眼袋整形术并发症的防治

眼袋整形术的并发症主要包括下睑外翻，下睑睫外翻，睑球分离、泪小点外翻、眼鼻沟畸形及眶下睑沟凹陷畸形等。皮肤眼轮匝岂及眶隔切除过多是造成上核实工发闰的主要原因，另外，手术中失误或操作粗中造成诸如复视、泪小管撕裂甚至球后血肿等严重并发平。防止下睑外翻的发生，主要在于如何测定松驰皮肤的方法，这要把眼球活动面部肌肉活动以及重力对面部的影响等诸因素进行综合考虑，正确估算发除量，才能有效防止睑外翻的发生，对于     

睑袋整形术同时行眶隔脂肪释放与填充剂矫正泪槽畸形的疗效对比

目的:对中面部老化在睑袋整形术的同时矫正泪槽畸形采用眶隔脂肪释放与填充剂矫正的疗效进行对比。方法:46例睑袋整形术,其中33例采用睑袋整形术切口,皮下锐性分离皮瓣约1cm,于皮肤切口缘下方4mm切开眼轮匝肌,眼轮匝肌与眶隔之间钝、锐性游离达眶缘,松解眶肌筋膜韧带(王韧带),于眶缘处分离支持韧带,在骨膜上分离眼轮匝肌达眶缘下1～2cm,弓状缘释放眶隔脂肪并重置,6-0可吸收线将眶隔脂肪固定于眶缘下骨膜上。如果脂肪较多者适当去除部分脂肪,以局部平整为度。去除多余的眼轮匝肌和皮肤后缝合切口;另外13例采用睑袋整形术方法同上,只是不行眶隔脂肪释放,于术后2个月后采用填充剂治疗泪槽畸形。结果:本组46例中33例眶隔脂肪释放重置者,泪槽畸形均矫正,回访3～12个月效果良好。13例填充剂治疗泪槽畸形矫正者,回访3～12个月,其中5例填充爱贝芙者泪槽畸形改善较好,8例填充玻尿酸者,泪槽畸形仍较明显。结论:睑袋整形术时采用眶隔脂肪释放重置矫正中面部老化泪槽畸形是一种很好的方法。虽然填充剂也能解决泪槽畸形,但毕竟有时效性,加之填充剂本身也有一定的并发症,故在睑袋整形术时不要轻易将眶隔脂肪去除。     

三步法睑袋整形术矫正泪槽和睑颊沟的临床应用

目的探讨一种矫正泪槽和睑颊沟的睑袋整形术的方法及疗效。方法对36例睑袋伴有泪槽和睑颊沟畸形者采用三步法睑袋整形术,包括保留完整的眼轮匝肌眶隔脂肪切除术、选择性释放眼轮匝肌支持韧带、去除多余的皮肤。结果本组共36例患者,术后均得到眶下区年轻化改善。随访3～18个月,下睑缘形态自然,无眼睑外翻发生,切口瘢痕隐蔽,患者对外观效果满意。结论采用三步法睑袋整形术对矫正伴有泪槽和睑颊沟畸形的患者,疗效确切,不良反应少,可恢复眶区年轻化效果,值得临床推广应用。     

下眼袋整形术常见并发症及防治

下眼袋整形术并发下睑外翻的主要是去除皮肤过多或切除眼轮匝肌过多所致。预防要点在于术中掌握好去除皮肤及眼轮匝肌的尺度，应恰到好处，严重外翻者需再次手术修复纠正。下睑凹陷主要是由于去除眶隔过多所致，故应掌握好去脂的量，术中如发现去除过多，可交去的部分回植。若术发现凹陷，可行充填术予以弥补。眼袋部分存留主要去除过多余皮肤和脂及去除的量过于保守所致。两侧不对称，是困术前两侧眼袋大小不一，而去除的皮肤及脂及     

眶隔脂肪释放结合眼轮匝肌瓣折叠悬吊矫治老年性下睑袋

目的：探讨治疗眶缘前凹陷老年性下睑袋的有效方法。方法：眶下缘松解眶隔，释放出眶隔脂肪充填修复眶下缘凹陷畸形，同时利用眼轮匝肌瓣折叠悬吊来缩紧提升松弛下垂的皮肤和眼轮匝肌。结果：修复老年性睑袋畸形32例，手术效果良好，无睑外翻等并发症发生，随访未见睑袋畸形复发。结论：眶隔脂肪释放结合眼轮匝肌瓣折叠悬吊是矫治老年性下睑袋畸形合并眶缘前凹陷畸形的有效方法。     

眼轮匝肌瓣在睑袋手术中矫治泪沟畸形的应用

目的:介绍睑袋成形术中利用眼轮匝肌矫正泪沟畸形的方法。方法:在常规睑袋成形术中,利用切下的眼轮匝肌组织瓣,平铺于泪沟凹陷处的骨膜上,适当固定,填充泪沟局部凹陷,达到平坦,过渡自然的外观。结果:本组共施行手术71例,术后随访3~21个月,泪沟畸形及睑袋畸形、睑颊沟显现等体征均得以矫正,中面部较术前明显年轻,无下睑凹陷、外翻或巩膜过分显露、睑球分离等并发症发生,效果满意。结论:利用眼轮匝肌瓣法矫治泪沟畸形的睑袋成形术操作简单、设计合理,适用于修复伴有泪沟、睑颊沟显现且眶隔脂肪不多的睑袋求美者。     

眶肌筋膜韧带提紧眼袋整形及下睑外翻的分类和预防

目的　研究眶肌筋膜韧带提紧的眼袋整形方法及其下眼睑外翻的分类和预防。方法　研究眶肌筋膜韧带的解剖 2 0例 ,自 1998年 10月至 2 0 0 0年 10月 ,对 2 2 4例下睑松弛及眶下脂肪疝出进行了眶肌筋膜韧带提紧眼袋整形。分析几十年来睑外翻病例 ,提出睑外翻程度的分类方法。结果　眶肌筋膜韧带位于眼轮匝肌外侧深层 ,是一眶隔筋膜汇集的筋膜韧带 ,取名为“眶肌筋膜韧带” ,是一膜状筋膜韧带 ,在冠状面上 ,位于眼外眦角内下方 ,起于眼轮匝肌外侧 1/ 3深面 ,止于眶外侧壁及下睑板外侧缘。长约 15mm ,宽约 12mm。 2 2 4例下眼袋整形后经过 2周至 2年的随访 ,手术后眶下疝出脂肪的隆起得到修复 ,下睑皮肤松弛得到矫正。有 5例术后早期有轻度下眼睑睑球分离 ,2周后完全恢复。眼睑外翻的程度分类将眼睑外翻分成从 0度到Ⅲ度睑外翻的睑外翻 ,每度睑外翻又可分成 4个级别 ,合计为 4度 16级。结论　眶肌筋膜韧带提紧眼袋整形 ,不仅能达到常规眼袋整形手术方法的手术效果 ,又能使眼袋整形手术中达到眼轮匝肌提紧、眶隔筋膜提紧的效果 ,也是预防眼袋手术后产生下睑外翻的有效方法 ,但本手术需增加眶隔筋膜提紧手术操作。眼睑外翻的程度分类方法 ,是眼睑外翻治疗方法的选择和手术效果评价的有效的客观指标     

睑袋整复术中眶隔脂肪瓣翻转填充对矫正眶下沟槽畸形的作用

目的介绍睑袋整形术中处理眶隔及眶隔脂肪并充分矫正宽大泪沟和睑颊沟的方法。方法自2016年7月至2017年11月,共35例患者接受眶隔脂肪瓣翻转填充法睑袋整形术。术中完整显露眶隔后,将眶下剥离范围延伸到距眶缘1 cm,在眶隔上缘将眶隔剪开后形成蒂在上的向下翻转的脂肪瓣,充分填充泪沟与睑颊沟基底。结果本组共35例患者,术后随访4～12个月。睑袋畸形及泪沟、睑颊沟显现等体征均得以矫正,眶周及中面部较术前明显年轻,远期无下睑凹陷、外翻或巩膜过分显露、睑球分离、眶下神经支配区域麻木疼痛等并发症发生,效果满意。结论眶下沟槽区域充分剥离同时眶隔脂肪瓣翻转填充对较重泪沟以及睑颊沟的患者改善较明显,值得推广。     

眶肌筋膜韧带提紧眼袋整形及下睑外翻的分类和预防

目的研究眶肌筋膜韧带提紧的眼袋整形方法及其下眼睑外翻的分类和预防.方法研究眶肌筋膜韧带的解剖20例,自1998年10月至2000年10月,对224例下睑松弛及眶下脂肪疝出进行了眶肌筋膜韧带提紧眼袋整形.分析几十年来睑外翻病例,提出睑外翻程度的分类方法.结果眶肌筋膜韧带位于眼轮匝肌外侧深层,是一眶隔筋膜汇集的筋膜韧带,取名为"眶肌筋膜韧带”,是一膜状筋膜韧带,在冠状面上,位于眼外眦角内下方,起于眼轮匝肌外侧1/3深面,止于眶外侧壁及下睑板外侧缘.长约15mm,宽约12mm.224例下眼袋整形后经过2周至2年的随访,手术后眶下疝出脂肪的隆起得到修复,下睑皮肤松弛得到矫正.有5例术后早期有轻度下眼睑睑球分离,2周后完全恢复.眼睑外翻的程度分类将眼睑外翻分成从0度到Ⅲ度睑外翻的睑外翻,每度睑外翻又可分成4个级别,合计为4度16级.结论眶肌筋膜韧带提紧眼袋整形,不仅能达到常规眼袋整形手术方法的手术效果,又能使眼袋整形手术中达到眼轮匝肌提紧、眶隔筋膜提紧的效果,也是预防眼袋手术后产生下睑外翻的有效方法,但本手术需增加眶隔筋膜提紧手术操作.眼睑外翻的程度分类方法,是眼睑外翻治疗方法的选择和手术效果评价的有效的客观指标.     

眶隔脂肪颗粒化回植矫正泪槽沟畸形

目的探索眶隔脂肪颗粒化回植矫正泪槽沟畸形的方法与疗效。方法 2015年10月至2017年10月,选择合并泪槽沟畸形、下睑皮肤松弛的眼袋患者60例,采用下睑肌皮瓣法释放并取出眶隔脂肪,剪切成微小颗粒回植于泪槽沟凹陷区域,并去除多余皮肤及眼轮匝肌。结果所有患者术后随访6个月,除1例因眶隔脂肪不足行二次充填外,其余患者睑袋消失,泪槽沟、眼周皱纹在外观上均得到明显改善,下睑区平整紧致,无凹凸不平,未触及结节。结论对于伴有泪槽沟畸形、下睑皮肤松弛的眼袋患者,采用眶隔脂肪颗粒化回植,脂肪成活率高,效果满意,值得推广。     

下睑袋矫治成形术的回顾与总结

探讨睑袋矫治成形术中,关于眶隔脂肪的处理,以及术后出现睑球分离,下睑外翻的问题。在睑袋矫治成形术２１９ 例中,随访的３３ 例,针对眶隔脂肪是否一律去除及睑球分离的问题,进行回顾与总结。并通过游离脂肪移植填充及眼轮匝肌外眦固定术矫治下睑颊区域塌陷、重度睑球分离。在获随访共３３ 例中,２ 例下睑颊区域轻度塌陷;６ 例程度不同的睑球分离,其中１ 例术后２ 个月逐渐加重;１ 例轻度下睑轻度退缩。分别通过自行恢复及手术得以矫正。不是所有的睑袋矫治成形术都一律进入眶隔,并去除眶隔脂肪。术后的睑球分离,在排除水肿等原因后,应为皮肤切除过量所致     

睑袋整复术后下睑外翻的综合矫治

目的:探讨下睑整复术后其下睑外翻的综合矫正方法。方法:本组病例采用皮瓣和肌瓣的游离,眶隔松解,切除下睑三角形组织瓣,眼轮匝肌悬吊等综合治疗方法予以矫正。结果:本组下睑皮肤松弛和睑袋整复术后并发严重下睑外翻患者15例16侧,采用综合下睑外翻矫正术后均取得满意效果。结论:应用综合方法矫正下睑外翻是一种可行的下睑外翻的矫正方法。     

Techniques in blepharoplasty.

The technique for upper lid blepharoplasty is presented, which emphasizes the creation of a concave, high supratarsal fold by removal of existing preaponeurotic fat pads, excision of a strip of preseptal orbicularis fibers, and portion of the orbital septum. In additon, the skin edges are fixated to the levator aponeurosis just above the tarsus. With this technique, a pleasing result can be obtained, minimizing the amount of skin that is required to excised and introducing a safety factor in the prevention of postoperative lagophthalmos. A skin technique for lower led blepharoplasty is presented which reduces a tendency for "dog-ear" formation with skin closure and minimizes chances of postoperative ectropion. The technique consists of triangulation of the excision of skin from the lower lid to insure an equal-sided wound edge for precise closure and anchoring the lower lid skin flap to the lateral orbital rim. Although the above techniques introduce a safety factor reducing the problem of lagophthalmos in the upper lid and ectropion in the lower lid, they should be considered an "advanced technique" by the occasional blepharoplasty surgeon.     

Orbicular myorraphy for correction of bags and wrinkles of the lower eyelids]

The lower eyelid consists of four planes. The deepest plane is the orbital fat, followed by the septum, orbicularis muscle and the skin. Pouches are classically treated by resection of the fat, i.e. reduction of the orbital contents De La Plazza proposed a new method by tightening the septum which retains the orbital fat posteriorly. This idea of preservation of the orbital fat led me to consider the third plane: the orbicularis muscle. By comparing orbicularis myorraphy with median myorraphy of abdominal plasties. I propose reinforcement of the orbicularis muscle to retain the orbital fat and to reduce the pouches without resection of the fat. The fourth plane, the skin, is classically draped over the muscular layer, but as the height of the muscle plane is reduced by this myorraphy, this skin will be less involved in smiling, which improves the wrinkles. As the skin is traditionally detached from the muscle, autoplication of the orbicularis muscle is performed, taking care not to modify the position of the free edge in order not to create muscular ectropion. This suture is composed of inverted 6/0 Dexon sutures. The advantages are preservation of the orbicularis fat which prevents loss of this fat and the risk of senile enophthalmia in the long-term. The indications are of three orders: a) pouches when they are not excessive; b) static wrinkles; c) dynamic wrinkles of smiling. A muscular roll must be avoided by a very careful suture technique. Orbicularis myorraphy appears to be a new contribution to the various therapeutic procedures proposed for aesthetic blepharoplasty and may improve some of the results.     

眶隔脂肪转移技术在下睑眼袋整复术中的应用

目的:探讨下睑眼袋整复术中眶隔脂肪转移技术.方法:利用下睑眼袋整复术中的眶隔脂肪转移进行眼角、眶下缘、眼鼻沟充填.结果:42例下睑眼袋整复术患者应用眶隔脂肪转移技术均获得了满意的效果,眼角鱼尾纹、眶下缘凹陷、眼鼻沟凹陷都得到改善,没有并发症发生.结论:下眼袋整复术眶隔脂肪转移能显著改善眼部外形,值得推广.     

Power of the pinch: pinch lower lid blepharoplasty

Lower lid blepharoplasty is performed with great variation in technique. Conventional lower lid blepharoplasty with anterior fat removal via the orbital septum has a potential lower lid malposition rate of 15% to 20%. Lower lid malposition and the stigma of obvious lower lid surgery have led plastic surgeons to continue to change their approach to lower lid rejuvenation. In recent years, some surgeons have come to rely on alternative procedures like laser resurfacing alone or in conjunction with transconjunctival fat removal and canthopexy in an effort to avoid such complications. The pinch blepharoplasty technique removes redundant skin without undermining. This allows for more controlled wound healing, predictable recovery, and potential for simultaneous laser resurfacing. The combination of pinch blepharoplasty with transconjunctival fat removal leaves the middle lamella intact and reduces the chance of scleral show or ectropion. The purpose of this series is to demonstrate that pinch excision of redundant lower eyelid skin can be safely performed and that it can be used with laser resurfacing and/or transconjunctival fat removal for optimal treatment of the aging eye. A retrospective review of 46 consecutive patients who underwent pinch blepharoplasty, either in isolation or with other periorbital procedures was performed. Follow-up was at least 4 months (range of 4-24 months). In addition, we performed a prospective study of 25 consecutive patients to quantify the amount of skin removed and evaluate results and complications. An average of 8 mm of skin was resected (range of 4-12 mm) with the pinch blepharoplasty technique. Of these patients, 5.6% also underwent transconjunctival blepharoplasty, laser resurfacing, and/or fat grafting of the nasojugal groove. Despite the addition of simultaneous laser resurfacing, we did not see an increase in lower lid malposition. Three of the 71 patients had temporary scleral show that resolved with lower lid massage. In total, only 4 patients had isolated pinch lower lid blepharoplasty. Twelve patients had orbicularis suspension and 15 had either canthopexy or canthoplasty. Five patients who had orbicularis suspension, canthopexy, or canthoplasty had periorbital edema. Two also had pronounced chemosis. Four patients had mild rounding of the lower lid. Pinch blepharoplasty is a versatile technique that produces consistent results. This study confirms that more skin from the lower lid can be resected than classically described. Pinch blepharoplasty can be performed safely in combination with other procedures to enhance lower lid appearance. The absence of skin undermining allows for safe simultaneous laser resurfacing. Preserving the middle lamella and supporting it when necessary allows one to resect significant amounts of lower lid skin without significant risk of scleral show, lower lid rounding, and ectropion. Patients with poor lid tone or laxity may benefit from supportive procedures such as the canthopexy or canthoplasty.     

下睑成形术的术式选择

下睑老化的实质是组织的萎缩和松弛，临床上常将下睑老化表现分成四型：（１）下睑皮肤松弛；（２）眼轮匝肌肥厚；（３）眶内脂肪过多而致的脂肪膨出，或眶膈松弛致使脂肪疝出；（４）混合型。下睑成形术的术式较多，本文就下睑老化四个类型应采取的不同术式作了较详细的分析，提出皮肤松弛型可仅切除多余的皮肤。眼轮匝肌肥厚型可切除部分眼轮匝肌，并同时做眼轮匝肌内外眦悬吊术，以减轻下睑低张。而对眶内脂肪疝出或膨出的患者，大多不切除脂肪，只有当眶膈缩紧术仍无法改变下睑袋外观时，才采取切除疝出的眶膈脂肪的术式。同时还强调了颞部除皱术和眼轮匝肌下脂肪垫在下睑成形中所起的辅助作用。     

利用眶下软组织提升修复下睑袋整复术后并发症

目的:探讨利用眶下软组织提升技术解决睑袋术后并发症的有效治疗手段。方法:原下睑袋切口入路;保留睑缘下5mm眼轮匝肌;眶隔浅层向下剥离至眶骨缘;外侧颧突处骨膜下适当剥离;递进式向上提升眶区软组织;提升后的眼轮匝肌折叠并固定在睑下缘;如提升皮肤较多可以适量去除;缝合切口,术后加压包扎72h。结果:本组50例不同程度的睑缘退缩、下睑露白症状均得到明显改善,下睑凹陷也有明显矫正;5例睑袋术后填充其他材料的患者经修复治疗后都比较满意;1例修复4次后的外翻病例改善不理想,考虑是反复眼轮匝肌的损伤后肌肉与后壁的粘连而致,该病例拒绝再次修复。结论:因脂肪、肌肉、皮肤组织被过多去除的失败睑袋症状通过眶下软组织提升修复的效果肯定,并发症较少,成功率高。     

1050例混合型睑袋修复术的临床疗效探讨

目的：探讨一种新的肌皮瓣法行睑袋修复术，以获得符合美学标准的手术效果。方法：术前采用“皮肤夹捏法”确定去皮量。术中按照预先设计先切除皮肤，然后采用“肌肉拉放法”去除多余的眼轮匝肌，再切除松垂的眶隔脂肪或释放眶隔脂肪充填眶下缘凹陷。结果眼轮匝肌瓣法行睑袋修复术900例，术后发生暂时性睑外翻2例，暂时性复视2例，其余效果均较满意。外院150例并发症中，采用邻近皮瓣转移术、眼睑紧缩术、埋置皮肤软组织扩张器和颞浅筋膜悬吊等方法修复睑外翻15例，清除血肿28例，切除缝合修复瘢痕增生1例。结论：采用术前确定去皮量的肌皮瓣法，行混合型睑袋修复术，可以明显降低并发症的发生率，获得满意的临床效果。     

内眦蒂眼轮匝肌瓣在眶缘凹陷睑袋整复术中的应用

目的 探讨睑袋整复术中眼轮匝肌瓣的转位利用和效果.方法 在经皮肤入路下睑袋整复术中,还纳疝出的眶隔脂肪,将眶隔膜收紧缝合固定于眶缘.提紧眶肌筋膜韧带,将多余的松弛眼轮匝肌形成内眦蒂肌皮瓣,转位填充于眶下缘与睑囊筋膜之间.结果 自2006年3月至2008年7月,共施术97例,3例术后内眦部小丘状隆起,1～2个月恢复;2例下睑区硬化,经局部热敷、按摩,2～3个月软化;1例出现轻度的睑球分离,2个月后自然恢复.其中93例患者获随访3～15个月,均获得了满意的效果,睑袋、眶缘凹陷均得以矫正,睑颊过渡区恢复年轻态,无皮下索状隆起和异物感,无下睑退缩、睑外翻等并发症发生.结论 内眦蒂眼轮匝肌瓣在修复眶缘凹陷的同时,加强眶隔膜作用,恢复眶前壁的张力,进而恢复年轻化的眶区生理结构,效果理想持久.