内蒙古地区饮用水中总α及天然放射性核素的活度浓度调查研究

目的 了解内蒙古地区饮用水中的放射性水平,研究分析内蒙古个别地区饮用水中总α放射性水平较高的原因。方法 根据已筛查结果再次采集内蒙古地区部分城镇总α放射性水平较高的水样,用低本底α、β放射性测量仪测量、微量铀分析仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析其放射性指标异常的原因,估算居民饮水摄入放射性所致待积有效剂量。结果 自来水样品总α放射性活度0.508~1.00 8 Bq/L,出厂水总α放射性活度0.507~1.965 Bq/L。激光荧光法测量自来水铀浓度范围为3.41~35.71 μg/L,出厂水铀浓度范围为3.62~32.61 μg/L。电感耦合等离子体质谱仪法测量自来水中的²³⁸U浓度范围5.83~34.36 μg/L、²³²Th浓度范围0.002~0.359 μg/L;出厂水中的²³⁸U浓度范围5.62~29.41 μg/L、²³²Th浓度范围0.003~0.327 μg/L。结论 通过对内蒙古部分地区饮用水样的复测分析研究发现,水样中总α放射性水平较高的原因源于铀,铀含量的偏高导致总α值偏高。     

水中总α放射性测量的制源厚度及效率校准研究

目的 研究制源厚度及效率校准对水中总α放射性测量结果的影响。方法 分别采用²⁴¹Am和天然铀标准溶液加入水样制备样品源、²⁴¹Am标准物质粉末直接铺样制备标准源,研究质量厚度与探测效率的关系、质量厚度对样品源净计数率的影响、有效厚度的测定以及有效厚度法和厚源法对同一水样测量结果的影响。结果 在水样中分别加入²⁴¹Am和天然铀标准溶液测得水样的有效厚度均与经验值4 mg/cm²基本一致;水样的α计数率在质量厚度为2A~5A mg/cm²时近似处于线性增长趋势,>10A mg/cm²时计数率基本平稳不再增加（A为样品盘面积,cm²）;分别采用有效厚度法和厚源法测量同一水样的总α放射性,铺样在质量厚度为10A mg/cm²时,两种方法的结果最一致。结论 在分析水样总α放射性时,为减少因样品源质量厚度不同引起的总α计数率偏差、因标准源质量厚度不同所致的探测效率偏差,铺样厚度均选择为10A mg/cm²较为合理。     

秦山核电站二期扩建工程运行后周围饮用水总放射性水平调查

目的 调查分析秦山核电站二期扩建工程正式投入运行后周围饮用水中的总放射性水平及变化趋势。方法 2010—2022年,每年分别在丰水期(5月)和枯水期(10月)采集秦山核电站周围30 km内的水源水、出厂水和末梢水,测定分析饮用水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度,并与国内不同核电站周围饮用水、无核电站地区周围饮用水总放射性水平进行比较。结果 水源水总α、总β放射性活度浓度均值分别为(0.021±0.019)和(0.204±0.058)Bq/L,出厂水总α、总β放射性活度浓度均值分别为(0.010±0.005)和(0.185±0.056)Bq/L,末梢水总α、总β放射性活度浓度均值分别为(0.012±0.007)和(0.170±0.058)Bq/L,均低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》规定的限值,3类水体在丰水期和枯水期监测结果差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),与国内不同核电站周围饮用水以及无核电站地区周围饮用水总放射性水平接近。结论 二期扩建工程正式投入运行后,秦山核电站周围饮用水中总α、总β放射性水平处于本底水平且趋势平稳,低于国家标准指导水平。     

赤峰市饮用水中的总放射性水平调查

目的 了解赤峰市饮用水中的总放射性水平,估算由饮用水摄入放射性核素所致辐射年均有效剂量。方法 在赤峰市12个旗县区布点采集水样,用低本底α、β放射性测量仪和高纯锗γ能谱仪进行测量。结果 本次调查的赤峰市饮用水中的总α放射性水平为0.016~1.230 Bq/L,总β放射性水平为0.039~0.878 Bq/L。居民通过饮用自来水摄入总α放射性所致辐射年均有效剂量为0.071 mSv/年。结论 本次调查的赤峰市饮用水中的总α总β平均值低于世界卫生组织(WHO)的指导值,居民饮用自来水所致辐射年均有效剂量在安全水平之下。     

广东省饮用水源水总α和总β放射性水平调查与分析

目的 调查广东省饮用水源水中的总α、总β放射性本底水平,建立水源水放射性水平基线值,为评估核技术应用或人类活动可能所致的饮用水潜在放射风险评估提供基础数据。方法 在全省191个在用水源,分别采集丰水期、枯水期各1次,依照GB/T 5750.13-2006《生活饮用水标准监测方法-放射性指标》要求进行采样、检测分析。按照GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水标准》评价总α、总β放射性水平。结果 丰水期、枯水期共采样382个。用于总α、总β分析的样品为377个,其中丰水期189个,枯水期188个,丰水期与枯水期一一配对样品186个。所有水源水,枯水期总α放射性水平为（0.034±0.060）Bq/L （0.008~0.582 2 Bq/L）、总β放射性水平为（0.108±0.091）Bq/L （0.014~0.637 Bq/L）,丰水期总α放射性水平为（0.045±0.064）Bq/L （0.008~0.402 Bq/L）、总β放射性水平为（0.125±0.128）Bq/L （0.014~0.848 Bq/L）。除汕尾地区响水水库枯水期有1个样品的总α放射性水平（0.582 Bq/L）超过国家饮用水放射性标准指导值外,其他样品总α、总β放射性水平皆远低于国家饮用水放射性标准指导值,丰水期总α放射性水平高于枯水期（t=2.619,P<0.05）。不同水系丰水期、枯水期总α（F_丰水期=1.819,F_枯水期=1.985,P<0.05）、总β（F_丰水期=2.709, F_枯水期=8.461,P<0.05）放射性水平差异均有统计学意义,以粤西诸河为最高。地下水在丰水期的总α、总β放射性水平均高于河流水和湖库水,河流水总α、总β放射性水平高于湖库水,差异均有统计学意义（F_总α=39.323, F_总β=25.911,P<0.05）;枯水期的总α、总β放射性水平高于河流水和湖库水,差异均有统计学意义（F_总α=11.520,F_总β=28.435,P<0.05）;总体上呈现为地下水最高,其次是河流水,最低是湖库水。结论 掌握了广东省全省饮用水源水放射性本底水平分布,低于我国规定的饮用水指导值。粤西诸河水源水放射性水平明显高于其他水系,河流水放射性水平也明显高于湖库水。     

巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用井水中总放射性水平调查

目的 调查巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用井水中总放射性水平。方法 采集2020年巴彦乌拉铀矿周围枯水期和丰水期饮用井水174份,以及居民家中经过滤后的饮用井水5份。分析枯水期和丰水期总α和总β放射性水平是否存在差异,总放射性水平与距离铀矿中心不同位置的关系,并对居民家中过滤后的饮用井水进行放射性水平调查。采用低本底α、β放射性测量仪测量分析其放射性水平。结果 巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用井水中,枯水期总α范围为0.024~ 2.468 Bq/L, 平均为(0.605±0.507)Bq/L,总β变化范围为0.125~1.395 Bq/L,平均为(0.420±0.235)Bq/L。丰水期总α变化范围为0.049~2.988 Bq/L,平均为(0.825±0.605)Bq/L,总β变化范围为0.059~1.623 Bq/L,平均为(0.506±0.265)Bq/L。距离铀矿中心位置水样的总放射性水平均值关系为10 km>30 km>20 km。结论 巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用井水中的放射性活度偏高,丰水期水样中总α、总β放射性水平均大于枯水期,放射性水平较未开采前未见升高。     

内蒙古地区水中总放射性水平的调查分析

目的 了解内蒙古地区水中的总α和总β放射性水平,估算居民通过饮水所致辐射年有效剂量。方法 采集内蒙古地区全部101旗县、辖区和12个盟市的自来水和出厂水,以及当地主要的河水、湖水、水库水和井水等,共768份水样,用低本底α、β放射性测量仪测量分析其放射性水平,估算居民饮水所致剂量采用美国环境保护署(EPA)Federal Guidance Report 11的通用方法。结果 内蒙古地区自来水、出厂水、河水、湖水、水库水、井水、泉水中总α放射性活度范围分别为0.016~1.003、0.016~0.975、0.017~1.544、0.120~0.672、0.016~0.492、0.016~1.139、0.032~3.156 Bq/L;总β放射性活度范围分别为0.030~0.828、0.031~0.571、0.066~0.873、0.169~2.268、0.046~0.519、0.071~0.526、0.087~1.063 Bq/L。结论 内蒙古地区居民饮用自来水中的总放射性活度均值小于世界卫生组织(WHO)指导值,估算出饮水所致年均有效剂量值小于WHO建议值0.1 mSv/年,其他种类水样总放射性活度也处于全国平均水平之内。     

2016—2020年四川省五市饮用水源地放射性水平监测与分析

目的 了解四川省成都、宜宾、绵阳、广元、乐山五个重点市水源地的放射性水平,评价其水源地辐射水平的安全性。方法 于2016—2020年间对成都、宜宾、绵阳、广元、乐山五市饮用水源地进行布点、采样,并分析水中总α[参照《水中总α放射性浓度的测定厚源法》(EJ/T 1075-1998)]、总β[《水中总β放射性测定蒸发法》(EJ/T 900-1994)]、⁹⁰Sr[参照《水和生物灰中锶-90的放射化学分析方法》(HJ 815-2016)]、¹³⁷Cs[参照《水和生物样品样品灰中铯-137放射化学分析方法》(HJ 816-2016)]、²²⁶Ra[参照《水中镭-226的分析测定》(GB 11214-1989)]、U[参照《环境样品中微量铀的分析方法(3激光荧光法)》(HJ 840-2017)]、Th[参照《食品安全国家标准食品中放射性物质检验天然钍和铀的测定》(GB 14883.7-2016)]的放射性水平。结果 五市饮用水源地的总α放射性浓度范围值为0.011~0.076 Bq/L,总β放射性浓度范围值为0.027~0.098 Bq/L,¹³⁷Cs的放射性浓度范围值为0.21~0.45 mBq/L,⁹⁰Sr的放射性浓度范围值为1.0~2.4 mBq/L,²²⁶Ra的放射性浓度范围值为6.1~16.0 mBq/L,Th的放射性浓度范围值为0.06~0.21 μg/L,U的放射性浓度范围值为0.73~3.3 μg/L。不同水源地、不同年份之间的总α、总β、⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、²²⁶Ra、U、Th放射性浓度之间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),不同水期的总α、总β、⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、²²⁶Ra放射性浓度之间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同水期的U放射性浓度差异有统计学意义(H=16.53,P<0.05),不同水期的Th放射性浓度差异有统计学意义(H=15.61,P<0.05)。结论 本次调查显示四川省成都、宜宾、绵阳、广元、乐山五个重点市饮用水源地的总α、总β、⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、²²⁶Ra、U、Th放射性水平,与1995年国家环境保护局发布的《中国环境天然放射性水平》中的相关数据处于同一水平,均在生态环境部辐射环境监测技术中心发布的2013—2021年全国辐射环境监测质量报告的数据范围内,五个重点市的水源地放射性水平处于安全水平。     

三门核电站运行前后生活饮用水中总放射性和食品中90Sr水平调查

目的 调查分析三门核电站运行前后,三门核电站周围生活饮用水中总放射性及食品中⁹⁰Sr的放射性水平。方法 在2012-2019年,选取三门核电站周围7个生活饮用水监测点,分别采集丰水期和枯水期的水源水、出厂水、末梢水,测定分析水中总α、总β放射性水平;结合当地居民饮食习惯,采集三门当地出产的谷类、青菜、淡水鱼、海鱼等4种食品,测定分析其中的⁹⁰Sr放射性水平。结果 三门核电站运行前,核电站周围生活饮用水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度范围为0.001~0.063 Bq/L和0.019~0.210 Bq/L;运行后,总α、总β放射性活度浓度范围为0.001~0.084 Bq/L、0.025~0.079 Bq/L,均低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）国家标准指导值。丰水期和枯水期的水源水、出厂水、末梢水中总α、总β放射性水平未见明显变化。运行前,4类食品⁹⁰Sr放射性活度浓度范围为0.037~1.216 Bq/kg,运行后为0.049~0.692 Bq/kg,均低于《食品中放射性物质限制浓度标准》（GB 14882-94）指导值。结论 三门核电站运行前后,生活饮用水中总α、总β及食品中⁹⁰Sr放射性水平平稳,低于国家标准限值。     

2018年秦山核电站周边饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平的监测与分析

目的 了解秦山核电站周边的饮用水中总α、总β放射性本底水平。方法 根据国家卫生健康委员会方案,2018年在海盐县内距秦山核电站周围30 km范围内的11个监测点,在上半年和下半年分别采集水源水、出厂水和管网末梢水各1次,依据GB/T 5750.13-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法放射性指标》进行采样、检测分析。检测的饮用水中总α、总β放射性水平按GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》进行评价,并比较2018年与2016-2017年末梢水中总α、总β放射性水平。结果 11个采样点分别在2018年4月和9月共采得水样22份,测得饮用水蒸干后的残渣率与不同类型水体有关,水源水残渣率稍高,达0.033 7%。不同类型水体中总α放射性水平范围为0.008~0.040 Bq/L,平均值为（0.015±0.009）Bq/L,总β放射性水平范围为0.014~0.320 Bq/L,平均值为（0.188±0.068）Bq/L。水源水和出厂水总α放射性水平比较,差异具有统计学意义（Z=-2.286,P<0.05）;残渣量与总α、总β放射性水平无线性关系,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2018年末梢水与2016-2017年比较,总α、总β放射性水平比较差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.976、-2.031,P<0.05）,2017年末梢水与2016年比较,总α、总β放射性水平比较差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.042、-3.214,P<0.05）,2018年末梢水与2017年比较,总α、总β放射性水平比较差异有统计学意义（Z=-20.112、-2.511,P<0.05）,但均符合标准要求。结论 核电站运行未对其周围饮用水的放射性水平产生影响,秦山核电站周围饮用水是安全的。     

Critical remarks on gross alpha/beta activity analysis in drinking waters: Conclusions from a European interlaboratory comparison

The most common gross alpha/beta standard methods used for drinking water analysis are discussed, and sources of interferences are reviewed from a metrological point of view. Our study reveals serious drawbacks of gross methods on the basis of an interlaboratory comparison analyzing commercial mineral water samples with the participation of 71 laboratories. A proposal is made to obtain comparable measurement results using true standardized methods.     

The implications of particle energy and acidic media on gross alpha and gross beta determination using liquid scintillation

The interaction of humans with radioactivity present in the environment from natural and artificial sources necessitates an evaluation of its risk on human health. Gross alpha and gross beta activities can provide a rapid evaluation of the radioactive content of a sample and can be simultaneously determined by using liquid scintillation counters. However, calibration of the liquid scintillation counter is required and is affected by many factors, such as particle energy and the acidity of the media. This study investigates what effect the particle energy used for calibration has on misclassification and how to account for this misclassification in routine measurements.The variability in measurement produced by the final pH, as well as any acids used in sample treatment, was also studied. These results showed that the most commonly used acid for these types of analyses, HNO₃, produced a high amount of misclassifications at very low pH. The results improved when HCl was used to adjust the sample to low pH.     

Study of self-absorption for the determination of gross alpha and beta activities in water and soil samples

Source thickness is important in determinations of gross alpha and beta activities in soil or water samples because of self-absorption and energy losses. Its influence was studied theoretically, experimentally, and with Monte Carlo simulations. No problems were found for gross beta activity determinations using sources with mass thicknesses up to 25 mg/cm². However, to simultaneously determine gross alpha activity, the results appear to indicate that about 10 mg/cm² should be the upper limit to avoid problems.     

Radioactivity in bottled waters sold in Mexico

Measurements of gross alpha and beta activities were made on 21 domestic and international brands of bottled (purified and mineral) water sold in the Mexican market to assess its radiological quality. Alpha and beta activities were determined using a liquid-scintillation detector with pulse-shape analysis feature. All the purified water had values of beta activity lower than the limit for potable drinking water (1.0 Bq/l), while three brands surpassed the limit of alpha activity (0.1 Bq/l).

The limit for alpha radioactivity content was exceed by three mineral waters; the results show a correlation between radioactivity content and mineral salts, which are related with the origin and treatment of the waters.     

The natural radioactivity in Guarani aquifer groundwater, Brazil.

The measurements of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in groundwater samples from Guarani aquifer in Brazil are reported in this paper together with the activity concentration of the natural dissolved radionuclides (40)K, (238)U, (234)U, (226)Ra, (222)Rn, (210)Po, (210)Pb, (232)Th, (228Th), and (228)Ra. Most of the gross alpha radioactivity values were below the critical level of detection corresponding to 1mBq/L, however, the whole data set for the gross beta radioactivity and radionuclides (40)K, (238)U, (234)U, (226)Ra, (222)Rn, (210)Po, (210)Pb, and (228)Ra was submitted to a statistical treatment, considering class intervals arranged in geometric progression, because of the great variability of the activity. The analysis indicated lognormal distribution of the data, as usually observed in samples taken from the natural context. An inverse relationship between the gross alpha and gross beta activity has been identified and is related to an increase in the K content in the water. The mobility coefficient has been estimated for (238)U, (226)Ra, (232)Th and (228)Ra in Guarani aquifer and the results indicated that the radioelement solubility in the studied system varies according to the following order: radium>uranium>thorium. The implications of the data obtained in terms of standards established for defining the drinking water quality have also been discussed.     

Natural radioactivity in tap water and associated age-dependent dose and lifetime risk assessment in Amman, Jordan

With the aim of assessing potential public impact, preliminary investigations on tap waters collected from highly populated areas in Amman and Aqaba, Jordan were conducted by measuring gross alpha and beta activities as well as uranium and radium radionuclides. Gross activities deduced by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) were ranged in <50-250±23 mBq l⁻¹ for alpha and <188-327±29 mBq l⁻¹ for beta in Amman whereas higher concentrations were found in Aqaba. The results show that gross β activities are generally higher than the corresponding gross α activities and direct correlations between gross activities and total dissolved solids (TDS) exist. Moreover, the effect of TDS on gross analyses was studied and devoted to the optimization of LSC parameters. ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U and ²³⁸U concentrations were determined by alpha spectrometry after separation from the matrix by extraction chromatography and electroplating. ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra concentrations were measured, respectively, using de-gassing and gas proportional counter techniques. Uranium and radium concentrations do not reach the WHO recommended levels and the radioisotopic activity ratios were discussed. The associated age-dependent dose from water ingestion in Amman was estimated. The total dose for adults had an average value of 0.15 mSv y⁻¹, which exceeds the WHO recommended limit of 0.1 mSv y⁻¹ but still below the Jordanian limit of 0.5 mSv y⁻¹. Although the Jordanian limit was exceeded for babies and infants, the lifetime risk assessment showed values as low as 10⁻⁴. Thereby it is concluded that tap waters of Amman is radiologically safe and pose no significant hazard to the public. Finally, a comparison of the investigated waters with worldwide data was made.     

Influence of source composition and particle energy on the determination of gross alpha activity

The influence of different source compositions and α-particle energies on the detection efficiency of a gas-flow proportional counter was examined using experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. Efficiency variation with alpha-particle energy was very marked, being less significant with the substrate composition. These results show that the determination of gross alpha activity in an unknown sample must be carried out very carefully in order to give a correct estimation of its activity.     

Gross alpha and beta activity analysis in water--a routine laboratory method using liquid scintillation analysis.

The generally accepted method for gross alpha and beta activity analysis of drinking water in Australia is based on ISO methods; ISO9696, water quality--measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water--thick source method, and ISO9697, water quality--measurement of gross beta activity in non-saline water. A liquid scintillation (LSA) based method that requires smaller sample quantities, less sample preparation time and operator intervention, and produces adequate minimum detection levels for local drinking water guidelines has been developed. A synthetic groundwater sample was analysed using the LSA method and compared with results from ISO method techniques used by two independent Australian laboratories. The results show that the LSA method exceeds performance of the ISO methods in measurement accuracy.     

诊断PET-CT用于食管癌原发肿瘤大体肿瘤体积勾画的比较研究

目的 比较单纯参考诊断¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT（PET-CT）在3D-CT上勾画的食管原发肿瘤大体肿瘤体积（GTV）与利用3D-CT和诊断PET-CT形变配准后勾画的GTV体积和位置差异。方法 选择在本院行同步放化疗的胸段食管癌患者72例,所有患者放疗前均行诊断PET-CT扫描和常规3D-CT模拟定位扫描。单纯基于常规3D-CT勾画GTV定义为GTV_3D,参考诊断PET-CT在3D-CT上勾画的GTV定义为GTV_PET-ref,基于3D-CT和诊断PET-CT形变配准图像上勾画的GTV定义为GTV_PET-reg。比较3种GTV剂量指标间的差异。结果 全组患者GTV_3D、GTV_PET-ref、GTV_PET-reg靶区中位体积分别为44.90、40.36、41.15 cm³,各靶区间体积大小差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。三者靶区平均长度分别为8.54、9.29、8.38 cm,GTV_PET-ref>GTV_3D（t=2.134,P<0.05）。GTV_PET-ref对GTV_3D、GTV_PET-reg对GTV_3D的中位包含度（DI）值分别为0.86、0.82,两者间差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.741,P<0.05）;GTV_3D对 GTV_PET-ref、GTV_3D对GTV_PET-reg的中位DI值分别为0.87、0.84,两者间差异有统计学意义（Z=-1.429,P<0.05）。GTV_3D与GTV_PET-ref、GTV_3D与GTV_PET-reg的中位适形指数（CI）值分别为0.72、0.68,两者间差异有统计学意义（Z=2.756,P<0.05）。GTV_3D与GTV_PET-ref、GTV_3D与GTV_PET-reg、GTV_PET-ref与GTV_PET-reg的CI与靶区中心间距均呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。结论 参考诊断PET-CT在靶区体积大小及靶区空间位置与基于诊断PET-CT形变配准所勾画食管癌原发肿瘤GTV差异均无统计学意义,因此,建议放疗医生可以参照治疗前近期的诊断PET-CT勾画食管癌原发肿瘤GTV。