甘精胰岛素联合格列美脲及阿卡波糖治疗2型糖尿病患者24小时动态血糖变化

26例继发性磺脲类失效(SFS)的2型糖尿病患者,改用甘精胰岛素加格列美脲及阿卡波糖治疗3个月后与联合治疗前比较,24．h总体血糖达标时段[(19．1±3．6)h vs(2．3±2．1)h]显著延长,24 h平均血糖[(6．8±1．4)mmoL／Lvs(15．2±3．2)mmol／L]、空腹血糖[(5．4±1．3)mmol／Lvs(11．6±5．2) mmol／L]、24h内最高血糖[(10．8±4．2)mmol／Lvs(20．3±5．6)mmoL／L]及HbAIC[(7．7±1．3)％vs(10．8±1．6％)]均有显著下降(均P<0．01)。提示甘精胰岛素联合格列美脲及阿卡波糖能有效改善SFS的2型糖尿病24h血糖控制。     

应用动态血糖监测系统评价双相门冬氨酸胰岛素30对老年2型糖尿病患者的疗效

目的应用动态血糖系统（CGMS）观察老年人2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素NPH与双相门冬氨酸胰岛素30（BI-Asp30）治疗的疗效和安全性。方法T2DM患者22例，分别接受BIAsp30和NPH治疗12w，治疗结束即时进行72h CGMS观察。结果12w时BI-Asp30组糖化血红蛋白（HbAlC）显著低于NPH组（7．46&#177;0．94％vs 7．90&#177;0．93）。CGMS检查显示，BIAsp30组早餐后（9．3&#177;2．4mmol／L vs 10．3&#177;2．5mmol／L）和晚餐后2h血糖（PG）（9．1&#177;2．2mmol／L vs 10．1&#177;3．1mmol／L）降低更明显，血糖≥10mmol／L时间百分比明显降低（14．5&#177;10．1 vs 20．8&#177;11．4），凌晨3点PG不过低（5．2&#177;0．8mmol／L vs 4．1&#177;1．0mmol／L）。BIAsp30组夜间低血糖发生率（1例次）显著少于NPH组（3例次），夜间血糖≤3．0mmo／L时间百分比亦明显减少（1．93&#177;1．37 vs 5．03&#177;1．33）。结论BIAsp30治疗更接近生理胰岛素分泌模式，能更好地控制餐后PG，减少低血糖发生。     

067 在胰岛素强化治疗期间胰岛素类似物Lispro对减少夜间低血糖发作的作用

[英]/Heller sR…／／Diabetes Care．-1999．22．-1607～1611 评价了1型糖尿病(DM)患者在胰岛素强化治疗方案中，应用胰岛素Lispro降低夜间低血糖发生的作用。 对象及方法随机选取165例1型糖尿病患者，有2 a以上病史，使用基础治疗至少3月，糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)<8％，同时愿意更严格地控制血糖(有活动视网膜病变，明显的糖尿病肾病或近12个月发生严重的低血糖的患者除外)。 病人先进入两个月的观察期，在此期间，三餐前用常规短效胰岛素，睡前用中效胰岛素控制血糖，血糖控制的目标为餐前4～7 mmol／L，餐后7～10 mmol／L，同时病人记录自己低血糖发作的症状和次数。另外，病人每隔两周收集一天7次血糖标本送实验室检测。血糖水平在控制范围内的次数<70％或HbA1c>8％的病人不被纳入分组。两月后合适的病人被随机分为两组，运用交叉试验，一组先用胰岛素Lispro4个月，再用常规胰岛素4个月，另一组则相反。记录病人低血糖发作的次数和程度，且每月检测一天七个时间点的血糖。 结果治疗一阶段低血糖的发生率用胰岛素Lis-pro比用常规胰岛素低(1 156次对775次)，且发生夜间低血糖的次数减少(181次对52次，P=0．01)，二阶段用胰岛素Lispro与用常规胰岛素低血糖的发生率为883次对702次。用常规胰岛素与用胰岛素Lispro的HbA1c水平分别为：一阶段开始为6．4％±0．9％对6．2％±1．1％，结束时为6．2％±0．8％对6．0％±0．9％；二阶段开始为6．0％±0．9％对6．2％±0．8％，结束时为6．4％±1．1％对6．4％±1．1％。用胰岛素Lispro的病人早餐后及午餐后的血糖都比用常规胰岛素的病人低[分别为(7．4±0．5)对(8．5±0．4)mmol／L，P=0．048；6．6±0．3对(7．2±0．3)mmol／L，P=0．043]，但睡前却高[(8．1±0．5)对(7．5±0．4)mmol／L，P=0．03]。用常规胰岛素的病人体重增加[从(73．5±10．1)至(75．5±10．2)]，而用胰岛素Lispro不增加。两组病人在研究开始或结束时使用的中效和短效胰岛素的用量都无明显变化 结论本试验显示达到同样良好血糖控制同时，用胰岛素Lispro比用常规胰岛素减少了低血糖的发作(12：00～6：00pm)，特别是减少了夜间低血糖的发作和严重低血糖的发作。 (苏白海摘 魏松全校)     

住院糖尿病患者使用甘精胰岛素和NPH控制血糖达标的最小成本分析

目的比较住院患者使用甘精胰岛素(glargine)和中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素(NPH)控制血糖达标的成本。方法92例新诊断的2型糖尿病患者,70例用口服降糖药治疗的2型糖尿病患者以及16例1型糖尿病患者进入本研究,每组等分为两亚组,分别予glargine和NPH,运用药物经济学最小成本分析法比较两种药物的治疗成本。结果3组研究人群均显示,与NPH比较,glargine单药成本(人民币元)高(116．30±18．80 vs 38．68±6．57,190．84±30．37vs53．43±7．15,120．06±10．90 vs 29．51±2．17),每日成本(人民币元)高(431．62±62．18vs 370．16±49．80,356．48±55．46 vs 335．77±41．69,294．12±55．99vs 245．17±29．57),总成本(人民币元)低(2 679．40±92．49 vs 3016．50±174．72,3 629．23±105．55vs 3 821．62±140．25,1 576．55±114．69vs 1 715．85±126．32)。结论使用glargine控制血糖较NPH节约住院成本。     

长期高脂饲养对大鼠葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌的影响

目的　观察膳食总热量正常、脂肪含量长期增高饲养对正常大鼠葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌的影响。方法　 8周龄雄性SD大鼠 1 9只 ,分为正常饲养组 (NC ,n =1 0 )和高脂饲养组 (HF ,n =9)。两组大鼠每日摄食总热量相等 ,但饲料中脂肪占总热量 (31 0kJ/d)的百分比不同 (NC组脂肪占 1 3 % ,HF组脂肪占 59% )。观察大鼠每月体重、空腹血糖 (FBG)、空腹胰岛素 (FINS)、空腹游离脂肪酸 (FFFA)的变化。饲养至 36周龄 ,作静脉葡萄糖耐量试验 (IVGTT) ,观察两组大鼠葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌 ,尤其是胰岛素分泌的第一时相的差异。结果　高脂饲养后大鼠出现明显的腹型肥胖 (内脏脂肪占体重百分比分别为 :HF组 1 0 .7% ,NC组 5 .3 % ,P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,血FFFA升高〔HF组 (1 .60± 0 .36)mmol/L ,NC组 (0 .59± 0 .1 2 )mmol/L ,P <0 .0 0 1〕。 36周龄时 ,IVGTT中 5、 1 0、 30min血糖 (BG)HF组显著高于NC组〔5min :(1 7.3± 0 .7)mmol/Lvs(1 6 .0± 0 .7)mmol/L ,P <0 .0 5 ;1 0min :(1 4 .6± 0 .8)mmol/Lvs (1 2 .7± 1 .0 )mmol/L ,P <0 .0 0 1 ;30min :(9.4± 1 .6)mmol/Lvs (6 .6± 1 .4)mmol/L ,P <0 .0 1〕。 5、1 0min血胰岛素HF组显著低于NC组〔5min :(734 .7± 1 .5) pmol/Lvs (1 938.4± 1 .4)pmol/L ,P <0 .0     

甘精胰岛素联合格列美脲治疗磺脲类药物继发失效2型糖尿病的临床观察

80例口服磺脲类降糖药血糖控制不理想的2型糖尿病患者随机分为甘精胰岛素加口服格列美脲片组（A组）和预混胰岛素组（B组）,甘精胰岛素予睡前皮下注射胰岛素、口服格列美脲,预混胰岛素早晚餐前半皮下注射胰岛素。治疗12周。观察治疗前后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹C肽、餐后C肽的变化。结果A组治疗后FPG（6．4±1．5）mmol／L,2hPG（8．8±1．5）mmol／L,HbA1c（6．8±0．7）％;B组治疗后FPG（6．4±1．1）mmol／L,2hPG（8．9±1．3）mmol／L,HbA1c（6．7±0．8）％,较治疗前差异有极显著性（P〈0．叭）;但A组的低血糖事件明显少于B组（P〈0．01）;且A组治疗后C肽水平明显升高。结论甘精胰岛素联用格列美脲片治疗2型糖尿病的方案安全有效,简便易行,能减少低血糖事件的发生,且可能改善胰岛功能。     

肥胖青少年血清瘦素、胰岛素和胰岛素原水平的变化

目的　检测肥胖青少年血清瘦素、胰岛素、胰岛素原水平的变化 ,探讨青少年肥胖与代谢综合征的关系。方法　从年龄 14～ 16岁的 2 2 17例学生中筛选出体重指数 (BMI)≥ 2 5kg/m2 的肥胖学生 (肥胖组 ) 198例 ,BMI在 18 5～ 2 3 0kg/m2 之间的体重正常学生 (正常组 ) 78例 ,用放射免疫方法测定血清瘦素、胰岛素和胰岛素原水平 ,同时测定血糖及血脂水平 ,比较两组间差异。结果　血清瘦素水平女生明显高于同龄男生 [(18 5 3± 1 4 1) μg/L比 (6 33± 1 79) μg/L]。肥胖组血清瘦素、胰岛素和胰岛素原水平均高于同龄体重正常者 [分别为 (19 94± 1 91) μg/L比 (11 2 7± 2 0 4 ) μg/L ,(15 34± 1 6 6 ) μIU/L比 (13 17± 1 4 3) μIU/L ,(16 19± 1 6 4 )pmol/L比 (11 79± 1 70 )pmol/L ],血糖、甘油三酯 (TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)水平虽然在正常范围内 ,但肥胖者血糖和TG水平高于同龄体重正常者 [分别为 (4 6 3± 0 5 0 )mmol/L比 (4 13± 0 33)mmol/L ,(1 2 0± 0 5 6 )mmol/L比 (0 90±0 32 )mmol/L],HDL C水平低于同龄体重正常者 [(1 14± 0 2 4 )mmol/L比 (1 38± 0 2 6 )mmol/L]。结论　肥胖青少年可能存在瘦素抵抗、胰岛素抵抗及潜在的糖代谢和脂代谢异常等代谢综合征改变 ,     

超重2型糖尿病应用重组甘精胰岛素与低精蛋白胰岛素临床研究

对157例服用口服格华止至少3个月而血糖控制不佳（FBG≥7．0mmol／L）的患者随机进行甘精胰岛素与优泌林N治疗,随访12周。结果：甘精胰岛素组与优泌林N组的胰岛素平均每天用量分别为19．21单位和18．68单位,FBG分别从10．63mmol／L和10．88mmol／L降至6．96mmol／L和7．20mmol／L,hbA1c分别下降了0．96％和1．25％。分别有21．25％和28．81％者发生低血糖（P=0．0919）中发生夜间低血糖的者分别占9．07％和16．10％（P=0．0334）。两种治疗方法对T2DM病患者治疗效果相当,但甘精胰岛素夜间低血糖事件发生率低。     

老年代谢综合征患者血胰岛素样生长因子1与代谢综合征的关系

目的了解代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)患者血胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF1)水平及其与MS的关系。方法按2005年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)颁布的MS定义,将老年患者465例分为MS组255例和对照组210例。查空腹血糖、胰岛素、C肽、餐后2 h血糖、血脂全套、血IGF1并计算体质指数(BMI)。两组按是否并存糖尿病再分为糖尿病和非糖尿病两个亚组。结果(1) MS组除高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)低于对照组外,其他血液指标均高于对照组(P<0．01);两组IGF1水平与年龄、BMI均呈负相关(P<0．05)。(2)MS糖尿病组IGF1(163．5±128．1)μg／L、胰岛素(14．3±10．5)mU／L高于MS非糖尿病组(114．0±52．6)μg／L、(8．46±4．4)mU／L,C肽(1．1±0．4)μg／L低于MS非糖尿病组(2．5±0．4)μg／L,均为P<0．01;IGF1水平与胰岛素、C肽无相关性,与冠心病呈负相关(P<0．05)。(3)对照糖尿病组IGF1(129．2±49．1)μg／L低于对照非糖尿病组(136．6±80．5)μg／L,胰岛素(14．1±11．7)mU／L、C肽(3．28±2．23)μg／L高于对照非糖尿病组(10．3±6．1)mU／L、(2．9±1．7)μg／L,P<0．01或0．05。对照组IGF1与C肽负相关,与甘油三酯正相关;对照糖尿病组IGF1与胰岛素、C肽负相关(均为P<0．01或0．05)。结论MS患者存在高血IGF1现象,这与单纯糖尿病患者低IGF1不同;MS患者IGF1水平较低时发生冠心病的机率较高。     

胰岛素会成瘾吗？

李新华（化名），60岁，10年前诊断为2型糖尿病，一直使用口服药治疗，近一年来他的空腹血糖很难控制在8．0mmol／L以下，最近一次检测糖化血红蛋白为7．8％。李先生因为担心注射胰岛素会成瘾，一直不同意注射胰岛素。在用了3种口服药联合治疗半年，血糖仍然控制不佳后，他听取了医生的建议，开始每天一次注射甘精胰岛素，联合二甲双胍口服治疗。在甘精胰岛素剂量达到20单位后，空腹血糖控制到了6．0mmol／L以下；3个月后复查糖化血红蛋白，结果为6．8％；6个月后糖化血红蛋白达到了6．3％，为近三年来最好的水平。现在李先生精神状况很好，感觉也轻松了很多。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.