支具治疗(四)

4　小儿矫形支具4.1　调节固定式小儿足部矫形支具结构原理 :可调节固定式万向节将踝小腿托与前足托连接 ,在小腿、踝部、前足分别有扣带固定。小腿踝托将支持踝关节、距下关节于中立位 ,并允许一定可滑动调整活动。通过调节万向节 ,可三维控制前足托于不同位置 ,从而依据临床需要固定足踝于不同的足内翻、外翻位 ,前足内收、外展位和跖屈、背伸位 (图1)。图 1　调节固定式小儿足部矫形支具适应证 :(1)先天性马蹄内翻足 ,(2 )先天性足外翻 (垂直距骨症 ) ,(3)脊柱裂足部畸形 ,(4)脑性瘫足部畸形 ,(5 )其它原因造成的小儿足部畸形。使用方法 …     

距下关节在正常成人足三维运动中的力学研究

[目的]分析研究正常成人新鲜足标本距下关节在正常情况下足三维运动中的生物力学特性。[方法]取新鲜足标本12例,通过加载使足产生某种形式的运动,用三维数字化坐标仪测量距下关节组成骨在某种运动状态下的相对三维坐标位移,通过矩阵转换和求解非线性函数方程计算其三维旋转角度,确定距下关节的运动范围、规律和在足整体运动中的作用。[结果]距下关节在足整体运动中背屈-跖屈、内翻-外翻、内收-外展轴运动范围分别为(4.13±0.86)°、(8.43±0.52)°、(12.77±1.29)°。在足单纯跖屈背屈、内翻外翻、内收外展过程中,对距下关节三维运动度作相关性分析,并对相关系数进行t检验,相关系数均有高度统计学意义。[结论]随足跖屈背屈、内外翻和内收外展运动度的增加,距下关节三维运动范围呈线性增加,在各轴上的增加幅度有所不同,三轴方向上的运动存在密切的相关关系。     

距下关节、踝关节对后足运动影响的实验研究

目的研究踝关节与距下关节的运动范围及其对后足运动的影响。方法选用青壮年新鲜小腿-足标本8足,分别固定于特制的夹具中,用横穿跟骨体部的骨圆针标记跟骨,测量跟骨在坐标系内的三维位移,分别固定距下关节、踝关节,测量各自在固定情况下跟骨在坐标系内的三维位移。通过矩阵转换和函数方程,利用位移计算跟骨的三维旋转角度。分析后足在距下关节固定、踝关节固定或不固定任何关节时各平面活动范围及对后足活动度的影响。结果后足在不同的关节固定情况下均表现出三维运动。固定踝关节时,后足内翻15.99°±2.81°,外翻8.62°±1.90°,背屈3.70°±1.00°,跖屈5.87°±1.39°,内收7.64°±2.04°,外展3.99°±1.78°;固定距下关节时,后足内翻7.13°±1.07°,外翻5.52°±0.85°,背屈17.09°±2.87°,跖屈30.75°±5.04°,内收10.77°±1.56°,外展6.54°±1.88°;不固定任何关节时,后足内翻18.87°±3.89°,外翻9.12°±2.05°,背屈22.62°±3.21°,跖屈40.88°±5.77°,内收17.48°±2.26°,外展11.47°±2.29°。距下关节或踝关节固定后,后足在三个平面上的运动均受到影响。结论在后足运动中,内、外翻主要是距下关节的活动,背屈、跖屈主要是踝关节的活动。后足在冠状面上的运动,踝关节与距下关节能相互代偿     

外固定器治疗脑性瘫痪僵硬性足部畸形216足疗效分析

[目的]观察外固定器治疗脑性瘫痪僵硬性足部畸形的临床效果,探讨脑性瘫痪足部畸形外科矫正和功能重建的新技术。[方法]回顾性分析1988年10月~2013年3月165例脑性瘫痪僵硬性足部畸形患者,236足,根据足部畸形的特征,设计不同构型的外固定器。上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形主要实施选择性脊神经后根切断术、选择性胫神经缩窄手术和距下关节外融合手术或距下关节融合术,同时安装外固定器。下运动神经元损伤型足部畸形主要实施软组织松解、肌腱转位术或截骨手术,同时安装外固定器。[结果]154例216足获得至少3年以上随访,马蹄内翻足64足,马蹄足70足,马蹄外翻足82足。其中上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形62足,下运动神经元损伤型足部畸形154足。佩戴外固定器时间8~13周,平均10周。采用Laaveg-Ponseti足功能评分系统:优88足,良78足,可34足,差16足,优良率76.9%。第一次术后复发14足,复发率6.5%。钉道感染32足,清理炎性分泌物或更换钉道位置后治愈。足跟部皮肤坏死、足底部软组织坏死和跟骨慢性骨髓炎1例,彻底清创和腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣转移后治愈。踝关节骨性关节炎1例,踝关节融合后治愈。[结论]外固定器治疗脑性瘫痪僵硬性足部畸形符合生物学重建理论,可提高疗效,减少并发症。     

外固定器治疗脊髓栓系综合征僵硬性足部畸形

[目的]观察外固定器治疗脊髓栓系综合征僵硬性足部畸形的临床效果,探讨脊髓神经源性足部畸形外科矫正和功能重建的新技术.[方法] 1988年10月～2006年6月,回顾性分析脊髓栓系综合征僵硬性足部畸形61例97足;年龄6～42岁,根据足部畸形的特征,设计不同构型的外固定器.上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形主要实施选择性胫神经缩窄手术和距下关节外融合手术或距下关节融合术,同时安装外固定器.下运动神经元损伤型足部畸形主要实施软组织松解、肌腱转位术或截骨手术,同时安装外固定器.[结果]得到至少3年随访的54例、86足进行分析,马蹄内翻足39足,马蹄足21足,马蹄外翻足16足,跟行足6足,高弓足4足.其中上运动神经元损伤型足部畸形19足,下运动神经元损伤型67足.佩戴外固定器时间8～12周,平均11周.采用Laaveg - Ponseti足功能评分系统:优38足,良29足,可13足,差6足.优良率77.9％.第1次术后复发3足,复发率3.5％.钉道感染18足,清理炎性分泌物或更换钉道位置后治愈.足底溃疡3足,清创和短期避免负重后治愈.[结论]外固定器治疗脊髓栓系综合征僵硬性足部畸形符合生物学重建理论,可提高疗效,减少复发.     

Grice距下关节固定术治疗儿童足外翻

Ｇｒｉｃｅ距下关节固定术治疗儿童足外翻彭阿钦，吴希瑞，王汉林，吴春生，林振福１９５２年Ｇｒｉｃｅ报道了通过距骨窦植骨造成关节外距下关节固定，矫正儿童后足外翻畸形这一手术方法（以下简称Ｇｒｉｃｅ手术）。其最大优点是在矫正足外翻的同时不影响足的生长。自１...     

Ilizarov技术结合有限手术治疗伴有皮肤溃疡的马蹄内翻足

目的 :探讨采用Ilizarov技术结合有限手术治疗伴有负重区溃疡的神经营养不良性马蹄内翻足畸形的手术方法及临床疗效。方法:2004年7月至2011年12月收治21例伴有负重区溃疡的神经障碍性马蹄内翻足畸形患者,其中男14例,女7例;年龄8~32岁,平均21.3岁;脊柱裂致马蹄内翻足畸形19例,腰骶段脊髓损伤致马蹄内翻足畸形2例;左侧9例,右侧12例;第5跖骨头外下区溃疡6例,第5跖骨基底部溃疡5例,跟骰关节外侧溃疡2例,距下关节外侧溃疡8例。采用跖内侧松解,跟腱延长,三关节有限截骨,其中皮肤溃疡位于距下关节外侧者,术中同时切除溃疡皮肤及软组织,Ⅰ期缝合皮肤切口,术中部分矫正马蹄内翻足畸形后穿针安装Ilizarov足踝部外固定牵伸器。术后负重区仍遗留皮肤溃疡者,溃疡局部使用中成药生肌膏进行换药,每日1次,直至创面愈合。术后7 d开始调节Ilizarov牵伸器矫正残余马蹄内翻足畸形,直至马蹄内翻畸形矫正满意为止,在牵伸矫形过程中患足部分负重行走。结果:21例均获随访,时间6~52个月,平均28个月。所有溃疡愈合,溃疡愈合时间术后14~36 d,平均26 d,随访时溃疡均无复发;18足畸形矫正满意,完全恢复跖行足,3足于术后1年复查出现畸形轻度复发;15例踝关节活动度不同程度受限,6例踝关节完全僵直。AOFAS综合评分由术前34.0±7.2提高到术后86.0±8.5;优8足,良10足,中3足。结论:采用Ilizarov技术结合有限矫形手术治疗伴有负重区神经营养障碍性溃疡的马蹄内翻足畸形,辅助外用中药生肌膏治疗,可以达到Ⅰ期畸形矫形及治愈溃疡的满意效果,手术方法简单,医疗过程安全,能规避严重并发症的发生。     

"双楔形"植骨距下关节融合术治疗复杂跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的 探讨采用距下关节"双楔形"植骨距下关节融合术治疗复杂跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年4月至2007年12月收治且获得完整随访的26例跟骨骨折畸形愈合Stephen Ⅲ型患者资料,男21例,女5例;年龄23～55岁,平均32.2岁;左足15例,右足11例.其中22例为后足内翻畸形,4例为外翻畸形.26例患者采用距下关节"双楔形"撑开植骨融合术进行治疗,术中行跟骨外侧壁骨赘切除及腓骨肌腱松解;撑开距下关节并刮除软骨关节面,植入前低后高,外侧低内侧高(双楔形)的三层皮质的自体髂骨;再用2～3枚空心钛钉固定距下关节.比较手术前、后距骨第一跖骨角及距骨跟骨角、美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分及视觉模拟评分(VAS).结果 26例患者术后获得平均18.9个月(12～38个月)随访.其中23例跟骨内外翻畸形明显改善,22例患足疼痛消失或明显减轻,未发生融合失败.3例切口皮缘坏死,经短期换药愈合.距骨第一跖骨角自术前17.40±2.90改善至术后6.1°±1.60°距骨跟骨角南术前16.2°±2.5°啵善至术后23.7±°3.0°,AOFAS评分自术前(34.8±8.2)分升至术后(83.9±7.0)分,疼痛评分自术前(7.8±0.7)分降至术后(2.1±1.5)分,以上指标手术前、后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 "双楔形"撑开植骨距下关节融合术可明显改善跟骨内外翻畸形及疼痛症状,避免了复杂的跟骨截骨移位术.该术式并发症较少,是治疗复杂跟骨骨折畸形愈合的较好选择.     

距骨下重建治疗先天性马蹄内翻足

距骨下重建治疗先天性马蹄内翻足李亚涛，谢怀春，罗伟，阿效诚１９９１年８月～１９９３年１０月，我院采用广泛松解，距下关节重建手术治疗先天性马蹄内翻足１４例（１８只足），取得较好疗效。现报道如下。１临床资料本组１４例１８只足，男１０例，女４例。年龄６～３...     

距下关节融合对中后足周围关节活动度影响的生物力学实验研究

目的分析研究正常新鲜足标本在正常情况下进行距下关节融合后对跟骰、距舟关节和踝关节的三维运动度的影响程度。方法采用新鲜足标本12例，将距下关节融合后，通过加载使足产生某种形式的运动，用三维数字化坐标仪测量跟骰、距舟关节和踩关节各关节组成骨在某种运动状态下的相对三维坐标位移，通过矩阵转换和求解非线性函数方程计算其三维旋转角度，了解跟骰、距舟关节和踝关节在距下关节融合前后2种状态下的相对运动范围，确定距下关节融合后对于周围足踝关节运动的影响程度。结果距下关节融合前后跟骰、距舟关节和踝关节在背屈一跖屈、内翻一外翻、内收一外展轴的三维运动范围之间的统计学分析显示存在显著性差异（P＜0．01），各关节平均三维运动范围受限程度分别为36．14％、38．36％、21．84％。结论距下关节融合后对跟骰、距舟关节和踝关节的活动度存在一定的限制作用，降低了前足与后足的协同性，可能增加足跗关节间退行性关节炎发生，但保留了距舟、跟骰关节的大部分活动。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.