早期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术的临床疗效及生活质量比较

目的:比较保乳手术与改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床效果及生活质量。方法:回顾性分析2004年4月—2007年4月经保乳手术治疗的95例(保乳组)早期乳腺癌患者临床资料,并与同期行改良根治术95例(改良组)早期乳腺癌患者进行对比。结果:保乳组与改良组的局部复发率、转移率、生存率间无统计学差异(P>0.05);保乳组和改良组乳房外观美学效果"优良"率分别为93.7%和0(P<0.05);保乳组术后5年存活患者生活质量评分亦明显高于改良组(83.66±3.70 vs.73.07±4.85)(P<0.05)。结论:对于早期乳腺癌,保乳手术在获得与改良根治术相同疗效的同时,能明显改善患者术后的生活质量;掌握好保乳手术适应证、规范的手术切除和术后个体化综合治疗是手术成功的关健。     

Stewart-Treves syndrome: lymphangiosarcoma following mastectomy

Lymphangiosarcoma (LAS) is an aggressive, malignant vascular tumor following long-lasting chronic lymphedema. Patients with LAS demonstrate a history of breast cancer treated by radical mastectomy in the majority of patients. In the 1960s the incidence of LAS in patients with a 5-year survival after radical mastectomy varied from 0.07 to 0.45%. Today, due to changes in the operative techniques of breast cancer, less chronic lymphedema is seen with only a scant number of LAS patients. The etiology of this enigmatic tumor is not yet completely understood. Histologically, LAS arises from vascular endotheliocytes, and all vascular sarcomas originating in the setting of a chronic lymphedema are categorized as LAS. There is no standard treatment of LAS. The treatment options include radical ablative surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The prognosis of LAS is poor; long-term survival is the exception. Only early recognition and radical surgery offer a chance of cure.     

Prognosis after breast recurrence following conservative surgery and radiotherapy in patients with node-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Breast conservation surgery with radiotherapy is a safe and effective alternative to mastectomy for early-stage breast cancer. This retrospective study examined the outcome of patients with isolated local recurrence following conservative surgery and radiotherapy in node-negative breast cancer. METHODS: Between November 1979 and December 1994, 503 women with node-negative breast cancer were treated by conservation surgery and radiotherapy without adjuvant systemic therapy. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 73 months the 5-year rate of freedom from local recurrence was 94 per cent. Thirty-five patients developed an isolated local recurrence within the breast as a first event. Thirty-three patients were treated with salvage mastectomy and two patients were treated with systemic therapy alone. The 5-year rate of freedom from second relapse was 46 per cent and the overall 5-year survival rate was 59 per cent for patients who had salvage mastectomy. Patients who developed breast recurrence as a first event had a 3.25 greater risk of developing distant metastasis (P < 0.001) than those who did not have breast recurrence as a first event. CONCLUSION: Salvage mastectomy after local recurrence was an appropriate treatment if there was no evidence of distant metastasis. Breast recurrence after conservative surgery and radiotherapy in node-negative breast cancer predicted an increased risk of distant relapse.     

乳腺癌分期与术式选择

乳腺癌严重威胁女性的健康,外科治疗在乳腺癌治疗中占据了极其重要的地位。起初,乳腺癌根治术占据着主要地位,随后经历了到扩大根治术和改良根治术的转变。后来,乳腺癌的外科治疗完成了从最大的可耐受的治疗向最小的有效的治疗的转变,随着保乳手术和前哨淋巴结活检术的产生和发展,个体化保守治疗成为乳腺癌外科治疗的发展方向。     

乳腺癌术后乳糜漏的诊治分析

目的探讨乳腺癌术后乳糜漏的诊断及治疗方法,为该病提供有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1997年6月至2013年8月收治6例乳腺癌术后并发乳糜漏的诊治经过。结果 1例保守治疗治愈。5例行手术治疗,1例治愈,4例术后仍有乳糜漏,采用碘仿纱填塞漏口加压包扎、负压引流治愈。结论术中熟悉腋窝的解剖关系、彻底结扎淋巴管可以减少乳糜漏发生。禁食营养支持治疗、局部加压包扎、碘仿纱填塞和负压引流是治愈乳腺癌术后乳糜漏的有效方法。     

Primary radiotherapy after tumour excision as an alternative to mastectomy for early breast cancer. Rationale and preliminary results of a prospective study

A conservative approach to the management of breast cancer is gaining acceptance. The evidence from many retrospective and prospective studies indicates that breast-preserving surgery and radiation therapy give results equal to those of mastectomy. Relapse affecting the breast alone has been shown not to be detrimental to survival, while the psychological benefits to the patients have been gratifying. A prospective study of early breast cancer treated by conservative surgery and radiation was commenced at the Johannesburg Hospital in 1980. The results in 57 patients are reported. So far there have been 2 cases of local recurrence. In the majority of cases satisfactory cosmetic results were achieved. It is considered that lumpectomy with axillary dissection to establish nodal status followed by irradiation is the treatment of choice for stage I and II carcinoma of the breast.     

Conservative surgery and radiation in the treatment of early (stages I and II) breast cancer. Long-term results

Multiple nonrandomized series as well as prospective randomized trials have demonstrated that the long-term results of conservative surgery and appropriate radiation are equal to those of mastectomy for the treatment of early breast cancer. Moderate doses of radiation combined with surgical excision result in optimal local-regional control, good to excellent cosmetic results in the majority of patients and minimal complications. The long-term potential carcinogenic effects of radiation have not materialized in the clinical setting and the incidence of contralateral breast cancer and second non-breast malignancy is comparable to that reported after mastectomy. Based on this data, conservative surgery and radiation continues to represent a valid alternative to mastectomy for the treatment of early breast cancer.     

Breast-conserving therapy in breast cancer patients--a 12-year experience

INTRODUCTION: Twenty years ago prospective randomised controlled trials were initiated to compare conservative breast surgery plus radiation with radical mastectomy in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer. The results have shown no survival advantage for mastectomy over breast-conserving therapy (BCT). However, local recurrence of cancer after BCT has been reported to be as high as 14%, necessitating salvage mastectomy. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed on 165 breast cancer patients undergoing BCT in the 12 years up to August 2002. Resection and intraoperative cytological assessment were used to achieve clear excision margins. Adjuvant therapy (hormones, chemotherapy) was undertaken, and the incidence and times of local recurrence and distant metastases were recorded. RESULTS: Ninety-four per cent of patients had clear margins at the initial operation. This was achieved irrespective of ductal carcinoma in situ alone or surrounding the cancer in 62% of cases. At a median follow-up of 65 months one patient developed local recurrence (LR) in the breast synchronously with distant relapse. Two patients had non-nodal axillary recurrences but no patient suffered LR in isolation in the treated breast. CONCLUSION: BCT is a safe alternative to mastectomy provided that the tumour is completely excised. The segment containing the cancer should be resected from the nipple to the periphery of the breast. Intraoperative cytological assessment helps to ensure clear margins. Reexcision is recommended for patients with close/involved margins.     

History of breast cancer surgery and its perspectives

At the end of the 19th century, surgical treatment of breast cancer was revolutionized by the introduction of the Halsted radical mastectomy. Haagensen, who studied under one of Halsted's students, further strengthened the foundations of the technique, and the Halsted operation became the standard radical breast cancer surgery worldwide. This may have been responsible for the persistence of this operation, particularly in Japan. Some Halstedian surgeons espoused the extended radical mastectomy or super-radical mastectomy. However, breast-conserving surgery is now becoming the most common technique. In the early 1970s breakthroughs in the understanding of the biology of breast cancer led to a new era of adjuvant therapy. Consequently current surgical management of breast cancer is no longer possible without considering other therapeutic modalities. Consistent with this change, it should be realized that the disease is no longer diagnosed at the same stage as it was at the time of Halsted. Although the ultimate patient outcome is not likely to be influenced solely by locoregional treatment, surgery will continue to be employed as the most effective treatment modality, and every effort should be made to prevent locoregional tumor spread.     

局部晚期乳腺癌有效新辅助化疗后病灶的病理表现及保乳可行性分析

目的 探讨局部晚期乳腺癌经新辅助化疗后病灶消退的病理表现及肿块缩小后保乳手术的可行性.方法 回顾分析2003年6月至2007年8月46例有效的新辅助化疗后手术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料.患者均为女性,年龄28～65岁,平均46.3岁,肿瘤最大径7～13 cm.所有病例均在新辅助化疗后行乳腺癌改良根治术或标准根治术,术后对切除标本以残余肿瘤为中心行6个不同方向的连续切片,评价肿瘤的消退情况.结果 全组41.3%(19/46)肿瘤呈向心性缩小,其中31.6%(6/19)肿瘤向心性缩小并且周围无癌灶残留,68.4%(13/19)肿瘤向心性缩小但周围仍有癌灶残留.全组58.7%(27/46)肿瘤呈筛状消退.结论 局部晚期乳腺癌经新辅助化疗有效的大部分患者病理表现仍未达到保乳要求,保乳手术应慎重.     

The surgical management of breast cancer

The management of breast cancer is highly controversial. Various operations have been performed in different hospitals. This controversy may arise from an incomplete knowledge of the biology of breast cancer. At present, surgeons are highly recommended to perform an adequate surgery which gives the ultimate in local control, does not compromise the chance of cure and gives the best cosmetic and aesthetic results. Recently, the choice of conservative surgery with aggressive radiation therapy versus more adequate surgery, total mastectomy and axillary dissection, is a major controversial problem for primary treatment of operable breast cancer. However, to avoid local recurrence with attendant worry for the patient, conservative surgery should only be indicated for a select group of patients with early breast cancer. At present, there is little doubt that mastectomy and regional lymph node dissection are the most beneficial methods of treatment in all other patients. So, adequate surgery and breast reconstruction are more preferably recommended for ensuring local control and for providing a better psychological impact.     

保乳手术与改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床对照研究

目的：比较保乳手术与改良根治术对早期乳腺癌预后的影响。方法：回顾性分析我院1998年7月—2008年7月经保乳手术治疗的63例早期乳腺癌患者临床资料,并与同期行改良根治术63例早期乳腺癌患者进行对比。结果：保乳手术治疗没有增加患者的局部复发率、转移率、病死率,生存率与同期改良根治术相当,并且保持了患者良好的乳房外形。结论：对于早期乳腺癌,保乳手术是一种切实可行的手术方式。     

乳腺癌治疗的新进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是女性常见的恶性肿瘤。随着医学技术的发展以及乳腺癌早期诊断率的提高,乳腺癌的治疗由最早的乳腺癌根治术(包括全乳切除)发展为以保乳手术为主的手术治疗,同时辅助以化疗、内分泌治疗、放疗、靶向治疗及免疫治疗等综合治疗。本文将对乳腺癌的治疗进展进行综述。     

Results of conservative operations for breast cancer

The results of conservative operations for breast cancer in 1,593 patients treated at the Cleveland Clinic between 1957 through 1975 are reported. During this period, we individualized our treatment of breast cancer depending on tumor size, location in the breast, and clinical stage of the disease. The following three principal operations were performed: modified radical mastectomy in 592 patients (37%), simple (total) mastectomy in 442 patients (28%), and partial (segmental) mastectomy in 291 patients (18%). Survival results at 5, 10, and 15 years are reported. Factors important in long-term survival included stage of the disease, number of lymph node metastases, delay in therapy, size of the tumor, histologic type, and estrogen receptor status; type of operation was not a significant factor. In this series, partial (segmental) mastectomy without radiation therapy provided five- to 15-year survival rates equal to modified radical mastectomy and simple (total) mastectomy.     

Primary surgery in the treatment of invasive cancers of the breast]

The modalities and indications for surgery in the treatment of breast cancers have changed considerably over the last 30 years with a succession of exclusive surgery, exclusive radiotherapy, then limited surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy and finally neoadjuvant chemotherapy. With the contribution of all of these treatment modalities, the authors discuss the respective roles of radical surgery and conservative surgery as first-line surgery for invasive breast cancers. After recalling its objectives, first-line surgery is then described in terms of its diagnostic role in the presence of a suspicious node, an patch of mastopathy, nipple discharge or subclinical lesions. The various radical and conservative techniques of primary curative surgery are then described in the context of combined therapy (adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy): no longer Halsted's radical mastectomy, by modified Patey's mastectomy with limited lymph node dissection and especially partial mastectomies (quadrantectomy, lumpectomy) with axillary lymph node dissection, alone or combined with radiotherapy. The implications on the cosmetic result and the various modalities of reconstructive surgery are also discussed.     

Development and Trends of Surgical Modalities for Breast Cancer in China: A Review of 16-Year Data

Background Surgery is the most important treatment for nonmetastatic breast cancer; however, the utilization of modern surgical techniques in management of breast cancer in mainland China has not been reported. Methods The medical records of 5887 consecutive breast cancer patients treated surgically in the past 16 years were reviewed retrospectively; the utilization of different surgical modalities and associated clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results Median age of all patients was 50 (range 16–92). About 1015 patients were staged as 0–I, 3569 stage II, 517 stage III, and 786 cases could not be staged. Extensive radical mastectomy (ERM), radical mastectomy (RM), modified radical mastectomy (MRM), simple mastectomy (SM), and breast-conserving surgery (BCS) were used in 8%, 27.2%, 55.7%, 1.5%, and 6.3% of patients, respectively. In addition, 1.3% of patients received breast reconstruction. The proportion of early-stage breast cancer increased, and the surgery patterns varied. MRM gradually replaced ERM and RM. The prevalence of BCS began to increase from the mid-1990s and currently represents about 12%. The prevalence of reconstruction also increased and now accounts for 5%. Age, pathologic pattern, and TNM staging affected the choice of surgery modalities markedly. Although patients receiving RM/ERM had worse survival than those receiving BCS/MRM, the survival outcomes of these four groups were similar in the early-stage population. Conclusions MRM remains the most-used surgical modality in operable breast cancer, although the utilization of BCS for early-stage disease has increased rapidly in last decade. Reconstruction following mastectomy as an alternative to BCS is available. Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and MRM provide similar local controls and long-term survival for breast cancer. Selection of appropriate candidates for a certain surgery requires an assessment of the patient’s age and clinical and pathological characteristics of the tumor.     

Conservative treatment of the central breast cancer with nipple-areolar resection: an alternative oncoplastic technique

Conservative surgery with radiation therapy is the standard treatment for early-stage breast cancer. Nevertheless, the patients with subareolar breast cancer have been often excluded from breast-conserving surgery and treated with mastectomy because of the unacceptable cosmetic effect associated with the resection of the nipple-areola complex (NAC), as well as oncologic concerns about multicentricity or multifocality associated with these tumours. We show a conservative "oncoplastic technique" in which the resection of the central portion of the breast, including the NAC, can allow a wide excision of the tumour with uninvolved margins of resection and good cosmetic results.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术疗效分析

目的探讨早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效。方法行保留乳房的肿瘤切除及腋窝淋巴结清扫术52例,术后给予放化疗和内分泌治疗。结果平均随访56个月,无局部复发病例,3年和5年生存率分别为96.2%和92.3%,远隔脏器转移率为3.8%。结论早期乳腺癌采用保乳综合疗法,可以达到与根治术相似的治疗效果,且提高了患者生存质量,可作为首选治疗方法。     

Are modified radical mastectomies done for T1 breast cancers because of surgeon's advice or patient's choice?

Clinical trials show that T1 breast cancers are equally well treated with breast-conserving surgery as with modified radical mastectomy. However, the Colorado Central Cancer Registry indicates that, for the past 5 years, the majority of women (72%) with T1 breast cancer in Colorado have undergone modified radical mastectomies. A questionnaire was sent to 175 general surgeons to determine the reasons for the high number of modified radical mastectomies still being performed. The results indicate that one group of surgeons (34% of those responding) believes each type of surgery has equal survival rates but unknowingly influences the patient to choose modified radical mastectomy, with a subtly biased presentation. Education of both surgeons and patients is needed to increase the number of patients with T1 breast lesions who can benefit from breast-conserving therapy.     

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??Centennial review and enlightenment of breast cancer surgery DUAN Xue-ning.Breast Disease Center,Peking University First Hospital,Beijing 100034,China
Abstract The treatment of breast cancer is mainly based on local therapy since its record. In particular, since 1894 Halsted pioneered radical mastectomy, surgery has always been at the heart of breast cancer treatment. From the attempt of extended radical resection to the advent of modified radical mastectomy, all patients were treated on the basis of tumor free resection, with the prognosis of patients who did not deteriorate. After the Fisher team put forward the concept of breast cancer as a systemic disease, local treatment of breast cancer is developing towards a narrower operation. Local excision and radiotherapy for breast conserving became feasible. Depending on status of sentinel lymph node to determine whether to carry out axillary clearance has also been recognized in this century. Over the past hundred years, surgical treatment has not significantly improved the prognosis of breast cancer, but has improved the quality of life. With the rapid development of systemic therapy, the trend of breast cancer treatment has been reversed. The importance of operation to local control seems to be shaken. The enhancement of endocrine therapy and target therapy, the further optimization of cytotoxic drugs make the prognosis of breast cancer more dependent on the whole body treatment, and the progress of radiotherapy also affects the status of the partial operation control, especially the presence of positive axillary nodes. In the age of group medical treatment to individualized medical treatment and the pursuit of precision medical treatment, molecular subtypes guidance systematic therapy is feasible, and the guidance of surgical treatment has not been supported by evidence. Therefore, the idea of tumor free resection cannot be changed. It is necessary to recommend the best way of operation to improve survival, and to find a better combination of surgery and systematic therapy.