Synchronous colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma found after surgery for adenocarcinoma: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDMucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is mainly involved in the gastrointestinal tract. The synchronous occurrence of colonic MALT lymphoma and adenocarcinoma in the same patient is extremely rare. We here report a case of synchronous colonic MALT lymphoma found on surveillance colonoscopy five months after surgery and chemotherapy for sigmoid adenocarcinoma.CASE SUMMARYA 67-year-old man was admitted because of hematochezia for two months. Colonoscopy suggested a colonic tumor before hospitalization. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed local thickening of the sigmoid colon. The patient underwent a left hemicolectomy with local lymph node dissection. The histopathology revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and partially mucinous adenocarcinoma. The pTNM stage was T3N1Mx. The patient received chemotherapy with six cycles of mFOLFOX6 after surgery. Colonoscopy was performed five months later and revealed single, flat, polypoid lesions of the colon 33 cm away from the anus. Subsequently, the patient underwent endoscopic mucosal resection for further diagnosis. The pathological diagnosis was MALT lymphoma. Positron emission tomography /CT suggested metastasis. The patient refused further treatment and died ten months later.CONCLUSIONColonic MALT lymphoma may occur after surgery and chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma as a synchronous malignancy. Regular surveillance colonoscopy and careful monitoring after surgery are critical.     

Gastric mixed adenoma-neuroendocrine tumor: A case report

BACKGROUNDGastric mixed adenoma-neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are quite rare. In the 2019 world health organization classification of tumors of the digestive system, these were designated as a combination of grade 1 or grade 2 NETs and adenomas or tubular adenomas. There are no treatment guidelines for these tumors, and pathological and clinical studies are ongoing. Herein, we review previous case reports and present a case of gastric mixed adenoma-NET.CASE SUMMARYA 66-year-old man underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy for the evaluation of upper abdominal pain. Histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen indicated the possibility of gastric cancer. A histopathological examination by endoscopic submucosal dissection showed a mixed adenoma-NET that was completely excised by endoscopic submucosal dissection. No recurrence was observed on gastrointestinal endoscopy at the 6-mo follow-up.CONCLUSIONClinicians'' awareness of this rare tumor is important for its timely diagnosis and treatment.     

胃肠黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤43例临床分析

【目的】总结胃肠黏膜相关淋巴组织（MALT）淋巴瘤的诊治体会及经验。【方法】对200l~2008年收治的43例胃肠MALT淋巴瘤患者进行回顾性分析。【结果】①胃肠MALT淋巴瘤多发生于50岁以上者,男性多于女性;②胃肠MALT淋巴瘤内镜下表现多样化、无特异性,镜检时应采取多点活检、免疫组化标记以提高早期检出率;③治疗以化疗为主,巨大胃溃疡或肠MALT淋巴瘤加以手术切除,以改善其生活质量,延长生存期。【结论】胃肠MALT淋巴瘤临床表现不典型,确诊应根据内镜、病理和免疫组化结果综合判断。     

Primary mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the bladder from an imaging perspective: A case report

BACKGROUNDMucosal-associated lymphoid tissue extranodal marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma is a low-grade tumor that rarely occurs in the urinary bladder. There is currently no consensus on the common imaging findings or most appropriate treatment in MALT lymphoma in the urinary bladder due to the limited number of reports.CASE SUMMARYA 48-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a 1-year history of macroscopic hematuria. Imaging showed a large homogeneous mass with an unclear boundary and an irregular morphology in the bladder. The mass had an abundant blood supply. For further diagnosis, transurethral cystoscopic biopsy and bone marrow biopsy was performed, and the patient was finally diagnosed with primary MALT lymphoma of the bladder. R-CHOP chemotherapy was carried out. After three cycles of chemotherapy, the mass disappeared and the bladder wall thickness was only 4 mm, which indicated excellent therapeutic response to the chemotherapy. To date, the patient remains asymptomatic and she visits our hospital regularly for the completion of the remaining chemotherapy cycles.CONCLUSIONPrimary MALT lymphoma of the bladder is rare, and there are certain characteristics in the ultrasonographic findings. Imaging findings play an important role in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy and are critical during long-term follow-up after therapy.     

超声内镜及内镜黏膜下剥离术对直肠类癌的诊疗价值

目的探讨超声内镜(EUS)对直肠类癌治疗的指导价值,及内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)对直肠类癌治疗的安全性及有效性。方法对临床考虑直肠类癌的患者进行EUS检查,根据EUS结果选择适合的治疗方案。结果 45例术前病理确诊的类癌病例,42例经ESD治疗,2例累及固有肌层及1例浸透浆膜层并伴有周围淋巴结转移者,经外科手术治疗。结论 EUS能够明确直肠类癌的大小、浸润深度、有无周围淋巴结肿大,对其治疗有较高的指导价值。对于小于20 mm直肠类癌,ESD是一种安全、有效的方法。     

Primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in the midbrain: A case report

BACKGROUNDPrimary non-dural central nervous system mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a rare indolent B-cell lymphoma, with only a few reported cases worldwide.CASE SUMMARYA 33-year-old man presented with a 5-mo history of left blepharoptosis and a 4-mo history of right limb numbness and weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a significantly enhanced mass in the left midbrain. Subsequent positron emission tomography revealed that the lesion had increased glucose uptake. A stereotactic robotic biopsy supported a diagnosis of MALT lymphoma. Then he was treated with radiation therapy (30Gy/15F), which resulted in complete remission. We also review the literature on brain parenchymal-based MALT lymphoma, including the clinical presentation, treatment options, and outcomes.CONCLUSIONAlthough there is no consensus on the optimal treatment for this rare disease, patients can respond well when treated with radiotherapy alone.     

A case of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract showing extensive plasma cell differentiation with prominent Russell bodies

A 73-year-old Japanese woman was hospitalized for detailed examination of nausea, diarrhea and loss of appetite. Atypical erosion in the ileum was found on endoscopy. Biopsy of this erosion showed proliferation of cells containing numerous Russell bodies. Differential diagnoses considered were Russell body enteritis, crystal-storing histiocytosis, Mott cell tumor, immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The cells containing prominent Russell bodies showed diffuse positivity for CD79a and CD138, but negative results for CD20, CD3, UCHL-1, CD38 and CD68. Russell bodies were diffusely positive for lambda light chain, but negative for kappa light chain, and immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA and IgM. Based on these findings, Russell body enteritis, crystal-storing histiocytosis and IPSID were ruled out. As the tumor formed no mass lesions and was restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, MALT lymphoma with extensive plasma cell differentiation was finally diagnosed. The patient showed an unexpectedly aggressive clinical course. The number of atypical lymphocytes in peripheral blood gradually increased and T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) emerged. The patient died of T-PLL 7 mo after admission. Autopsy was not permitted.     

胸腺原发性黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤2例及文献复习

  目的  探讨胸腺原发性黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤的临床病理特征、免疫组化和基因重排特点。  方法  复习2例胸腺原发性黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤的临床资料, 通过光镜观察、免疫组化染色(EnVision, 抗体包括CD3, CD20, CD79α, CD5, Bcl-2, Bcl-6, CD10, CD23, CyclinD1, AE1/AE3)、聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)分析其临床病理特征、免疫组化和基因重排特点。  结果  2例患者均为汉族, 男女各1例, 年龄分别为57岁和53岁, 女性患者伴干燥综合征(Sj?gren's syndrome, SS)及过敏性紫癜。术前CT、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)及术后大体检查均可见边界清楚的肿物, 内含小囊。镜下可见成片的小到中等大小弥漫淋巴细胞, 主要是中心细胞样细胞和/或单核样淋巴细胞, 偶见中心母细胞或免疫母细胞样细胞。小血管丰富, 血管周围可见较多浆细胞; 并可见多房囊肿, 囊壁被覆鳞状上皮细胞及柱状上皮细胞, 伴淋巴上皮病变, 囊壁Hassall小体增多并囊性退变, 内见粉染物; 存在反应性增生的淋巴滤泡, 周围脂肪组织内散见多处小结节。免疫组化显示CD20、CD79α和Bcl-2弥漫阳性, 囊肿上皮及赫氏小体(Hassall's corpuscle)AE1/AE3阳性, 上皮间可见CD20阳性的淋巴细胞浸润。PCR显示2例免疫球蛋白重链可变区(immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region, IgHV)基因重排阳性。2例患者均开胸行肿物及部分胸腺切除术, 术后分别随访27和6个月, 未见复发及转移。  结论  胸腺黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤少见, 具有明显特点:亚洲人多发, 伴有自身免疫性疾病, 大体及镜下可见多房囊肿, 血管周围可见明显的浆细胞分化, 缺乏凋亡抑制蛋白2-黏膜相关淋巴瘤转位基因1(API2-MALT1)融合基因等。手术切除为首选治疗, 临床结局良好。     

胃肠道黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤BCL-10的表达

目的　探讨BCL 10蛋白在胃肠道黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤 (MALToma)中表达的意义。方法　应用CD2 0、CD79a、CD3、CD4 5RO、CD2 3、CD5、CD10单克隆抗体对 4 3例胃肠道MALToma进行检测 ,其中 2 5例为经典MALToma(MALToma LG) ,临床为惰性 ;18例为伴有少数大细胞转化的MALToma(TransformedMALToma)。用SABC免疫组化的方法检测瘤细胞BCL 10蛋白的表达。结果　在 2 5例惰性MALToma标本中 10例为BCL 10核阳性 ,1例为BCL 10核与浆同时阳性 ,3例为瘤细胞浆阳性 ,11例为阴性 ;在 18例转化的MALToma中 7例为BCL 10核阳性 ,1例为BCL 10核与浆同时阳性 ,2例为瘤细胞浆阳性 ,8例为阴性。BCL 10核阳性在胃肠道MALToma中的出现率较高 ,达 4 4 .2 %。结论　BCL 10在胃肠道MALToma中发生率较高 ,该高发生率与肿瘤的发生或演进可能有一定的相关性     

胃黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤的内镜和病理诊断

目的 探讨胃黏膜相关淋巴组织(MALT)淋巴瘤的内镜和病理特征，以减少误诊、漏诊，提高诊断正确率。方法 对1986～2003年该院经病理证实的32例胃MALtT淋巴瘤的临床、内镜和病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果 32例患者平均57.1岁，男女比例1：3，临床症状无特殊性。肿瘤多位于胃体下部和／或胃窦部．占90．6％；侵犯全层者，占44.0％；区域淋巴结转移，占32.0％。病理形态学改变肿瘤组织由中心细胞样细胞组成、淋巴上皮病变及反应性淋巴滤泡。该组病例内镜活检确诊率达15．6％，内镜病理诊断正确率达40．6％，术后病理确诊率达100％。免疫组织化学证实为B细胞淋巴瘤。结论 内镜下多块取检、深取检，结合以上病理特点和免疫组织化学，有助于诊断胃MALT淋巴瘤。     

肠道黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤3号染色体三体的研究

目的　检测肠道黏膜相关淋巴组织 (MALT)淋巴瘤中 3号染色体三体 (C3三体 )的发生率 ,并探讨此变异与该肿瘤发生的关系。方法　 11例诊断为肠道MALT淋巴瘤的标本 ,根据新的WHO分类标准 ,对实验成功的 8例进行分型 ,7例为经典MALT型淋巴瘤 ,临床为惰性 ;1例在MALT型淋巴瘤基础上有大细胞转化 ,临床为侵袭性。实验中选用生物素标记的染色体特异的着丝粒探针 ,采用染色体原位杂交方法 ,以 16号染色体探针作为技术参照组 ,以肠道慢性炎症作为实验对照组 ,检测肿瘤细胞中 3号染色体的拷贝数。结果　在 7例惰性淋巴瘤患者中 5例为C3三体 ,发生率为 71.4 % ,2例为C3正常 ;1例侵袭性病例为C3三体。结论　C3三体在肠道MALT淋巴瘤中发生率较高 ,该高发生率与肿瘤的发生或演进可能有一定的相关性 ,并对协助临床诊断可能具有价值。     

Endoscopic diagnosis of early-stage primary esophageal small cell carcinoma: Report of two cases

BACKGROUNDPrimary esophageal small cell carcinoma (PESCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy, and its detailed clinical behaviors have remained virtually unknown. Because of the rapid tumor progression, the diagnosis of esophageal small cell carcinoma at early stage is extremely difficult in clinical practice. Currently, only a handful of PESCC cases have been reported.CASE SUMMARYCase 1: A 62-year-old man was diagnosed with an esophageal submucosal tumor by endoscopy. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed a 0.8 cm low echo nodule in the muscularis mucosa. As the patient refused to undergo endoscopic resection, neoplasia was detected by endoscopy 1 year later. Case 2: A 68-year-old woman was diagnosed as having an esophageal submucosal tumor by endoscopy at a local hospital. About 2 wk later, we performed endoscopic ultrasonography and found a 1 cm low echo nodule in the muscularis mucosa; the submucosal was thinner than normal but still continuous; mucosal hyperemia and erosion were found on the surface of the tumor. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was performed and the histopathological finding showed a small cell carcinoma invading the submucosal layer.CONCLUSIONEarly esophageal small cell carcinoma shows submucosal infiltrating growth with a hypoechoic mass in the muscularis mucosa as diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasonography. It is easily misdiagnosed as submucosal masses. Endoscopic manifestations should be identified and pathological biopsies should be employed. ESD may be performed to provide an opportunity for early treatment of PESCC.     

A case of primary hepatic extranodal marginal zone B-cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and a literature review

Primary hepatic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is an extremely rare liver malignancy that usually lacks characteristic imaging findings and which is often misdiagnosed. We report a 63-year-old woman diagnosed with primary hepatic extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, MALT type. The patient underwent needle biopsy and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and showed no signs of relapse during the 12-month postoperative follow-up. This case stresses the rarity of primary hepatic MALT-type lymphoma and the unique and effective treatment for this patient. Our patient received RFA, which showed good efficacy and which provides a new option for the treatment of hepatic MALT lymphoma. We also present our findings from a systematic review to improve the current understanding of this disease.     

Endoscopic fenestration in the diagnosis and treatment of delayed anastomotic submucosal abscess: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDAbscess formation is one of the complications after radical resection of rectal cancer; cases with delayed postoperative anastomotic abscess are rare. Here, we report a rare case of postoperative anastomotic abscess with a submucosal neoplasm appearing after rectal surgery. Ultimately, the patient was diagnosed and treated by endoscopic fenestration. In addition, we review the literature on the appearance of an abscess as a complication after rectal cancer surgery.CASE SUMMARYA 57-year-old man with a history of rectal malignancy resection complained of a smooth protuberance near the anastomotic stoma. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic structure originating from the muscularis propria, and a submucosal tumor was suspected. The patient was subsequently referred to our hospital and underwent pelvic contrast-enhanced computed tomography, which revealed no thickening or strengthening of the anastomotic wall. In order to clarify the origin of the lesion and obtain the pathology, endoscopic fenestration was performed. After endoscopic procedure, a definitive diagnosis of delayed anastomotic submucosal abscess was established. The patient achieved good recovery and prognosis after the complete clearance of abscess.CONCLUSIONEndoscopic fenestration may be safe and effective for the diagnosis/treatment of delayed intestinal smooth protuberance after rectal cancer surgery.     

MALT淋巴瘤病因及发病机制研究进展

黏膜相关淋巴组织(MALT)淋巴瘤为起源于淋巴结外MALT的低度恶性B细胞淋巴瘤,是非霍奇金淋巴瘤中边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤最常见类型。MALT淋巴瘤常发生于胃、唾液腺、甲状腺及眼眶附属器等部位,其中发生于胃肠道的病例占全部MALT淋巴瘤的50%,胃肠道MALT淋巴瘤已证实与幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染有关,其主要机制为免疫反应,在部分染色体易位患者抗HP治疗无效,提示存在其他致病机制。在MALT淋巴瘤中发现的染色体易位包括t(11;18)(q21;q21)、t(1;14)(p22;q32)、t(14;18)(q32;q21)、t(3;14)(p14.1;q32)。最近研究发现了一些新的染色体异常如6q23.3等,它们对淋巴瘤的临床过程及预后等均有影响。MALT淋巴瘤的染色体异常通常激活共同的分子通路核因子(NF)-κB,持续活化的NF-κB使肿瘤细胞增殖或活化,最终导致MALT淋巴瘤的发生。本文就近年来MALT淋巴瘤病因及发病机制的研究进展做一综述。     

原发胸腺黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤七例报告并文献复习

目的分析原发胸腺黏膜相关淋巴组织(MALT)淋巴瘤的临床特征、病理诊断、治疗及预后,并进行相关文献复习。方法收集并分析2017年11月至2019年1月于南京医科大学第一附属医院诊疗的7例原发胸腺MALT淋巴瘤患者的临床表现、病理诊断、实验室检查、治疗及预后。结果7例患者中6例为女性,患者常无明显不适,因体检发现前纵隔肿物就诊。行前纵隔肿物切除,术后病理提示为原发胸腺MALT淋巴瘤。实验室检查显示全部患者抗核抗体、抗Ro52抗体、抗干燥综合征A抗体阳性,红细胞沉降率均升高。其中4例有干燥综合征病史。术后对所有患者进行PET-CT检查并密切随访,截至2019年7月患者生存良好,未见复发。结论原发胸腺MALT淋巴瘤临床罕见,多与自身免疫性疾病(如干燥综合征)相关,此类患者预后好,若无治疗指征,可密切随访,避免过度治疗。     

Sonographic appearances of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the submandibular gland confirmed with sonographically guided core needle biopsy

A 71-year-old man presented with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the submandibular gland 52 months after initial diagnosis of MALT lymphoma of the lung. Ultrasonography showed a well-demarcated, markedly hypoechoic, heterogeneous solid mass with linear echogenic strands and hypervascularity. Ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy demonstrated histological findings of MALT lymphoma. Sonographic features of MALT lymphoma of the submandibular gland are characteristic and ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy may be a suitable replacement for surgical biopsy.     

Pneumothorax following endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal tumor

Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a useful alternative to endoscopic mucosal resection and surgery for en bloc resection of colorectal tumors. However, the technique is considered to be difficult, and potential complications include perforation and postoperative bleeding. In this case report, we present a case of a 63-year-old woman who developed pneumothorax after endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal tumor.     

Endoscopic submucosal resection with double ligation technique for treatment of small rectal carcinoid tumors

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: It is difficult to achieve complete endoscopic resection of rectal carcinoid tumors without any procedure-related complications. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal resection with double ligation (ESMR-DL) for the treatment of small rectal carcinoid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eleven rectal carcinoid tumors (in 11 patients) were resected by ESMR-DL between November 2001 and April 2004, using a conventional single-channel endoscope with an attached band-ligator device. The lesion was aspirated into the ligator device and an elastic band was placed around the base; a detachable snare was then used to ligate the stalk below the elastic band; and snare resection was performed above the elastic band. The resected specimens were examined with respect to size, histological atypia, depth of invasion, and the histological appearance of the resection margins. RESULTS: All the lesions were excised completely without any complications. There was no tumor invasion beyond the submucosal layer and there was no evidence of atypia in any of the specimens. Tumor diameter varied from 2.0 mm to 10.0 mm (average 6.2 mm). None of the 11 specimens showed histopathological evidence of tumor involvement at the resection margins. There were no immediate or late complications (bleeding or perforation) after ESMR-DL. There was no local recurrence and there were no distant metastases in any patients during the mean follow-up period of 18 months. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic submucosal resection with double ligation is a useful and safe method for the treatment of small rectal carcinoid tumors.     

消化道恶性淋巴瘤临床与内镜表现特征研究

重视消化道恶性淋巴瘤特别是粘膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤(MALT Lymphoma)的研究十分必要。该文对三十年间在该院经病理检查证实为消化道恶性淋巴瘤50名患者临床和内镜资料进行了总结分析,其中3例诊断为MALT Lymphoma。主要临床表现为腹痛、消瘦、腹部包块、消化道出血等。病变分布为单纯累及胃60％、小肠22％、回盲部6％、食管及结肠其它部位各占2％、多灶性分布为8％。病理学检查有19例为B淋巴细胞源性低度恶性淋巴瘤。35例术前内镜检查所见巨大溃疡型40％、结节隆起型20％、弥漫浸润型20％、混合表现型20％。内镜下拟诊本病者均获病理支持,内镜活检确诊率为57％。3例MALT Lymphoma患者均为男性,主要内镜表现1例呈粘膜多发点片状糜烂,病变累及食管、胃底、十二指肠、全部小肠及结直肠;1例食管、末段回肠及结肠多发纵行大溃疡;1例呈胃多发溃疡伴出血,皱壁粗大。总结认为本病在内镜下有一定特征表现,内镜下多点活检或配合粘膜剥脱术有助于提高本病的早期确诊率。