再论茶文化的起源、发展与功能定位

茶文化在唐代有迅猛的发展,其普及与当时的经济、政治、文化有密切的关系。也由于其含有咖啡因类成分,可以调节精神,而其他别样茶中不含此类成分,茶的普及推广,形成了一枝独秀的局面。内容进一步阐述茶文化的形成过程,作为"茶"用的植物自古以来就呈现多样性,如同维持生命的"食物"用来治疗疾病的"药品"一样,用来预防疾病的"茶"也不是单单一个物品。     

香风茶的传统应用与研究现状△

综述文献资料,对我国别样茶之一的香风茶进行总结和探讨。香风茶为蜡梅科蜡梅属植物山蜡梅Chimonanthus nitens Oliv、柳叶蜡梅C．salicifolius S．Y．Hu和浙江蜡梅C．zhejiangensis M．C．Liu的嫩叶经加工而成,具有祛风解表,理气化痰,醒脾化浊等功效。香风茶在我国民间应用广泛,历史悠久。现代研究表明,其主要化学成分为挥发油、黄酮和生物碱类等,药理活性主要为抗菌抗病毒、降压、降脂减肥、抗氧化和抗肿瘤等作用。香风茶是一种具有广阔开发前景的茶饮,值得继续深入系统研究。     

The effect of Cree traditional medicinal teas on the activity of human cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Rhododendron groenlandicum (Bog Labrador tea), Rhododendron tomentosum (Marsh Labrador tea) and Juniperus communis (Juniper) are used in medicinal teas by Canadian aboriginal cultures alone and in combination with conventional drug products. The safety of this combination had not been previously examined and this study was initiated to examine the potential of medicinal teas to inhibit the major human drug metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4).

Materials and methods

The decoctions of Rhododendron groenlandicum and Rhododendron tomentosum leaves and Juniperus communis berries were examined in a microtiter fluorometric assay to examine their potential to inhibit CYP-mediated metabolism.

Results

The decoctions showed progressive inhibition towards CYP3A4 the longer the leaves or berries were brewed. R. Rhododendron groenlandicum and Juniperus communis may have the potential to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism.

Conclusions

The findings of this study with these traditional medicines are significant in that they provide mechanistic support that these products have the potential to affect the safety and efficacy of other health and medicinal products. As this study only examined CYP3A4, it is possible that these medicinals contain substances that could also affect other metabolic enzymes.     

Where does the border lie: Locally grown plants used for making tea for recreation and/or healing, 1970s–1990s Estonia

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Traditional use of local wild and cultivated plants for making recreational tea in Estonia often borders with the medicinal use of the same plants.

Aim of the study

The aim of this paper is to map the perceptions of plants used for making tea and to define the domains of recreational and medicinal teas in specific cultural settings.

Materials and methods

Between November 2011 and March 2012 the authors distributed electronic questionnaires on the use of wild food plants in childhood. The questionnaire was answered by 250 respondents. 178 of them reported the use of plants for making recreational teas. The responses were analysed according to the taxonomy of the used plants, the most frequently used taxa and families were detected, the influence of respondents' demographic data on the number of use reports was assessed and the overlapping of medicinal and recreational uses was discussed.

Results

The study detected 69 vascular plant species, ten vascular taxa identified on the genera level only, and one lichen. The most popular families were Rosaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiacea, and 12 taxa were used by at least 10% of the respondents, while only one of them (Tilia) was used by more than 50% and one (Rubus idaeus) by over 33% of the respondents. The next ten most used taxa were: Rosa, Mentha, Primula veris, Matricaria, Achillea millefolium, Hypericum, Carum carvi, Urtica dioica, Thymus serpyllum and Fragaria. Of the 30 most used consolidated taxa mentioned in five or more use records, only four were used exclusively in one domain.

Conclusions

The majority of the used plants were situated on the recreational-medicinal continuum, which could be divided into two domains: recreational, medicinal and the “grey” area that lies around the borderline. The predominance of the cold and cold-related diseases on the spectrum treated by plants used for making recreational tea reflects the climatic conditions of the region and suggests that they are the most commonly self-treated diseases in the region, seen from the child's perspective.     

安化黑茶化学成分及药理活性研究进展

安化黑茶作为黑茶的典型代表,近几年由于其在调血脂等方面显示出显著的药理活性而受到广泛的关注。随着安化黑茶特别是茯砖茶化学成分和药理活性研究的日渐深入,简要综述安化黑茶的化学成分及药理活性的研究进展,为安化黑茶的进一步研究及相关产品的开发提供理论依据。     

云南普洱茶抗氧化活性的比较研究

目的：比较云南5个产地普洱茶的抗氧化活性。方法：选择3年发酵的普洱饼茶,采用DPPH测定其抗氧化活性和自由基消除活性。结果：5个产地的普洱茶提取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,以云南大理下关产普洱茶的抗氧化能力最强,其EC50值为8．88mg·L-1,云南思茅最弱,其EC50值为21．81mg·L-1,云南5个产地普洱茶抗氧化活性的强弱顺序依次为：大理下关普洱茶〉西双版纳普洱茶〉临沧普洱茶〉红河普洱茶〉思茅普洱茶。结论：普洱茶是一种优良的天然抗氧化剂和自由基消除剂,云南不同产地普洱茶的抗氧化活性略有差异。     

不同产地普洱茶主要化学成分的比较

目的:综合比较并评价云南不同产地普洱茶的质量。方法:选择3年发酵的普洱饼茶,采用高效液相色谱法测定其没食子酸、咖啡因与(+)儿茶素含量,采用NaNO2-A1(NO3)3法测定其总黄酮含量,并采用硫酸苯酚法测定其总多糖含量。结果:5个产地普洱饼茶中,没食子酸含量差异较大,思茅产普洱茶含量最低为0.308%,大理下关产普洱茶含量最高为1.482%;咖啡因含量差异不大,含量均在2.366%～3.750%之间;(+)儿茶素含量均低于0.5‰,以思茅产普洱茶含量最低。5个产地普洱茶总黄酮和总多糖含量也有一定差异,总黄酮含量以思茅产最低为2.93%,西双版纳产最高为5.94%;总多糖含量以思茅产最低为4.35%,大理下关产最高为6.18%。结论:不同产地普洱茶化学成分存在一定的差异。     

Yellow tea is more potent than other types of tea in suppressing liver toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats

The present study compared the effects of six Chinese teas categorized by their production process: green, white, yellow, oolong, black and pu-erh teas, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Wistar rats were given ad libitum the Chinese teas prepared according to the home-style methods for 1 week, and then intraperitoneally injected with CCl4 (1 mg/kg body weight) or olive oil as a vehicle. The yellow tea significantly ameliorated the increase in the activity of the alanine- and aspartate-aminotransferases in plasma. Thus, the drinking of yellow tea may contribute to protection against liver injury.     

绿茶与其他4种别样茶的比较

茶叶及代茶类饮品(谓之"别样茶",即不是山茶科的茶,但可作为茶的代用品代茶饮)在饮料、食品、保健品及其他相关产业中占据着非常重要的地位.作者将全世界应用最为广泛的绿茶与原产自南美的巴拉圭茶、全国范围应用广泛的大叶苦丁茶、小叶苦丁茶及我国民间常用茶老鹰茶从历史、化学成分及生物活性几个方面进行概括和比较,阐明它们共性及各自的特性,为茶叶及代茶类饮品(别样茶)的发展提供科学依据.     

Antioxidant screening of medicinal herbal teas

Herbal tea consumption is deeply and widely rooted amongst South-American populations. In view of the involvement of oxygen- and nitrogen-reactive species in the ethiogenesis of several diseases, the antioxidant properties of some of the herbal teas most commonly consumed in the southern regions was assessed in vitro. Around one-third of the 13 examined herbs, displayed a substantially higher ability to scavenge ABTS(+.) radicals (TEAC assay), and to quench the pro-oxidant species, hypochlorite (HClO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). Amongst the tested herbs, teas prepared from Haplopappus baylahuen, Rosa moschata and Peumus boldus showed the highest TEAC and HClO-quenching activities. These herbs were around 5- to 7-fold more potent than the least active herbs. Based on the TEAC assay, 150 mL of tea prepared from H. baylahuen, R. moschata and P. boldus would be equivalent to around 200 mg of Trolox). Teas from H. baylahuen and P. boldus were also found to be particularly potent in quenching HClO. In the ONOO(-) assay, H. baylahuen and Buddleia globosa showed the highest activities. The results obtained suggest that the regular consumption of teas prepared from some of these herbs may be useful potentially to provide the organism with molecules capable of protecting the gastrointestinal tract against certain pathologically relevant oxidant species.     

非洲别样茶的研究进展

非洲有许多传统草药,长久以来被当地人用来治疗疾病,其中有些草药可当作茶饮,对身体健康起了重要作用。研究表明这部分茶具有抗肿瘤、降血压、抗氧化、降血糖等多种作用,并且越来越受到国际市场的关注。综述了非洲主要别样茶的来源、分布、民间用途、主要化学成分、药理作用、目前开发状况及其在中国的应用现状,为进一步研究开发提供参考。     

历代医家用茶治疗头痛

阐述头痛的病因病机,古代医籍中使用茶治疗头痛的记载以及现代药理对茶的研究。     

普洱茶调节SD大鼠血脂及抗氧化 保护肝脏的研究

目的：治疗性给予普洱茶,探讨其调节血脂、保护肝脏的功能及其机制。方法：SD大鼠高脂饲料造模28天后,给予不同剂量普洱茶35天。期间检测所有动物的体重变化;实验结束后检测血脂、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、微量丙二醛（MDA）,并进行肝脏病理组织学检查。结果：普洱生茶及熟茶组与模型组比较：（1）体重明显减轻。（2）血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）明显降低。（3）肝脏脂肪变性程度明显减轻,血清及肝脏MDA生成减少,SOD、GSH-PX活性增强,其中熟茶组的作用更明显。结论：（1）治疗性给予普洱茶,能够调节高脂模型动物的血脂,熟茶的作用更显著。（2）普洱茶能促进肝脏抗氧化损伤,减轻肝脏脂肪变性,熟茶的作用更显著。     

历代医家用茶治疗头痛

阐述头痛的病因病机,古代医籍中使用茶治疗头痛的记载以及现代药理对茶的研究。     

The ability of green tea to positively modulate key markers of gastrointestinal function in rats

The beneficial effects of selenium-containing green tea (Se-GTE, 1.44 mg selenium/kg dry leaves) and China green tea (CH-GTE, 0.13 mg selenium/kg leaves) on the population size of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and the activity of two microbial enzymes in the caeca of rats have been investigated. Oral gavage of rats with Se-GTE extract for 6 days resulted in a significant increase in caecal counts of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (p < 0.05) while significantly reducing the caecal counts of bacteroides and clostridial bacteria. In contrast, gavaging the rats with CH-GTE extract for 6 days resulted in a slight but not significant increase in the numbers of caecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria but decreased significantly the numbers of bacteroides (p < 0.05) and clostridia (p < 0.05). In addition, rats gavaged with CH-GTE and Se-GTE showed a 17.2% and 21.3% reduction in the activity of the bacterial enzyme β-glucuronidase, respectively, when compared with the rats gavaged with water only. β-glucuronidase is considered to be one of the enzymes that increases the risk for colorectal cancer. Moreover, gavaging rats with these teas resulted in 19% and 25.5% increments in the activity of β-glucosidase, respectively. In conclusion, Se-GTE showed both bifidogenic and lactogenic effects and the high level of selenium may be behind the superiority of this tea over CH-GTE.     

菊花的传统使用及化学成分和药理活性研究进展

菊花是别样茶的一种,在我国具有悠久的使用历史,由前期作为物候特征使用到后来的茶用、药用及观赏,引起了全球业内人士越来越多的关注。而作为传统的中药菊花具有散风清热、平肝明目之功效,用于治疗风热感冒、头痛眩晕、目赤肿痛、眼目昏花等疾病。本文对菊花的传统使用、化学成分和药理活性进行了全面的概述。为以后更好的探索菊花的治疗潜力提供一定的参考。     

South African herbal teas: Aspalathus linearis, Cyclopia spp. and Athrixia phylicoides--a review

Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis (Brum.f) Dahlg.) and honeybush (Cyclopia Vent. species) are popular indigenous South African herbal teas enjoyed for their taste and aroma. Traditional medicinal uses of rooibos in South Africa include alleviation of infantile colic, allergies, asthma and dermatological problems, while a decoction of honeybush was used as a restorative and as an expectorant in chronic catarrh and pulmonary tuberculosis. Traditional medicinal uses of Athrixia phylicoides DC., or bush tea, another indigenous South African plant with very limited localised use as herbal tea, include treatment of boils, acne, infected wounds and infected throats. Currently rooibos and honeybush are produced for the herbal tea market, while bush tea has potential for commercialisation. A summary of the historical and modern uses, botany, distribution, industry and chemical composition of these herbal teas is presented. A comprehensive discussion of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo biological properties, required to expand their applications as nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products, is included, with the main emphasis on rooibos. Future research needs include more comprehensive chemical characterisation of extracts, identification of marker compounds for extract standardisation and quality control, bioavailability and identification of bio-markers of dietary exposure, investigation of possible herb-drug interactions and plant improvement with regards to composition and bioactivity.     

不同茶叶及茶多酚对高脂饲料致大鼠脂肪肝的影响

目的:考察不同产地绿茶、红茶以及绿茶多酚对高脂饲料致大鼠脂肪肝的影响.方法:大鼠喂饲高脂饲料制备大鼠脂肪肝模型,喂饲含不同茶叶或茶多酚的高脂饲料,观察体重变化、睾丸脂肪垫重量、血清TG和TC、肝脏脂肪性变、肝匀浆甘油三酯和胆固醇含量.结果:各受试物组睾丸脂肪垫重量均较模型对照组减轻,云南绿茶组和四川绿茶组肝匀浆甘油三酯和胆固醇均明显低于模型对照;茶多酚组肝匀浆甘油三酯也明显低于模型对照组,但高于云南绿茶组和四川绿茶,茶多酚组肝匀浆胆固醇低于模型对照组,但明显高于云南绿茶组和四川绿茶组;云南红茶组肝匀浆甘油三酯和胆固醇与模型对照组相当.结论:云南绿茶和四川绿茶均对高脂饲料致大鼠脂肪肝的形成有明显抑制作用;茶多酚也有一定作用;但云南红茶作用不明显.     

A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.)

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most widely consumed single ingredient herbal teas, or tisanes. Peppermint tea, brewed from the plant leaves, and the essential oil of peppermint are used in traditional medicines. Evidence-based research regarding the bioactivity of this herb is reviewed. The phenolic constituents of the leaves include rosmarinic acid and several flavonoids, primarily eriocitrin, luteolin and hesperidin. The main volatile components of the essential oil are menthol and menthone. In vitro, peppermint has significant antimicrobial and antiviral activities, strong antioxidant and antitumor actions, and some antiallergenic potential. Animal model studies demonstrate a relaxation effect on gastrointestinal (GI) tissue, analgesic and anesthetic effects in the central and peripheral nervous system, immunomodulating actions and chemopreventive potential. Human studies on the GI, respiratory tract and analgesic effects of peppermint oil and its constituents have been reported. Several clinical trials examining the effects of peppermint oil on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms have been conducted. However, human studies of peppermint leaf are limited and clinical trials of peppermint tea are absent. Adverse reactions to peppermint tea have not been reported, although caution has been urged for peppermint oil therapy in patients with GI reflux, hiatal hernia or kidney stones.