以项目为契机 发展学龄前儿童口腔保健

目的:为改善我市学龄前儿童群体的口腔卫生状况,探讨基层开展学龄前儿童口腔保健的方法。方法:通过妇幼保健“三级网”,在城乡组织实施卫生部基妇司“学龄前儿童口腔保健技术合作项目”,进行学龄前儿童综合口腔保健。结果:快速改变了我市妇幼保健机构对城乡幼儿园学龄前儿童口腔保健的服务模式,提高了医院学龄前儿童口腔保健的服务能力;对幼儿园园长、幼师、家长及幼儿的口腔保健健康教育,改变了她们参与幼儿口腔保健的行为习惯;幼儿园1万5千多名幼儿的口腔保健知晓率96.19%;保健牙刷刷牙率94.96%;牙齿菌斑软垢等口腔卫生状况明显改善;6岁儿童无龋率上升36.76%;龋均下降了2.15只。结论:根据影响幼儿园儿童群体健康的主要因素,通过妇幼保健网对托幼园所的卫生保健进行有效的组织管理,发动幼儿园长、家长、幼儿参与,是开展儿童群体保健的有效途径;卫生部基妇司“学龄前儿童口腔保健技术”是有效提高学龄前儿童口腔保健水平的适宜技术;通过技术合作,使妇幼保健机构掌握规范的防治技术,保障群体口腔保健的质量,是迅速提升基层学龄前儿童群体口腔保健水平的关键。     

学龄前儿童口腔保健的效果观察

目的:探讨学龄前儿童口腔保健的效果.方法:选择学龄前3岁儿童500例随机分为观察组和对照组各250例,儿童在人选时均无龋齿等口腔疾病.对照组儿童没有实施特别的口腔保健相关知识和方法,根据患儿喜好和家长指导进行口腔保健；观察组实施相关口腔保健,嘱咐在家长的监督下让儿童饭后漱口、按时刷牙,并教会患儿正确刷牙方法.随访时间为3年,观察两组儿童龋齿发生情况.结果:观察组儿童中发生龋齿27例,发生率为10.8％；对照组儿童中发生龋齿64例,发生率为25.6％,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组男童龋齿发病率为10.7％,女童发病率为10.8％；对照组男童龋齿发病率为25.9％,女童发病率为25.2％,两组中男、女童龋齿发病率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:对学龄前儿童实施正确有效口腔保健有助于降低学龄前儿童龋齿的发病率.     

乌海市海勃湾区学龄前儿童患龋齿情况分析

目的：通过对乌海市海勃湾区4所幼儿园学龄前儿童进行调查，了解其龋齿的患病情况，实施预防保健措施，以达到对儿童牙齿的保健目的。方法对乌海市海勃湾区4所幼儿园1278名学龄前儿童进行口腔检查。结果辖区4所幼儿园儿童患龋率为34.35%，填充率为17.77%，女孩的患龋率高于男孩。不同年龄的学龄前儿童患龋发病率随年龄的增高而呈增长趋势。结论应加强本市幼儿园学龄前儿童的口腔保健宣传，定期进行口腔检查，及早发现、治疗龋齿。预防乳牙龋齿发病是一项艰巨的任务，要加大防治力度，保护儿童健康成长。     

学龄前儿童龋齿患病情况分析

目的:对学龄前儿童龋齿患病情况进行分析,探讨儿童口腔卫生保健的对策。方法:对2003～2007年在托儿童进行口腔检查,对结果进行分析。结果:学龄前儿童患龋率随年龄增加而递增,6岁组患龋率最高。结论:学龄前儿童龋齿患病率危害儿童的身体健康。预防龋齿应采取综合措施,建立学龄前儿童口腔健康档案,定期检查,实施氟保护,及时治疗龋齿。     

广州市黄埔区7所幼儿园儿童乳牙龋病调查分析

目的为了解黄埔区幼儿园学龄儿童乳牙龋病情况。掌握儿童口腔保健中的薄弱环节,为进一步降低黄埔区学龄前儿童乳牙龋齿发病率提供依据。方法对黄埔区7所幼儿园3 196名学龄前儿童进行乳牙龋病检查,并进行数据资料的统计分析。结果黄埔区7所幼儿园患龋率平均为15.30%,龋均为0.41,龋齿发病率为低水平;3~6岁儿童龋齿患病率随年龄逐渐上升,5~6岁组为乳牙龋齿高发年龄段。结论学龄前儿童是龋病的高发时期,要提高自我口腔保健意识,加强幼儿园儿童口腔卫生健康教育,教会儿童正确的刷牙方法;采用有效的口腔保健方法,提高学龄前儿童口腔健康水平,逐步降低儿童龋病的发生率。     

氟化钠离子透入法防龋效果观察报告

龋齿是学龄前儿童的常见病 ,口腔保健是整个儿童时期身心健康的重要组成部分。自 1998年开始 ,我园学龄前儿童采用了氟化钠离子透入进行防龋 ,同时还加强了口腔保健宣传。现将防龋效果观察报告如下。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　我幼儿园 3～ 6岁学龄前儿童。 1998年调查并进行氟离子透入 2 0 9名儿童 ,男 113名 ,女 96名。到 2 0 0 1年跟踪调查 2 34名学龄前儿童 ,并进行了分析对比。1.2　方法　采用了ＷＨＯ口腔健康调查基本方法中规定的龋齿诊断标准 ,由经青岛市口腔医院统一培训的医生进行检查。选用南京医学院生产的ＮＦ Ⅱ型氟离子透入护…     

学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯与口腔健康状况调查

目的 了解兰州市学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯及口腔健康状况,为学龄前儿童的口腔保健与健康教育提供参考依据.方法 采用自行设计调查问卷,调查兰州市学龄前儿童(3～6岁)1 280名,使用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行统计、卡方检验.结果 学龄前儿童存在口腔不良习惯的有787人,占被调查总人数的64.9%;存在各类口腔疾病的有872人,占被调查总人数的71.8%.结果 显示,口腔不良习惯对学龄前儿童的口腔健康具有影响(χ2=3.654,P＜0.05).结论 父母应当采用积极的措施帮助学龄前儿童形成良好的口腔习惯,以减少口腔疾病的发生.     

学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯与口腔健康状况调查

目的了解兰州市学龄前儿童口腔不良习惯及口腔健康状况．为学龄前儿童的口腔保健与健康教育提供参考依据。方法采用自行设计调查问卷。调查兰州市学龄前儿童（3～6岁）1280名,使用SPSS13．0统计软件进行统计、卡方检验。结果学龄前儿童存在口腔不良习惯的有787人,占被调查总人数的64．9％;存在各类口腔疾病的有872人,占被调查总人数的71．8％。结果显示,口腔不良习惯对学龄前儿童的口腔健康具有影响（X^2=3．654。P〈0．05）。结论父母应当采用积极的措施帮助学龄前儿童形成良好的口腔习惯,以减少口腔疾病的发生。     

学龄前儿童口腔卫生习惯调查分析

目的了解学龄前儿童口腔卫生习惯,有利于针对性地开展健康指导.方法对来该院口腔科就诊的3~6岁儿童牙病患者家长进行问卷调查共356名.结果口腔健康行为中3岁以前开始刷牙占21.7%,每天2次及以上刷牙占29.5%,未进行任何口腔卫生预防措施的占82%.结论家长对学龄前儿童口腔保健意识有待提高,口腔健康教育工作需深入开展.     

学龄前儿童家长口腔知识现状调查与分析

目的了解学龄前儿童家长的口腔保健知识和行为现状,分析家长文化程度对儿童口腔保健知识、行为的影响。方法自行设计调查问卷,按随机分层抽样方法抽取潍坊市城区700名学龄前儿童,对其家长进行面对面现场调查。采用构成比、率和x。检验对资料进行统计学分析。结果87．9％的家长主要通过广播、电视及网络获取口腔保健知识。有90．2％的儿童家长认为口腔健康很重要,但家长对部分口腔保健知识知晓率并不高。文化程度高的家长口腔保健知识越好,口腔保健态度和行为也越好（P〈0．05）。结论学龄前儿童家长的口腔保健知识、态度和行为存在问题,家长的文化程度影响其口腔保健知识和行为,应通过提高家长口腔保健知识和行为水平来提高儿童口腔保健水平。     

Evaluation of a medical teaching programme in public health in Laos

Specialised medical training is progressively being established in Laos at the request of the Ministry of Health. A medical teaching programme in public health has been organised by the Cooperation Committee with Laos (CCL) in collaboration with the National Institute for Public Health (INSP) and has been taking place since 1997 within the framework of Franco-Laos cooperation. At the end of the validation of the second promotion of senior medical management staff (2002-2004) and of the presentation of the first Masters in Public Health in Laos, an evaluation of this training programme was carried out with the aim of completely transferring the project over to the hands of the Laotians. The study consisted of a before and after comparison of the training's procedural criteria and a longitudinal prospective survey over the last seven months of the programme. The results of the evaluation show that the development of the training conforms to the initial project and that the knowledge acquired in public health methodology by the 12 students is satisfactory. The use of the French language was revealed as being a difficult challenge to overcome for most of the students. Moreover, the partners in Laos had a difficult time playing their role in certain organisational and educational aspects of the training programme. It would be desirable, within the perspective of establishing a Masters of Public Health in Laotian, to establish a partnership between the National Institute of Public Health (INSP) and the Faculty of Medical Sciences (FSM) to work together on the organisation of the training programme. Foreign assistance remains necessary to provide essential financial and educational support.     

全国医院感染管理规范(试行)执行情况抽查调查报告

为了解卫生部１９９４年下发的全国医院感染管理规范（试行）的执行情况，１９９９年卫生部组织对全国６个省的医院管理工作进行了抽样调查，结果显示多数地区重视医院感染管理工作，执行“规范”良好，控制措施有力，但某些地区该项工作尚存在一些问题，有待完善。     

实施合作项目 提高贫困地区妇女儿童健康水平

安徽省实施《加强中国基层妇幼卫生／计划生育服务》合作项目５年来，按照联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世界卫生组织的要求和卫生部的统一部署，根据《安徽省“加强中国基层妇幼卫生／计划生育服务”合作项目实施方案》，在改善贫困地区基层妇幼卫生服务方面做了大量工作，对１１个项目县成效显著，较大幅度地降低了婴幼儿死亡率和孕产妇死亡率，提高了广大妇女儿童的健康水平，促进了全省妇幼卫生工作的开展。     

National School Health Day in Tunisia

ABSTRACT: Through combined efforts of the Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of National Education, a National School Health Day has been observed for the past several years in Tunisia. Held the third Tuesday in February, features of the day include selecting a theme, conducting a poster contest, preparing instructional material for teachers, and providing information for a national media campaign. National and provincial officials support the day by visits to schools.     

The Dutch National Atlas of Public Health

The Dutch National Atlas of Public Health (http://www.zorgatlas.nl) maps the regional distribution of demand and usage of health care, public health status and influencing factors. The Atlas provides answers to locational questions, e. g. 'Where are the highest mortality rates?', 'Where are the longest waiting lists?' and 'Where are hospitals located?' Maps play a pivotal role in the Atlas. Texts, graphics and diagrams support the interpretation of the maps. The information in the Atlas specifically targets policy makers at the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. For them, the Atlas is a tool for problem detection, policy making and policy evaluation. The Atlas is also aimed at all professionals in health care. In practice, also the general public appears to access and use the Atlas. The Atlas is part of the Dutch Public Health Status and Forecasts (PHSF). The PHSF is made by the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment mandated by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport.     

浅谈食品经营单位实施量化分级管理制度

为贯彻实施卫生部制订的食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度,天津市卫生局公共卫生监督所于2003年对食品经营单位开展了初步的实施工作,取得明显的收效.同时,针对卫生监督实践工作中存在的问题,提出相应的建议.     

医疗不良事件报告系统利用现状调查

目的了解我国医疗不良事件报告系统的利用现状。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,调查山东省6个样本市30家二级、三级医院对原卫生部和中国医院协会报告系统的利用上报情况。结果有41.38%的医院表示利用过原卫生部的报告系统,13.79%的医院表示原卫生部的2个报告系统都利用过,只有10.34%的表示原卫生部的2个报告系统和中国医院协会的报告系统都用过。报告的数量也十分有限,基本都是在个位数。结论现有的不良事件报告系统利用率不足,可以通过完善报告系统和反馈机制、加强政策执行力等方式,提高不良事件报告系统利用率和不良事件报告率。     

Environmental medicine in public health service--a social responsibility and its consequences

The special committee for "Environmental Medicine" established by the Federal Association of Doctors in the German Public Health Service presents its paper entitled "Environmental Medicine in the Public Health Service--A Social Responsibility and its Consequences: Propositions with regard to the situation, aims, strategies, and opportunities for action". The paper includes core ideas and responsibilities in the public health service. It aims at providing a number of guidelines for implementing "Environment and Health" ("Umwelt und Gesundheit"), an action programme by the Federal Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Health, as well as "Health 21" ("Gesundheit 21"), the framework concept "Health for all" for the WHO's European Region. The paper also aims at initiating and facilitating steps for joint action by the Public Health Service. These theses were passed on to Mrs. Andrea Fischer, the Federal Minister of Health, during a meeting with the Board of the Association. In Germany, environment-related public health protection is well established in the Public Health Departments and state institutes/departments within the scope of public health provision and disease prevention. Typical responsibilities include environmental hygiene and environment-related medical services which have increased in importance. The range of responsibilities and its current political importance are a result of environment-related public health risks, the social situation of the population, also with regard to health issues, and the scope of responsibilities and competencies by doctors and staff in the public health departments. With the people's demands for health, quality of life and life expectancy, this need for action increases. In this paper, judicial, professional, and personal consequence are presented which arise as public health authorities assume these responsibilities.     

远程密钥灌装前置系统的设计与实现

自原卫生部2012年开始在全国范围倡导推进居民健康卡项目建设试点工作以来,辽宁省结合自身情况,采取多种模式发放居民健康卡,同时积极推进居民健康卡的实际应用。辽宁省卫生厅完成了省级密钥管理系统和居民健康卡综合管理系统建设,通过搭建远程密钥灌装前置系统,实现了对远程密钥灌装的实时控制与管理,规范了卡厂的密钥灌装流程,加强了对居民健康卡统一发放过程的监管,保障了密钥发放的有效性和安全性。该系统符合国家级相关规范,目前已经正式上线运行,效果良好。     

从新《卫生行政执法文书规范》探讨对非法行医的“取缔”

随着2012年12月1日新《卫生行政执法文书规范》的实施，对“取缔”的性质与操作有了一个基本的规定，作者依据《中华人民共和国行政强制法》等法律法规，对“取缔”的性质与操作进行探讨，认为取缔是一个综合性执法行为，需要依法采取各种临时控制措施，以及时制止违法行为、防止危害扩大，需要通过行政处罚或刑罚没收其药品器械，最终达到“取缔”目的。