槐定碱抑制内毒素血症小鼠肺组织LPS模式识别受体的表达

目的:探讨槐定碱对内毒素血症小鼠肺组织LPS识别受体LBP、CD14、TLR4及下游炎症介质TNF-α的影响及意义。方法:BALB/c小鼠尾静脉注射LPS制备内毒素血症小鼠模型,注射LPS后30分钟给予槐定碱高(12 mg/kg)、中(6mg/kg)、低(3 mg/kg)三个剂量干预,并分别在2、6、12、24小时各时间点取血液和肺组织,肉眼及光镜观察肺组织的病理变化;以肺湿/干重(W/D)比检测肺水含量;用RT-PCR检测肺组织中LBP、CD14、TLR4的mRNA表达;Western blot检测肺组织TLR4蛋白的表达;放免法检测血清TNF-α含量。结果:与内毒素血症模型组小鼠肺组织比较,槐定碱三个剂量干预组均不同程度减轻内毒素血症小鼠肺组织病理损伤,降低肺组织W/D值,并且显著下调同时间点模型小鼠肺组织LBP、CD14、TLR4的mRNA表达及TLR4蛋白的表达;槐定碱高、中剂量干预可显著抑制模型小鼠血清TNF-α水平(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:槐定碱对内毒素血症小鼠肺组织的保护作用机制可能与下调LPS识别受体LBP、CD14、TLR4表达,抑制下游炎症因子TNF-α的释放有关。     

内毒素受体CD14、TLR4在脂多糖（LPS）致小鼠肺、肝功能损伤中的变化

目的 :观察静脉注射LPS致小鼠肺、肝功能损伤时 ,小鼠组织及血液中LPS受体CD14、TLR4的变化情况 ,从而验证LPS所致的肺损伤可进一步诱发肝功能受损。方法 :BALB/C小鼠 2 5只 ,随机分成五组 ,并予尾静脉注射LPS(8mg/kg) ,分别于 0、2、6、12、2 4h后处死 ,取血清及肺、肝组织。 (1)形态学 :制备肺、肝组织冰冻切片 ,通过免疫组化方法观察肺、肝组织中CD14、TLR4的表达变化。 (2 )蛋白水平 :采用WesternBlot方法检测血清中sCD14及肺、肝组织中CD14、TLR4的表达情况。 (3)mRNA水平 :采用RT -PCR方法检测肺、肝组织中CD14、T…     

α-MSH对脂多糖诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞CD14和TLR4 mRNA 表达的影响

目的：观察α-黑色素细胞刺激素(α-MSH)对脂多糖（LPS）诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞CD14和TLR4 mRNA表达的影响，探讨α-MSH拮抗LPS的作用机制。方法：用半定量逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）的方法检测LPS诱导体外培养的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞CD14和TLR4 mRNA表达水平和给予α-MSH后对CD14和TLR4 mRNA表达的影响。结果：正常静息小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞只表达少量的CD14和TLR4 mRNA,给予LPS刺激后6 h，两者表达明显强于正常对照（P<0.01），并且其表达量随着LPS刺激时间的增加维持在高水平，24 h达到峰值，在48 h CD14 mRNA的表达降到正常水平，而TLR4 mRNA的表达仍然维持在高水平。在LPS刺激的同时给予α-MSH，CD14和TLR4 mRNA的表达则明显低于LPS组（P<0.05），而且α-MSH这种效应与其使用浓度有关，0.1 nmol/L α-MSH不影响LPS诱导的CD14和TLR4 mRNA的表达，而当α-MSH的浓度达到1、10、100 nmol/L则能显著影响CD14和TLR4 mRNA的表达（P<0.05），但各个浓度组之间的作用没有明显差别（P>0.05）。结论：α-MSH抗LPS的效应可能与其下调LPS信号转导通路关键受体CD14和TLR4 mRNA的表达有关，从而干扰LPS跨膜信号转导，阻碍巨噬细胞活化。     

肝素通过TLR4减少脂多糖刺激的人内皮细胞IL-8表达

目的:观察肝素对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)刺激的人内皮细胞白细胞介素8(interleukin-8,IL-8)水平的影响,并探讨Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR 4)在其中的可能影响。方法:用LPS(10 mg/L)刺激人肺微血管内皮细胞诱导损伤,肝素治疗组提前15 min分别加入100 U/L及10³ U/L普通肝素,正常对照组加入等量磷酸盐缓冲液。分别在刺激2、6、12 h收集细胞上清,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定上清中IL-8的浓度。在刺激2、6、12 h收集细胞提取RNA,应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测各组细胞中IL-8、CD14及TLR4 mRNA水平变化。结果:与正常对照组比较,LPS刺激组IL-8 mRNA水平增高,6 h达到高峰,其蛋白水平于12 h达到高峰。LPS刺激下TLR4 mRNA水平增高,6 h达到高峰,肝素降低其水平,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。未检测到CD14 mRNA的表达。结论:LPS刺激下人肺微血管内皮细胞IL-8表达增加。肝素可能通过调节TLR4降低IL-8的水平,从而发挥保护作用。     

LPS对晶状体上皮细胞TLR4和CD14 mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨脂多糖(LPS)对晶状体上皮细胞(LECs)Toll样受体4(TLR4)和CD14表达的影响。方法:采用不同浓度的LPS与体外培养的牛LECs共同孵育不同时间,再用一步法反转录多聚酶链反应(PCR)检测LECs中TLR4mRNA和CD14mRNA的表达。结果:50μg/LLPS组、100μg/LLPS组、200μg/LLPS组、500μg/LLPS组、1000μg/LLPS组的LECs中TLR4mRNA的表达均分别显著高于对照组(P0.01);100μg/LLPS作用24h、48h、72h后LECs的TLR4mRNA表达均显著高于对照组(P0.01);100μg/LLPS作用24h后LECs的CD14mRNA表达亦显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:LPS可促进LECs中TLR4mRNA和CD14mRNA的表达,提示白内障手术后眼内细胞反应和后发性白内障的发生发展可能与TLR4和CD14表达增加有关。     

人参二醇组皂苷对LPS致休克大鼠肝脏TLR2、TLR9 mRNA表达的影响

目的：观察人参二醇组皂苷(PDS)对TLR2和TLR9 mRNA表达的影响,探讨PDS抗休克的分子生物学机制。方法:大鼠随机分为对照(control)组、LPS休克(LPS)组、人参二醇组皂苷小剂量(LPS+PDSL)组和人参二醇组皂苷中剂量(LPS+PDSM)组。大鼠舌下静脉注射LPS(4 mg/kg)4 h后测定血清中NOS活性、NO含量，肝组织中LPO含量、SOD活性以及TLR2、TLR4 mRNA的表达。结果:LPS+PDSL组和LPS+PDSM组NOS活性、NO含量和LPO含量明显低于LPS组，SOD活性明显高于LPS组(P<0.05)；LPS+PDSL组和LPS+PDSM组TLR2 mRNA表达明显低于LPS组，TLR9 mRNA表达无变化。结论:PDS通过下调肝组织中TLR2 mRNA表达，降低NOS活性、NO含量，对肝脏有保护作用。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对内毒素血症大鼠CD14表达的抑制作用

目的CD14是宿主识别细菌脂多糖(1ipopolysaccharide,LPS)的关键受体,以膜结合型(membrane-associatedCD14,mCD14)和可溶性(solubleCD14,sCD14)两种形式存在.CD14结合LPS的脂质A介导信号传递,诱生大量炎症介质.而LPS又可直接或间接上调CD14的表达,促进炎症反应,最终引起多器官衰竭.应用CD14抗体可明显减轻细胞对LPS的反应,提高内毒素血症家兔的生存率.目前CD14已成为治疗内毒素休克的新靶子.我们以往的研究表明八肽胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin octapeptide,CCK-8)具有明显的抗内毒素休克(endotoxicshock,ES)作用,可减轻ES大鼠肺、肝、肾组织炎症反应,降低肺动脉压,提高平均动脉压,改善生存率,但其作用机制尚未完全阐明.为深入探讨CCK-8抗ES作用的机制,本研究观察了CCK-8对内毒素血症大鼠肺组织及血清中CD14蛋白表达的影响.方法静脉注入LPS(5mg/kgdw)6h复制大鼠内毒素血症模型,用Westernblot技术检测血清中sCD14蛋白的表达,用免疫组织化学技术检测肺组织中CD14的表达及分布.静脉预注入CCK-8(40μg/kgdw)和/或CCK受体拮抗剂丙谷胺(1mg/kgdw)10min后注入LPS6h,观察上述指标.结果(1)大鼠血清中sCD14蛋白存在两种分子形式sCD14α(49kD)及sCD14β(55kD),注入LPS后6h二者表达均明显增加,静脉预注入CCK-8则可显著抑制其表达,且该作用可被丙谷胺拮抗;(2)对照组大鼠肺组织CD14只表达在巨噬细胞,而在内毒素血症大鼠肺组织中,不仅巨噬细胞上的CD14阳性信号增强,表达CD14的巨噬细胞增多,而且在支气管上皮细胞表面也检测到CD14阳性信号;静脉预注入CCK-8则明显减少了CD14的表达,丙谷胺可拮抗CCK-8的作用.结论CCK-8对内毒素血症大鼠肺组织CD14及血清sCD14的表达具有抑制作用,降低大鼠对LPS的敏感性,可能是CCK-8抗ES作用的重要机制之一.     

脂多糖对人正常肝细胞株L02损伤的实验研究

目的探讨脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对人正常肝细胞株L02的损伤作用及其机制。方法采用流式细胞术分别检测LPS诱导L02细胞凋亡和线粒体膜电位变化的作用,测定L02细胞膜上CD14、Toll样受体4(TLR4)、Toll样受体2(TLR2)的表达水平;采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定细胞培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量;生化法测定细胞培养上清液中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量。结果10、20、40、80mg/L剂量的LPS作用于L02细胞后0、6、12、24和36h,细胞的凋亡率和线粒体膜电位无显著性差异(P>0.05),各组上清液中ALT、AST、LDH和TNF-α含量亦无明显变化(P>0.05),L02细胞膜上LPS受体CD14、TLR4、TLR2表达分别为(2.28±0.60)%,(1.04±0.80)%,(2.07±0.50)%。结论L02细胞膜上LPS受体CD14、TLR4、TLR2表达水平低,致使LPS不能直接引起L02细胞损伤。     

过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体α在急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织的表达及其意义

目的: 观察内毒素(LPS)复制的急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠肺组织过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体α（PPARα）表达的变化,探讨PPARα在ALI中可能的作用。方法: 将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、LPS致伤1 h组、2 h组、4 h组和8 h组。用LPS(5 mg/kg) 静脉注射复制大鼠ALI模型，分别在LPS致伤后1 h、2 h、4 h、8 h时处死大鼠，测定各组肺组织湿/干重比（W/D）及肺组织病理变化；采用RT-PCR法检测肺组织中PPARα mRNA的表达；采用免疫组化法检测肺组织中PPARα的表达。结果: LPS致伤后2 h、4 h、8 h肺组织W/D均显著高于对照组（均P< 0.01）；LPS致伤后2h、4h PPARα mRNA表达分别显著低于对照组（均P < 0.01）；而LPS致伤4h和8h组PPARα表达阳性细胞数显著低于对照组（均P< 0.05）。结论: PPARα在ALI大鼠肺组织表达降低。表明PPARα在急性肺损伤的发病机制中具有重要作用。     

高氧对脂多糖诱导N9小胶质细胞促炎症作用的影响

目的:观察常压高浓度氧对脂多糖诱导N9小胶质细胞Toll受体4、TNF-α表达时序变化,初步探讨高氧对小胶质细胞促炎反应的作用及调控机制。方法:体外培养N9小胶质细胞,随机分为6组(n=3):空气组、sLPS组、hLPS组、高氧组、高氧+sLPS组、高氧+hLPS组。LPS浓度为100 ng/mL(sLPS)、1 mg/L(hLPS)。高氧(900 mL/L)暴露时间分别为2 h、6 h、12 h、16 h、24 h。RT-PCR检测TLR4的表达时序变化;Western blot检测处理12 h后各组TLR4蛋白表达;ELISA检测各组处理6 h、12 h、16 h、24 h培养上清中TNF-α的含量。结果:RT-PCR显示hLPS组在6 h后、sLPS组在16 h后TLR4 mRNA均表达上调,并随LPS浓度增加、暴露时间延长逐渐升高(P<0.05),24 h时hLPS组表达最高。6 h后在各个时间点高氧+hLPS组与hLPS比较TLR4 mRNA下调(P<0.05),在16 h、24 h最为明显(P<0.05)。Westernblot检测12 h高氧+sLPS组、高氧+hLPS组TLR4蛋白水平均低于相应浓度的LPS组(P<0.05)。ELISA结果示在各个时间点高氧+sLPS组、高氧+hLPS组与相应浓度的LPS组比较TNF-α均明显上调(P<0.05)。结论:高浓度氧暴露促进LPS诱导N9小胶质细胞的促炎症反应,TLR4可能参与此过程的负向调控。     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。     

壬基酚与卵清蛋白的结合与鉴定

目的：合成壬基酚与卵清蛋白的偶联物。方法：在磷酸盐（PBS，pH=8．0）缓冲液中利用甲醛通过曼尼希反应连接壬基酚与卵清蛋白（OVA）；通过抗体芯片技术与紫外扫描鉴定偶联物。结果：壬基酚与OVA偶联成功，壬基酚单克隆抗体对偶联物的识别浓度小于2．68μg／ml。结论：本方法可用于壬基酚与卵清蛋白的偶联，且方法简单易实现。     

Pathology and genetics of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PHEO/PGL) are rare tumours with an estimated annual incidence of 3 per million. Advances in molecular understanding have led to the recognition that at least 30–40% arise in the setting of hereditary disease. Germline mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase genes SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD and SDHAF2 are the most prevalent of the more than 19 hereditary genetic abnormalities which have been reported. It is therefore recommended that, depending on local resources and availability, at least some degree of genetic testing should be offered to all PHEO/PGL patients, including those with clinically sporadic disease. It is now accepted that that all PHEO/PGL have some metastatic potential; therefore, concepts of benign and malignant PHEO/PGL have no meaning and have been replaced by a risk stratification approach. Although there is broad acceptance that certain features, including high proliferative activity, invasive growth, increased cellularity, large tumour nests and comedonecrosis, are associated with an increased risk of metastasis, it remains difficult to predict the clinical behaviour of individual tumours and no single risk stratification scheme is endorsed or in widespread use. In this review, we provide an update on advances in the pathology and genetics of PHEO/PGL with an emphasis on the changes introduced in the WHO 2017 classification of endocrine neoplasia relevant to practising surgical pathologists.     

Triptorelin and cetrorelix induce immune responses and affect uterine development and expressions of genes and proteins of ESR1, LHR,and FSHR of mice

Context: GnRH immunity can reduce the expression of pituitary GnRH levels, and cause the changes in reproductive behaviors. It is unclear whether triptorelin (TRI) and cetrorelix (CET) immunity influences uterine development and expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), and estradiol receptor 1 (ERS1) in the uterus.

Objective: The study investigated the effects of active immunity of GnRH agonist and antagonist on uterine development, microstructures, expression of hormone receptors mRNAs, and proteins in uteri.

Materials and methods: One hundred and five mice were assigned into CET, TRI, and control groups (CG). Mice in CET-1, CET-2, and CET-3 (n?=?15) were subcutaneously injected with 10, 20, and 40?μg CET antigens for seven days, respectively. Mice in TRI-1, TRI-2, and TRI-3 were injected with 10, 20, and 40?μg TRI antigens for seven days, respectively. The qPCR and Western blot were implemented to determine expressions of ESR1, LHR and FSHR mRNAs, and proteins.

Results: Compared with CG, the uterine weights of CET-1, CET-2, and CET-3 increased by 42.86, 62.86, and 10.00% on day 35 (p?p?p?p?p?Conclusions: CET immunity promoted the uterine development, improved EET and UWT, and also promoted the expressions of ESR1 and FSHR protein levels. It lessened the LHR protein levels. TRI immunity blocked EET and UWT, inhibited uterine growth and development. The efficacy of CET immunity was more obvious than TRI.     

Alterations of regular and mature monocytes are distinct,and dependent of intensity and duration of exercise

Circulating monocytes comprise functionally distinct regular (CD14^bright+) and mature (CD141^low+) cells. Cell surface receptors were determined by three colour flow cytometry in 8 healthy control subjects. Compared to regular monocytes, mature monocytes had lower levels of the high affinity Fcy receptor 1 (CD64), complement receptor 3 (CDllb), CD45RO and higher levels for HLA-DR, LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), interleukin-2 receptor (CD25), CD45RA and the Fc receptor 3 (CD16). Both regular and mature monocytes were measured before and up to three hours after four different types of exercise (Ex) in endurance trained athletes (n=9-16). Immediately after anaerobic exercise of I min with a maximal lactate concentration (la_max) of I2.3 (SD I.4) mmol · l^–1 and exhaustive exercise of 24 (SD 8) min with a maximal lactate concentration (la_max) of 7.4 (SD 2.6) mmol· l^–1 mature monocytes increased more than regular monocytes. Exhaustive endurance exercise of 87 (SD 21) min [la_max 3.7 (SD I.0)] led to a similar increase of regular and mature monocytes. 15–33 min after a 100km run regular monocytes increased significantly, whereas mature monocytes decreased. Up to three hours after the end of all exercises mature monocytes fell below pre-exercise values. In conclusion, duration and intensity of exercise alter distinct maturation stages of monocytes differently. It is probable that the avidity of adhesion molecules like LFA-1 to their endothelial ligands is increased to enable the firm attachment to the endothelium.     

韧带和肌腱的生物力学和力学生物学研究

国际韧带和肌腱研讨会(The International Symposium on Ligaments and Tendons,ISI&T)于2000年在美国佛罗里达州奥兰多市首次召开。研讨会的宗旨是引起对韧带和肌腱研究的重视,并为生物工程师、生物学家、临床医师提供一个可以分享、评论、讨论韧带和肌腱最新研究成果的论坛。从2000年起,国际韧带和肌腱研讨会已经开展了15届;每届研讨会上涌现了大量令人振奋的关于当前韧带和肌腱研究热点和未来挑战的讨论。多年来,韧带和肌腱领域内的研究数量大幅增加,研究质量不断提升。为纪念《医用生物力学》杂志创刊30周年,本文总结过去30年里韧带和肌腱研究的主要进展,包括组织力学、力学生物学、损伤与治愈机制、组织修复和再生。