骨折12例.结果 12例患者随访6～18个月,均达到临床愈合,腕部疼痛减轻或消失,按照Cooney腕关节功能评定优11例,良1例.结论 经皮空心钉固定治疗腕舟状骨骨折创伤小,由于螺钉有加压作用,术后恢复快,功能良好,是治疗新鲜无移位腕舟状骨骨折的一个良好选择.     

双加压螺钉内固定治疗腕舟状骨骨折

目的总结双加压螺钉治疗腕舟状骨骨折的临床疗效。方法自2006年1月至2009年6月共收治11例腕舟状骨骨折,按Herbert分型均为Ⅱ型,按术前手术方案选择不同入路,复位后均行双加压螺钉内固定。结果9例获随访,时间2个月～1年6个月,8例腕关节功能恢复良好,其中7例腕关节桡偏、尺偏、掌曲、背伸活动与健侧相比无明显差别,1例稍差于健侧。1例在活动时偶有酸痛感,其余均无明显疼痛等不适。X线检查8例骨折已愈合,1例发现在术后4个月时出现骨断端骨吸收现象,愈合缓慢。结论腕舟状骨骨折早期诊断是决定其治疗效果重要因素之一,手术适应证的掌握及牢固固定是又一重要因素。双加压螺钉已成为首选内固定。微创手术发展是新选择及趋势,具有更大优势。     

可吸收螺钉治疗不稳定型腕舟状骨骨折17例疗效分析

目的探讨可吸收螺钉治疗不稳定型腕舟状骨骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析17例不稳定型腕舟状骨骨折患者的临床资料,骨折端均有移位但无明显骨质缺损,均采用切开复位、可吸收螺钉内固定治疗。结果17例均获随访,平均10(8~12)月,均获骨性愈合,骨性愈合时间平均6.4月,腕关节活动范围在106°~128°之间。疗效评价:优11例,良5例,差1例。结论可吸收螺钉内固定对腕舟状骨骨折的加压固定可靠,可避免二次手术取出内固定,对腕关节损伤小,是治疗不稳定腕舟状骨骨折的有效方法。     

微型哈勃螺钉内固定治疗腕舟状骨骨折疗效分析

目的 总结腕舟状骨骨折采用微型哈勃螺钉内固定手术治疗结果并加以分析.方法 对腕舟状骨骨折10例采用腕桡侧切口切开复位、微型哈勃螺钉内固定.评价骨折愈合情况和腕关节功能.结果 骨折全部愈合,骨折愈合时间2.2～3.9个月,平均3.0个月.腕关节功能得到明显改善.结论 腕舟状骨骨折采用微型哈勃螺钉内固定手术治疗,易于骨折愈合、疗效确切.     

可吸收螺钉治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折的临床应用

目的 通过自体桡骨远端植骨、可吸收螺钉固定治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折的临床应用,探讨腕舟状骨骨折治疗新方法.方法 2002年1月-2007年5月,应用自体桡骨远端松质骨植骨,聚-DL-乳酸可吸收螺钉治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折18例.其中男13例,女5例;年龄17～41岁.均有手掌撑地外伤史.鼻烟窝及腕舟状骨结节区压痛,握力下降.腕关节背伸(36±2)°,掌屈(30±3)°,桡偏(8±3)°,尺偏(13±2)°结果 18例术后随访3～50个月,平均15.7个月.18例骨折全部愈合,愈合时间为术后3～8个月,平均4.5个月.16例腕关节背伸(68±2)°掌屈(65±3)°,桡偏(15±3)°,尺偏(28±5)°,腕关节活动无疼痛及不适感,无力症状消失.另2例腕关节背伸(40±8)°,掌屈(35±6)°,桡偏(8±5)°,尺偏(12±5)°,与术前相比无明显改善,日常生活中偶有疼痛,腕背伸力量减弱.未发生术后感染及内固定物断裂.结论 可吸收螺钉作为一种新的生物内固定材料治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折,具有生物相容性好、促进骨折愈合、无需二次手术取出等优点.     

可吸收螺钉治疗HerbertB型舟状骨骨折

目的讨论用可吸收螺钉治疗HerbertB型舟状骨骨折的临床疗效。方法随机抽取本院2004年1月至2009年5月Her-bertB型舟状骨骨折患者16例,采用切开复位,2．0mm可吸收螺钉固定,术后早期进行腕关节的屈伸及前臂的旋转活动,定期随访评估腕关节功能。结果16例骨折均获I期愈合,腕关节功能恢复满意。结论用可吸收螺钉治疗HerbertB型舟状骨骨折．无需二次手术取出内固定,患者能早期进行功能锻炼,并获得良好疗效。     

腕关节支具固定治疗舟状骨隐匿性骨折

目的：探讨腕舟状骨隐匿性骨折的治疗方法。方法对23例舟状骨隐匿性骨折采用腕关节支具固定。结果最后确诊舟状骨骨折8例，占所有可疑骨折的34.8％，对所有确诊病例随访6个月～3年，无骨折移位、骨不连、缺血性坏死及骨关节炎发生；排除舟状骨骨折15例，所有排除病例随访3～4个月，未出现漏诊病例，腕关节功能正常。结论采用腕关节支具固定治疗舟状骨隐匿性骨折，有利于腕部韧带、关节囊等软组织的修复及局部肿胀的早期消退，对于潜在的骨折有足够的腕关节制动，避免因延迟诊断或漏诊导致严重的并发症，并且有利于早期功能锻炼。     

经皮掌侧Herbert空心螺钉治疗急性Herbert A、B1、B2型腕舟状骨骨折疗效观察

目的探讨经皮掌侧入路Herbert空心螺钉内固定治疗急性Herbert A、B1、B2型腕舟状骨骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法采用经皮掌侧入路治疗急性Herbert A、B1、B2型腕舟状骨骨折11例。结果随访5~18个月,骨折均获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间2.5个月,改良Mayo腕关节功能评分:优8例,良3例。结论 Herbert A型、B1-2型腕舟状骨骨折,早期采用经皮掌侧入路Herbert空心螺钉内固定治疗,骨折固定牢靠、骨折愈合率高、腕关节功能恢复良好,是治疗腕舟状骨骨折的有效方法之一。     

掌侧入路AO空心螺钉内固定加植骨治疗舟骨骨折不愈合

目的总结掌侧入路AO空心螺钉内固定加植骨治疗舟骨骨折不愈合的治疗效果。方法对16例腕舟骨腰部陈旧性骨折不愈合患者,采用以舟骨结节为中心的掌侧入路,暴露、搔刮骨折断端,切除桡骨茎突并取松质骨植骨。自舟状骨结节远端穿导针确定舟状骨轴心后。用AO 3．0mm空心螺钉加压固定,术后适当的功能锻炼,观察骨折愈合时间。结果术后随访9-24个月,陈旧性舟骨骨折均获得愈合,平均愈合时间14周,腕关节活动度及握力达到健侧的92％和88％,腕关节疼痛及鼻烟窝压痛基本消失。结论对于舟状骨腰部骨折不愈合患者,采用掌侧入路,AO空心螺钉内固定加植骨治疗,在同一切口内可完成植骨及加压内固定,手术方式较为简单,术后骨折愈合率高,疗效确切。     

经皮腕掌侧入路Herbert螺钉内固定治疗非移位性舟骨骨折

目的：总结经皮腕掌侧入路Herbert螺钉内固定治疗舟骨骨折的经验。方法：自2008年4月至2012年9月,采用经皮腕掌侧入路Herbert螺钉内固定治疗舟骨骨折15例,男14例,女1例;年龄25～45岁,平均35岁;左侧10例,右侧5例。患者自受伤至就诊时间3～10 d,平均5 d.术前均行常规X线及CT检查,所有舟骨骨折提示均为B2型骨折（Herbert分型）.根据腕关节功能Krimmer评分标准对所有患者术后腕关节功能恢复情况进行评价。结果：15例患者获随访,时间5～18个月,平均10个月。术后3个月内每月复查X线1次,骨折愈合时间7～14周,平均10周,螺钉位置良好。术后参考Krimmer评分标准进行腕关节功能评定,14例为100分,1例90分。所有患者腕掌小切口Ⅰ期愈合,无感染和骨不愈合等并发症发生。结论：经皮腕掌侧入路Herbert螺钉内固定治疗舟骨骨折是一种微创、骨折愈合率高、并发症相对较少的有效治疗方法。     

经皮腕背入路DTJ空心螺钉内固定治疗舟骨骨折

目的 总结经皮腕背人路DTJ空心螺钉内固定治疗舟骨骨折的经验.方法 利用经皮腕背人路DTJ空心螺钉内固定治疗舟骨骨折患者12例,男10例,女2例;年龄16~39岁,平均25岁.根据改良Herbert舟骨骨折分型:A2型3例,82型5例,83型2例,D1型2例.10例新鲜骨折患者自受伤至就诊时间为1~12d,平均3.5d;2例纤维愈合患者自受伤至就诊时间分别为76d和68d.结果 骨愈合时间为术后6.5~9.5周,平均8.5周.除1例患者行体力劳动后自觉有轻度腕痛外,其余11例患者术后疼痛均消失.患者均获得随访,随访时间6~26个月,平均14个月.12例患者术后患手握力恢复至健侧的平均86.4%(82%~93%),患侧腕关节屈伸活动度恢复至健侧的平均87.5%(83%~100%).除1例患者体力劳动后自觉有轻度腕痛改变原工作外,6例患者于术后平均5.5周(4.5~8周)返回原工作岗位,5例学生患者于术后平均4.5个月(3~6个月)恢复体育运动.所有患者腕背小切口均一期愈合,无感染等并发症发生.结论 经皮腕背入路DTJ空心螺钉内固定是一种微创、骨折愈合率高、并发症相对较少的舟骨骨折的有效治疗方法.     

双空心螺钉内固定术治疗Herbert B型腕舟骨骨折

目的探讨采用2枚微型空心螺钉内固定术治疗腕舟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对13例腕舟骨骨折采用双空心螺钉行切开复位内固定术,均选择掌侧入路,早期功能锻炼。术后评估腕部疼痛、腕关节活动度、手部握力及骨折愈合情况,并用Krimmer评分法评估疗效。结果 13例均获随访,随访时间12～32个月,平均15个月。骨折均一期愈合,治愈率为100%。愈合时间为4～9周,平均6周。11例活动度与健侧相同,无疼痛等不适感觉。2例桡偏和掌屈欠5°～10°,腕关节掌屈时感轻度疼痛,无其他并发症。按Krimmer评分法评估总体疗效:优11例,良2例。结论采用双空心螺钉切开复位内固定治疗腕舟骨骨折,愈合率高,功能恢复好,是治疗腕舟骨骨折的一种较好方法。     

Wrist: Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Scaphoid Fractures and Injuries of the Scapholunate Ligament

Summary BACKGROUND: Fractures of the scaphoid and injuries to the scapholunate ligament are mostly seen as causes of the acute and chronic painful wrist. Strict guidelines are necessary to precisely detect these lesions in the acute stage and to provide adequate treatment. A computed tomography bone scan parallel to the long axis of the scaphoid is best for demonstrating fractures and any associated deformities. Scapholunate ligament injuries are best staged by standard plane radiographs including stress views and by arthroscopy of the wrist. METHODS: To avoid lengthy plaster immobilization and to lower the risk of nonunion, displaced and comminuted scaphoid fractures of the wrist as well as all proximal pole fractures should be internally fixed. Headless screws such as the Herbert screw, now available in a cannulated shape, allow the minimally invasive stabilization of the majority of these fractures with a high success rate under early mobilization. Undisplaced fractures can be treated conservatively with a below-elbow cast; alternatively, they can be stabilized percutaneously without the need for immobilization in a cast. Early diagnosis of scapholunate ligament injuries is most important, as anatomical healing of the injured ligaments can be expected only with primary treatment including correct realignment of the scaphoid and lunate followed by immobilization in a cast for about 8 weeks. In cases of chronic lesions, ligament reconstruction or even partial wrist fusion can be performed. In order to assess the different procedures, precise classification and staging with regard to a dynamic or static pattern are needed. RESULTS: Early rigid fixation of scaphoid fractures promotes a union rate of up to 100 % with rapid functional recovery. Primary repair of scapholunate ligament injuries provides the best clinical outcome. Ligament reconstruction or partial wrist fusion can help to prevent rapid secondary arthrotic changes in the wrist and leads to significant pain relief, however with restriction of mobility and grip strength. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures and scapholunate ligament injuries improve clinical outcome and significantly reduce post-traumatic arthrotic changes in the wrist.     

Successful treatment of scaphoid fractures and nonunions using bioabsorbable screws: report of six cases

PURPOSE: A variety of implants have been used for the fixation of scaphoid fractures, but we have found no reports on bioabsorbable screws used for this purpose. We report 6 cases of scaphoid fractures treated with bioabsorbable screws. METHODS: Six patients with scaphoid waist region fractures (3) and nonunions (3) treated using bioabsorbable self-reinforced poly-L-lactide screws. Interposition of a bone graft from the iliac crest was used in 4 cases. Immobilization in a short arm-thumb spica cast was applied after surgery for an average of 8 weeks. RESULTS: Solid union was achieved in 5 cases. Using the Mayo modified Green-O'Brien wrist score, we graded the results as excellent in 1 case, good in 4 cases, and poor in the single case of nonunion. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that bioabsorbable self-reinforced poly-L-lactide screws might offer an alternative in the fixation of scaphoid fractures and nonunions in the future, provided that cannulated screws of appropriate size will be available.     

掌侧切开双螺钉顺行固定治疗Herbert B2型腕舟骨骨折的疗效观察

目的：探讨掌侧切开顺行双螺钉固定治疗Herbert B2型腕舟骨骨折的临床及功能疗效。方法：自2005年12月至2010年6月,应用掌侧切开双螺钉顺行固定技术治疗18例Herbert B2型腕舟骨骨折患者,男14例,女4例;年龄21～52岁,平均33.11岁。术后通过X线检查评价其骨折愈合情况,采用改良Mayo腕关节功能评分评价腕关节功能。结果：18例患者获随访,平均随访时间（25.06±4.00）个月,骨折愈合时间（3.55±0.65）个月。18例患者术后4个月腕关节疼痛情况、活动范围、握力均优于术前（P<0.05）.改良Mayo腕关节功能评分由术前42.78±7.32改善至术后4个月的93.89±5.83,术后4个月各项评分及总分均明显优于术前（P<0.05）,优9例,良9例。结论：应用掌侧切开顺行固定技术治疗Herbert B2型腕舟骨骨折,其临床及功能疗效可靠。     

Acutrak无头加压空心螺钉治疗舟骨骨折不愈合

目的：探讨Acutrak无头加压空心螺钉治疗舟骨骨折不愈合的早期疗效。方法：自2008年1月至2011年7月共收治21例舟骨骨折不愈合患者,男18例,女3例,平均年龄（23.6±4.6）岁。右侧12例,左侧9例。根据Herbert-Fisher分型：D1型10例,D2型7例,D3型3例,D4型1例。受伤至手术时间（12.4±2.7）个月。所有患者采用Acutrak无头加压空心螺钉固定,其中6例行2枚螺钉固定,15例行1枚螺钉固定;7例固定同时行Matti-Russe植骨。测量手术前后腕骨高度、舟骨指数及舟月角变化。记录腕关节活动范围及握力,并采用PRWE评分评定手术效果。结果：21例平均随访（21.3±3.6）个月。骨折均影像学愈合,平均愈合时间（13.3±2.4）周。无明显围手术期并发症发生。术后舟骨指数及舟月角分别为0.69±0.10和（44.3±8.2）°,较术前的0.61±0.13和（59.4±6.8）°明显改善（P<0.05）.握力显着提高,疼痛明显缓解。术后PRWE评分高于术前（76.1±5.2 vs 45.2±4.7,P<0.05）.21例术后均返回原工作岗位,平均时间（6.0±1.1）个月。结论：对于舟骨骨折不愈合,Acutrak无头加压空心螺钉固定能达到舟骨解剖复位,术后愈合率高,腕关节功能恢复较好,早期疗效满意。     

逆行可吸收拉力螺钉内固定治疗腕舟骨骨折

目的：探讨逆行可吸收拉力螺钉内固定治疗腕舟骨骨折的手术疗效。方法：2001年12月至2007年12月,18例腕舟骨骨折,男12例,女6例;年龄17～40岁,平均26岁。腕舟骨腰部骨折10例,近端骨折8例。采用逆行可吸收拉力螺钉内固定治疗。结果：18例患者获随访,时间12～36个月,平均25个月。18例中有17例愈合,1例不愈合,平均愈合时间为13周,平均腕关节活动度为健侧的90%,握力为健侧的95%。14例无疼痛,3例轻度疼痛,另外1例不愈合有中度疼痛,除1例不愈合外,其余都能胜任原工作。按Cooney评分标准：总评分由术前的（68.2±1.5）分提高到术后的（88.7±1.2）分,术后各项评分明显高于术前（P〈0.05）;优9例,良8例,差1例。结论：逆行可吸收拉力螺钉内固定治疗腕舟骨骨折手术操作简单,对腕舟骨残存的血运破坏小,固定牢靠,可缩短骨折愈合时间及提高骨折愈合率,是治疗腕舟骨骨折的一种有效的手术方法。     

Current Concepts in the Treatment of Scaphoid Fractures

Abstract Fractures of the carpus are frequent injuries and typically result from of a fall onto the outstretched hand. Scaphoid fractures are the second most frequent fracture type of the hand (80%). 95% of the patients with acute scaphoid fractures are male, and the average age is approximately 25 years. Conservative treatment of acute scaphoid fractures with immobilization in a plaster cast was the therapy of choice for a long time. Surgical treatment was reserved to severe dislocated fractures only. A progress could be obtained by the principle of intramedullary fixation, whose forerunner is represented by the Herbert screw, and the introduction of cannulated screws guaranteed a continuous improvement. The decision to treat the fracture by surgery requires a clear definition of the fracture type. Therefore, precise radiologic technique is mandatory to detect the fracture and to analyze the pathomorphological circumstances. In order to get an exact classification for the decision on how to proceed, three standard X-ray projections (posteroanterior [PA], lateral and Stecher projection) and a CT scan have to be performed. The most well-known classification has been defined by Herbert & Fisher which combines fracture anatomy, stability and disease history in order to derive prognostic and therapeutic criteria. Also, delayed healings and nonunions are considered. To decide on the adequate treatment, a prerequisite for conservative therapy of acute scaphoid fractures is the anatomic position of the scaphoid. Conservative therapy should be reserved to fracture types, which are stable and heal reliably in the lower-arm plaster cast within 6 weeks. All displaced and unstable acute scaphoid fractures should be operated, and whenever possible, rigid internal fixation should be achieved because of interfragmentary compression. Therefore, several intramedullary implants are available for surgical treatment of acute scaphoid fractures, e. g., Herbert screw, Mini Herbert screw, AO screw (cannulated), Acutrac screw (cannulated), or Twin-fix screw (cannulated). With improved surgical and radiologic techniques, most scaphoid fractures are amenable to minimally invasive fixation. The dorsal approach guarantees a good overview in treating proximal pole fractures. Yet, not all types of fractures can be treated in this way. Severely displaced fractures require the classic open palmar approach. In order to prevent the development of a scaphoid nonunion or an advanced carpal collapse (SNAC-wrist), an early and sufficient diagnostic algorithm is necessary. We recommend internal fixation with a cannulated Herbert screw in B1 and B2 fractures and a Mini Herbert screw in fractures of the proximal third (B3). A2 fractures can be treated conservatively. Early diagnosis and operative treatment will shorten the time off work, minimize the risk of nonunion, and reduce the costs of health care in the long term.     

Management of displaced fractures of the waist of the scaphoid: meta-analyses of comparative studies

IntroductionScaphoid fractures with displacement have a higher incidence of nonunion that can cause pain and reduced movement, strength and function. The aim of this study was to review the evidence available and establish the risk of nonunion associated with management of displaced fractures of the waist of the scaphoid.MethodsElectronic databases were searched using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) controlled vocabulary (scaphoid fractures, AND’d with displaced, or nonunion, or non-healing or cast immobilisation, or plaster or surgery). At present, there are no randomised, controlled trials or studies comparing fixation to plaster cast treatment of displaced fractures of the scaphoid. The search was therefore limited to observational studies of displaced fractures of the scaphoid treated in a plaster cast (non-operative group) or fixed surgically (operative group). The criterion for displacement was limited to gap or step of more than 1 mm. In the non-operative group, we compared the outcome of displaced and undisplaced fractures of the waist of the scaphoid treated in a plaster cast. In the operative group, contingency table analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio of nonunion with plaster treatment compared to surgery.ResultsIn the non-operative group, seven studies were included in a meta-analysis with a total of 1401 scaphoids. Ninety-three percent (1311 scaphoids) of these scaphoid fractures healed in a plaster cast. A total of 207 (15%) of all scaphoid fractures showed displacement of at least 1 mm (gap/step) between fracture fragments. Nonunion was identified in 18% (37/207) of displaced scaphoid fractures treated in a plaster cast. The pooled relative risk of fracture nonunion was 4.4 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.3–8.7; p = 0.00; I² = 54.3%). In the surgical group, we identified six observational studies in which 157 ‘displaced’ fractures of the scaphoid were surgically fixed. Only two of these fractures did not heal. The odds of nonunion were 17 times higher with plaster cast treatment than surgery.ConclusionsDisplaced fractures of scaphoid have a four times higher risk of nonunion than undisplaced fractures when treated in a plaster cast, and the patients should be advised of this risk. Nonunion is more likely if a displaced fracture of the scaphoid is treated in a plaster cast.