PRL-2基因转染对肝细胞增殖及细胞周期的影响

目的：研究PRL-2基因对肝细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响。方法:采用脂质体转染的方法将重组质粒稳定转染至正常永生化肝细胞系CL1中，G418筛选阳性克隆。应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应、Western印迹和免疫组化分析PRL-2在阳性细胞的表达及蛋白定位，MTT法检测细胞的群体倍增时间，流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化，Western印迹分析细胞周期素A、D1、E以及周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制因子p16、p21WAF1及p27Kip1的变化,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测p21WAF1mRNA的变化。结果: 成功构建PRL-2真核表达载体pcDNA3-PRL-2。脂质体转染细胞经过G418筛选后,获得稳定表达PRL-2的细胞亚系PRL-2-CL1。经实时荧光定量PCR、Western印迹和免疫组化证实,PRL-2-CL1细胞系PRL-2基因及蛋白表达水平高于对照组，流式细胞仪检测细胞周期S期细胞比例明显增高，MTT法检测细胞群体倍增时间缩短。Western印迹及实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应显示p21WAF1在转染后较对照组明显降低，细胞周期素A、D1、E及p16、p27Kip1无明显变化。结论: 重组PRL-2真核表达载体构建正确,并在永生化肝细胞中获得稳定、高效表达。PRL-2基因具有促进细胞增殖的作用，这种作用与其降低p21WAF1蛋白含量相关。     

脑源性神经营养因子对细胞外蛋白水解酶激活作用的研究

 目的：研究脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF) 对细胞外蛋白水解酶表达和激活作用的影响。 方法：体外分离并培养人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC），RT-PCR法检测HUVEC基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2 、MMP-9 和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA的表达，明胶酶谱检测MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白酶活性，纤维蛋白酶谱检测尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂（uPA）蛋白酶活性，Western blotting检测uPA、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂（PAI）、TIMP-1及TIMP-2表达。 结果：在对HUVEC增殖无明显促进作用的浓度范围内，BDNF可促进无血清培养的HUVEC MMP-2和MMP-9 mRNA表达,并可促进MMP-2和MMP-9酶原的激活产生活性明胶酶，BDNF对TIMP-1和TIMP-2的表达无明显影响。BDNF以浓度和时间依赖性方式上调HUVEC uPA和PAI-1的表达，并可促进uPA的活性。 结论：BDNF可激活MMPs和uPA/PAI相关的蛋白级联。     

APRIL调节基质金属蛋白酶的表达对结直肠癌细胞转移侵袭能力的影响

目的 研究增殖诱导配体(a proliferation-inducing ligand,APRIL)对结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)细胞转移侵袭能力和基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)表达的影响,以进一步明确APRIL在CRC转移中的作用.方法 APRIL基因的小干扰RNA质粒载体(siRNAAPRIL)转染人CRC细胞SW480,APRIL重组蛋白(rhAPRIL)刺激CRC细胞HCT-116,Transwell小室转移及侵袭试验分析APRIL对CRC细胞转移及侵袭能力的影响;RT-PCR、ELISA检测MMPs的表达变化.结果 siRNA-APRIL转染的SW480细胞Transwell小室试验转移及侵袭细胞数显著减少(P＜0.05),rhAPRIL刺激的HCT-116细胞Transwell小室试验转移及侵袭细胞数显著增多(P＜0.05);MMP-2、MMP-9及TIMP-1 mRNA,分泌型的MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达在转染或刺激前后差别均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);MMP的抑制剂GM6001处理后,SW480对照组和rhAPRIL刺激后的HCT-116细胞Transwell小室侵袭细胞数显著减少(P＜0.05).结论 APRIL通过调节MMPs的表达促进结直肠癌的侵袭和转移,可为结直肠癌转移的干预及治疗提供新的靶点.     

KISS-1及MMP-9基因在胃癌侵袭转移中的作用及相关性

目的探讨肿瘤转移抑制基因KISS-1在胃癌侵袭、转移中的作用及其与MMP-9表达的关系。方法采用Lipofectamine脂质体介导将pcDNA3.1-KISS-1真核表达质粒转染胃癌BGC-823细胞,经G418筛选,建立稳定高表达KISS-1蛋白的细胞系,通过RT-PCR和Western blotting法证实转染成功,并检测细胞中MMP-9蛋白及mRNA的表达情况;采用Transwell体外侵袭实验,探讨KISS-1对胃癌细胞株侵袭能力的影响。结果 Western blotting和RT-PCR结果显示:转基因组BGC-823细胞中KISS-1蛋白及mRNA的表达与转空质粒组和对照组相比均明显增加(P均<0.05);转基因组BGC-823细胞中MMP-9蛋白及mR-NA的表达与转空质粒组和对照组相比均明显降低(P均<0.05);Transwell检测结果显示:转基因组BGC-823细胞的穿膜数与转空质粒和对照组相比均明显降低(P<0.05),侵袭力抑制率达到25%。结论 pcDNA3.1-KISS-1的有效转染可降低MMP-9的表达并对胃癌细胞BGC-823的侵袭能力具有抑制作用。KISS-1基因对胃癌侵袭转移的抑制作用可能是通过下调MMP-9的功能实现的。     

ER-α36过表达促进人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞侵袭转移能力

 目的 探讨雌激素受体新亚型ER-α36过表达对人雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌细胞侵袭转移潜力的影响及其机制。方法 以野生型乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7/W、转染pcDNA3.1空载体的细胞系MCF-7/pcDNA3.1和转染重组载体pcDNA3.1/ER-α36的细胞系MCF-7/ER-α36为研究对象,分别用细胞粘附实验观测肿瘤细胞与细胞外基质的粘附能力、Transwell侵袭小室实验检测细胞侵袭转移能力,用Western blot法检测NF-κB P65、MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-1蛋白表达。结果 与MCF-7/W组细胞相比,MCF-7/ ER-α36细胞的2h细胞粘附率和24h穿膜细胞数显著增加(P<0.05)。NF-κB P65、MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-1蛋白的相对表达量及MMP-2/TIMP-1、MMP-9/TIMP-1显著增高（P<0.05）。结论 ER-α36过表达能促进ER-α66阳性乳腺癌细胞的体外粘附能力和侵袭转移潜力,其机制可能与通过NF-κ B途径提高MMP-2、MMP-9的表达水平及打破二者与TIMP-1之间的平衡有关。     

基因沉默PRDX1 表达对人结直肠癌SW480 细胞侵袭迁移的影响

目的:探讨RNA 干扰过氧化还原酶1(Peroxiredoxin 1,PRDX1)表达对人结直肠癌SW480 细胞侵袭转移能力的影响。方法:筛选RNA 干扰PRDX1 的慢病毒质粒,与阴性对照慢病毒质粒分组转染结直肠癌SW480 细胞,转染后的SW480 细胞可分为PRDX1 基因沉默组(si-PRDX1)和阴性对照组(Vector)。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和免疫印迹法(Western blot)分别检测两组细胞中PRDX1 mRNA 和蛋白表达;采用Transwell 侵袭和迁移实验检测基因沉默PRDX1 表达对结直肠癌细胞侵袭及迁移能力的影响;通过Western blot 检测两组细胞中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)家族部分蛋白表达水平。结果:基因沉默PRDX1 表达可有效抑制结直肠癌SW480 细胞中PRDX1 mRNA 和蛋白水平的表达,与阴性对照组相比(Vector),差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01),说明基因沉默PRDX1 的SW480 细胞系构建成功;Transwell 侵袭和迁移实验显示si-PRDX1组细胞的侵袭及迁移能力较对照组均明显降低(P<0.01);Western blot 结果显示,与Vector 组相比,si-PRDX1 组细胞中组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂2(TIMP-2)的表达明显增加,而MMP-2 及MMP-9 的表达显著下降,且差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:基因沉默人结直肠癌SW480 细胞的PRDX1 表达可有效抑制细胞的侵袭、迁移及转移能力,其机制可能会通过调控TIMP-2、MMP-2 及MMP-9 的表达介导。     

咪达普利拉对人心脏成纤维细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2和抑制剂-2的作用及机制研究

目的：研究血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor，ACEI）咪达普利活性代谢物咪达普利拉对白细胞介素－1β（interleukin -1β，IL-1β）诱导的心脏成纤维细胞基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloproteinases，MMPs）和基质金属蛋白酶2型抑制剂（type 2 tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase，TIMP-2）表达的影响及其可能机制。方法:原代人心脏成纤维细胞从美国细胞应用所购买。用RT-PCR检测心脏成纤维细胞MMP-2、MMP-9和TIMP-2 mRNA水平的变化；用凝胶酶谱法分析心脏成纤维细胞中MMP-2、MMP-9的活性；用Griess方法检测培养上清一氧化氮（nitric oxide，NO）水平。结果:通过凝胶酶谱分析，RT-PCR和Griess方法发现IL-1β能显著增加MMP-2基因转录以及活性(P<0.05)，同时也显著增加了细胞培养上清中NO的产生(P<0.05)。IL-1β的这些效应可以被咪达普利拉和外源性NO合酶抑制剂L-单甲基精氨酸（NG-methyl L-Arginine，L-NMMA）所抑制(P<0.05)，而外源性NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(sodium nitroprusside，SNP）可以取消咪达普利拉对于NO、MMP-2的有效作用(P<0.05)。实验中发现IL-1β以及咪达普利拉对TIMP-2基因转录无明显作用(P>0.05)。结论:咪达普利拉能通过NO途径抑制IL-1β诱导的心脏成纤维细胞MMP-2的合成和活性；提示ACEI抗心肌重塑以及心力衰竭的部分作用可能是通过MMPs途径实现的。     

缬沙坦对阿霉素心肌病大鼠的心脏保护作用及机制研究

目的： 探讨AT1受体阻滞剂缬沙坦对阿霉素心肌病(ADR-DCM)大鼠的心脏保护作用及其机制。方法: 雄性Wistar大鼠分3组：(1)阿霉素心肌病组(ADR-DCM，n=25)，阿霉素 2.5 mg/kg，尾静脉注射，每周1次，连续10周；(2)阿霉素心肌病+缬沙坦治疗组(ARB，n=10)， 缬沙坦 30 mg/kg，每天1次，灌胃治疗；(3)正常对照组(CON，n=10)。12周时进行超声和血流动力学检测，氯胺T法检测羟脯氨酸及胶原含量， Western印迹分析检测MMP-2、MMP-9及TIMP-1的表达，明胶酶谱法检测MMPs活性。结果: ARB组死亡率明显低于ADR-DCM组(20% vs 40%，P<0.01)。ADR-DCM组大鼠左室内径大于CON组，心功能明显低于CON组， ARB组左室内径增加程度及心功能各项指标变化低于ADR-DCM组。ADR-DCM组心肌羟脯氨酸及胶原含量高于CON组， ARB组显著低于ADR-DCM组(P<0.01)。ADR-DCM组左室心肌MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达及MMPs明胶酶活性明显高于CON组 (P<0.01)，ARB组MMP-2、MMP-9表达及活性明显低于ADR-DCM组(P<0.01)，而TIMP-1的表达在3组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论: 缬沙坦部分通过抑制MMPs表达及活性逆转ADR-DCM左室重构，改善心功能。     

弗林蛋白酶抑制剂对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7迁移的影响

 目的：探讨乳腺癌转移的机制,为深入研究乳腺癌发生、发展机制提供理论基础。方法：不同浓度的弗林蛋白酶(furin)抑制剂处理人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 48 h。细胞划痕实验（wound healing assay）和细胞趋化实验（Transwell assay）检测MCF-7细胞迁移和侵袭能力。Western blotting 检测细胞迁移相关蛋白膜型基质金属蛋白酶1（MT1-MMP）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）-C和VEGF-D水平。酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测细胞培养液中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)2和9水平。结果：与对照组相比,200 nmol/L的furin抑制剂α1-PDX即对细胞迁移及侵袭起显著抑制作用（均P<0.05）;细胞迁移相关的MT1-MMP、VEGF-C和VEGF-D表达水平均显著降低（P<0.05）;MCF-7细胞上清液中MMP2 和 MMP9的表达均显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：Furin抑制剂通过下调乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的MMPs及VEGFs表达抑制其迁移。     

基质金属蛋白酶及其组织抑制因子在人前列腺组织及各种类型前列腺细胞中的表达

目的：研究基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）及其组织抑制因子（TIMPs）在人前列腺组织及各种类型细胞中的表达。方法： 用半定量RT－PCR的方法，对癌变和非癌变部分的前列腺组织、原代培养的平滑肌细胞、成纤维细胞、上皮细胞以及4种前列腺上皮细胞系（BPH－1、LNCaP、DU－145和PC－3）中MMP2、MMP7和MMP9、膜型基质金属蛋白酶1和3（MT1－MMP和MT3－MMP）及其组织抑制因子1和2（TIMP－1和TIMP－2）的mRNA 水平进行了测定。结果：MMP-2主要在前列腺基质细胞中表达；MMP-7和MMP-9则在前列腺上皮细胞中有较高的表达；MT1-MMP、MT3-MMP、TIMP-1和TIMP-2在前列腺基质细胞和上皮细胞中均有表达，但MT1-MMP和MT3-MMP在成纤维细胞中的表达量较高；另外，各种基质金属蛋白酶及其组织抑制因子在各种前列腺细胞系中也存在差异表达。结论： MMPs和TIMPs在前列腺组织及其各种类型细胞中的差异表达提示：它们可能在前列腺癌的转移中起着不同的作用。     

Gelatinase-B (Matrix Metalloproteinase-9; MMP-9) secretion is involved in the migratory phase of human and murine muscle cell cultures

The remodelling of connective tissue components is a fundamental requirement for a number of pivotal processes in cell biology. These may include myoblast migration and fusion during development and regeneration. In other systems, similar biological processes are facilitated by secretion of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially the gelatinases. This study investigated the activity of the gelatinases MMP-2 and 9 by zymography on cell conditioned media in cultures of cells derived from explants of the human masseter muscle and in the murine myoblast cell-line C2C12. Expression of MMP-9 by western blotting and TIMP-1, the major inhibitor of MMPs, by northern blotting, during all phases of myoblast proliferation, migration, alignment and fusion, was also measured. Irrespective of the origin of the cultures, MMP-9 activity was secreted only by single cell and pre-fusion cultures whilst MMP-2 activity was secreted at all stages as well as by myotubes. The loss of MMP-9 activity was due to the loss of MMP-9 protein expression. TIMP-1 mRNA was not detectable at the single cell stage but its expression increased as cells progressed through the pre-fusion and post-fusion stages to reach a maximal in myotube containing cultures. Migration of cells derived from human masseter muscle was inhibited, using a specific anti-MMP-9 blocking monoclonal antibody (6-6B). These data are consistent with the concept that regulation of matrix turnover via MMP-9 may be involved in the events leading to myotube formation, including migration. Loss of expression of this enzyme and expression of TIMP-1 mRNA is associated with myotube containing cultures. Consequently, the ratio between MMPs and TIMPs maybe important in determining myoblast migration and differentiation.     

Protein kinase C activation by phorbol ester increases in vitro invasion through regulation of matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases system in D54 human glioblastoma cells

To elucidate possible mechanisms of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced in vitro invasiveness of glioblastoma cells, we examined expression levels of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), MMP-2, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 using Western blotting and gelatin zymography assay, and found that PMA induced the secretion of MMP-9, activated MMP-2 proenzyme to fully active form of 59 kDa, down-regulated the TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 secretion, and increased MT1-MMP on the cell surface. However, PKC inhibitor Go 6983 reversed all of these effects brought about by PMA. We, therefore, conclude the activation of PKC by PMA in these cells plays a critical role in the regulation of MMPs/TIMPs system, which has a major role in tumor invasion and metastasis.     

Protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 in papillary thyroid carcinomas

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. There have been only a few studies on the protein expression of MMPs and TIMPs in thyroid carcinomas. Therefore, we investigated the protein expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in 86 papillary thyroid carcinomas using immunohistochemistry, semiquantitative scoring morphometry of immunohistochemistry, gelatin zymography, and western blotting. We also examined the correlations between the immunohistochemical scores and several clinicopathological parameters. The immunoreactivities of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were largely located in the tumor cells or non-tumor follicular cells and to a much lesser extent in the fibroblasts and endothelial cells in the tumor and non-tumor regions. Compared with non-tumor regions, these four proteins tended to be overexpressed in the tumor cells; the overexpression was found in 64 of 86 (74%), 80 of 86 (93%), 79 of 86 (92%), and 64 of 86 (74%) cases for MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, respectively. Gelatin zymography showed distinct bands of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in tumor extracts but vague bands in non-tumor extracts. Western blotting revealed the specific bands of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in both tumor and non-tumor extracts. Morphometric scoring revealed that high expression of these proteins significantly correlated with large tumor size, presence of lymph node metastasis, high clinical stage, high intrathyroidal invasion, and high vascular invasion. These data suggest that MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 proteins and activities are increased in tumors cells of papillary thyroid carcinomas and that they play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinomas.     

受翻译调节的肿瘤蛋白在PRL-3促进结肠癌转移中的作用

目的: 研究受翻译调节的肿瘤蛋白(TCTP)在肝再生磷酸酶-3(PRL-3)促进结肠癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭中的作用。方法: 构建载体pAcGFP-C3-PRL-3及pAcGFP-C3并分别转染至结肠癌LoVo细胞中,获得稳定表达PRL-3的LoVo-PRL-3细胞及对照细胞LoVo-control。Western blotting及real-time PCR 检测2种细胞PRL-3及TCTP表达。设计并合成特异性干扰TCTP mRNA的siRNA序列(TCTP-siRNA)和阴性对照序列(control-siRNA),并将siRNA瞬时转染至LoVo-PRL-3细胞。 在转染siRNA后24 h、48 h和72 h,Western blotting及real-time PCR 检测LoVo-PRL-3细胞TCTP表达。 CCK8-8和Transwell方法检测LoVo-control、LoVo-PRL-3及转染TCTP-siRNA和转染control-siRNA的LoVo-PRL-3细胞间增殖、迁移和侵袭能力差异。结果: 转染PRL-3可以显著上调LoVo细胞TCTP mRNA和蛋白的表达(P＜0.05)。TCTP-siRNA在转染后的24 h、48 h和72 h可以有效抑制LoVo-PRL-3细胞TCTP mRNA表达(P＜0.01),同样TCTP蛋白在转染后的48 h和72 h也显著受到抑制(P＜0.01)。转染PRL-3能显著促进LoVo细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力(P＜0.05),然而siRNA干扰抑制上调的TCTP表达后又能显著抑制LoVo-PRL-3细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力(P＜0.05)。结论: PRL-3通过上调TCTP表达促进结肠癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭。用siRNA靶向抑制TCTP表达可能是预防和治疗结肠癌转移的有效手段。     

Tension Force Downregulates Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression and Upregulates the Expression of Their Inhibitors through MAPK Signaling Pathways in MC3T3-E1 cells

Objective: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), produced by osteoblasts, catalyze the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in osteoid, and the regulation of MMP activity depends on interactions between MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We focused on the degradation process of ECM in osteoid that was exposed to mechanical strain, and conducted an in vitro study using MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells to examine the effects of tension force (TF) on the expression of MMPs and TIMPs, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.Design: Cells were incubated on flexible-bottomed culture plates and stimulated with or without cyclic TF for 24 hours. The expression of MMPs and TIMPs was examined at mRNA and protein levels by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAPK, and stress-activated protein kinases/c-jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNK) were examined by Western blotting.Results: TF decreased the expression of MMP-1, -3, -13 and phosphorylated ERK1/2. In contrast, TF increased the expression of TIMP-2, -3 and phosphorylated SAPK/JNK. The expression of MMP-2, -14, TIMP-1, -4 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK was unaffected by TF. MMP-1, -3 and -13 expression decreased in cells treated with the ERK inhibitor PD98059 compared with untreated control cells. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited the TF-induced upregulation of TIMP-2 and -3.Conclusions: The results suggest that TF suppresses the degradation process that occurs during ECM turnover in osteoid via decreased production of MMP-1, -3 and -13, and increased production of TIMP-2 and -3 through the MAPK signaling pathways in osteoblasts.     

The role of matrilysin (MMP-7) in leukaemia cell invasion

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important in tumour cell invasion and metastasis in many common cancers. However, relatively few studies have investigated the role of MMPs and their inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in leukaemia cell invasion. This study examined two leukaemia cell lines, K562 and HL-60 and showed that the K562 cell line was four times more invasive than the HL-60 cell line. The expression of MMP-2, matrilysin (MMP-7), MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 was analysed. Both cell lines produced similar amounts of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2. The K562 cells expressed more TIMP-1 than the HL-60 cells and neither cell line expressed TIMP-3. Interestingly, only the K562 cells expressed matrilysin suggesting a potential role for matrilysin in leukaemia cell invasion. In vitro invasion assays performed in the presence of a matrilysin blocking antibody showed a 40% reduction in invasive ability. This data suggests that matrilysin plays an important role in leukaemia cell invasion. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.