心率和心率变异性与心力衰竭及预后的相关性

目的　探讨心率及心率变异性与心力衰竭及预后的相关性。方法　入选2010年10月至2012年6月期间就诊宁夏医科大学总医院心内科的慢性充血性心力衰竭患者245例,根据住院期间平均静息心率水平分为3组：A组：50～70次/分;B组：71～90次/分;C组：＞90次/分;共随访1年,完成随访共230例。其中共有97例行动态心电图检查,按患者心功能分级分为Ⅱ级组、Ⅲ级组、Ⅳ级组,同时选择26例正常健康人为对照组。收集上述研究对象的心率变异性时域指标进行对比分析,包括正常RR间期标准差（SDNN）、5　min均值标准差（SDANN）、相邻RR间期相差＞50　ms的个数占总心跳数的百分比（PNN50）、全程相邻RR间期之差的平方根（RMSSD）。结果随着心率水平增加,随访终点射血分数明显降低,再住院率及病死率明显增加（P＜0.01）。不同心率水平心力衰竭患者Cox生存分析显示心率越快,生存率越低。心力衰竭组与对照组相比SDNN、SDANN、PNN50、RMSSD降低（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）,随着心力衰竭程度的加重,SDNN、SDANN、PNN50、RMSSD下降越明显（P＜0.01）。结论　心率越快,心力衰竭预后越差;心力衰竭患者存在心率变异性降低,心率变异性越低,心功能越差。     

新生儿先天性心脏病慢性心力衰竭与神经内分泌激活的研究

目的 检测新生儿先天性心脏病（先天性心脏病）的神经内分泌因子,探讨新生儿先天性心脏病是否存在神经内分泌激活及其临床意义.方法 选取2008年10月至2013年8月我院收治的100例新生儿先天性心脏病患者,检测其脑利钠肽（BNP）、醛固酮（ALD）和心房利钠肽（ANP）,另选取年龄及性别与之相匹配的体检正常新生儿30名作为对照组.结果 新生儿先天性心脏病患者血循环中的BNP为（35.7±7.4）pmol/L,ANP为（55.6±7.5）pmol/L,ALD为（546.1 ±42.3）pmol/L,与对照组比较明显增高（P均＜0.01）.三个亚组患儿随着疾病严重程度的加重,神经内分泌的激活就越明显.结论 新生儿先天性心脏病患者的神经内分泌明显激活且具有慢性心力衰竭的特征,并与疾病的严重性密切相关.     

心脏康复对慢性心衰患者心率变异性的影响

目的：观察在标准抗心衰药物治疗的基础上联合心脏康复对慢性力衰竭（CHF）患者心率变异性的影响.方法：本院68例心力衰竭住院患者随机分为对照组34例和治疗组34例,对照组采用标准的抗心衰治疗方案;治疗组采用标准抗心衰治疗＋心脏康复;两组均规范用药6个月.所有患者治疗前后进行24h动态心电图检查心率变异性（HRV）.结果：治疗后,治疗组R-R间期的标准差（SDNN）、每5min窦性R-R平均值的标准差（SDANN）、R-R间期差值的均方根（rMSSD）、相邻两正常窦性R-R间期差值＞50ms的个数所占的百分率（PNN50）较对照组显著增加（P＜0.05）.结论：在标准抗心衰药物治疗的基础上联合心脏康复治疗,可降低交感神经过度激活,增加迷走神经的功能,显著改善HRV,从而改善患者的预后.     

VVI单腔起搏器置入右心室流出道起搏的疗效观察及比较研究

目的观察并比较VVI单腔起搏器置入右心室流出道和右心室心尖部对心动过缓患者6个月后心脏电机械同步性的影响。方法入选20例房颤伴房室传导阻滞及心动过缓需置入VVI单腔起搏器的患者，将右心室流出道起搏的患者10例作为治疗组，同时行右心室心尖部起搏的另外10例作为对照组。观察并比较置人起搏器前后两组的起搏参数、QRS宽度、心功能和生活质量评分情况。结果随访6个月时，两组在起搏阈值、感知阈值、电极阻抗方面差异无统计学意义[（0.48±0．1）mV和（0．56±0．12）mV；（14．7±1．2）V和（12．6±2．3）V；（904±56）Ω和（（815±45）Ω，P〉0．05]，而右心室流出道起搏组的QRS宽度明显缩短[（108．3±11．2）ms和（134．5±12．6）ms，P〈0．05]，且心功能和生活质量评分明显改善[（58．9±2．5）％和（54．3±2．5）％，61．8±2．3和56．2±5．1，P〈0．05]。结论VVI单腔起搏器置入右心室流出道起搏较心尖部起搏更接近生理情况，能增加患者的心脏电机械同步性，提高心功能及改善预后。     

Three-stage Palliation of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome in the University HealthSystem Consortium

Objective. The objective of this study was to describe current management and short-term outcomes for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome representative of nationwide experience. Additionally, this study identifies risk factors associated with mortality in patients undergoing staged surgical palliation. Design. The University HealthSystem Consortium database was queried to identify all hospital admissions between 1998 and 2007 with a diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Procedure codes were used to determine surgical management, and outcomes were ascertained by discharge status (discharged, transferred, or expired). Results. Discharge data were present from 118 hospitals in the United States. First-stage surgical palliation was performed in 1949 neonates with 30% mortality. Mortality decreased from 43% in 1998 to 18% in 2007. Large institutional case volume and later era of surgery were associated with improved operative mortality in first-stage palliation. Primary cardiac transplantation was performed in 28 neonates, and rescue transplantation in 11, with 36% mortality. Second-stage palliation was performed in 1244 patients with 5.2% mortality, and third-stage palliation was performed in 1084 patients with 4.1% mortality. An additional 62 patients over 1 month of age at time of admission received cardiac transplantation with 15% mortality. Conclusions. First-stage palliative mortality for hypoplastic left heart syndrome fell dramatically over the past decade, while that for second- and third-stage procedures remained stable. The cumulative operative mortality for three-staged repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome was 39% over the decade, but fell to 24% for procedures in 2007.     

心力衰竭管理模式探讨

目的:评价不同管理模式对慢性收缩性心力衰竭(心衰)患者神经内分泌、心功能、心脏事件、生活质量和医疗费用的影响。方法:120例慢性心功能不全患者,在常规治疗心衰的前提下,随机分为心衰管理组和心衰非管理组各60例,治疗后两年其对神经内分泌、心功能、心脏事件、生活质量和医疗费用的影响。结果:心衰管理组治疗后心功能、生活质量、神经内分泌较心衰非管理组治疗后改善(P<0.05),心衰恶化再入院减少(P<0.05),心脏事件较心衰非管理组明显减少(P<0.05),年心衰治疗费用较后者减少(P<0.05),差异均有统计学意义。结论:通过心衰管理能改善心功能及生活质量,减少心衰医疗费用、心脏事件的发生。     

右腋下剖胸小儿心内直视术

目的 :探讨右侧剖胸小切口的手术要点及手术指征。　　方法 :本组 10 2例患者经右腋下小切口剖胸及体外循环下行小儿心内直视术 ,其中房间隔缺损 2 4例 ,室间隔缺损 6 8例 ,法乐四联症 5例 ,室间隔缺损合并房间隔缺损 3例 ,右心室双出口、Ebstein畸形各 1例。合并畸形 :左上腔静脉 4例 ,右心室双腔及动脉导管未闭各 1例。　　结果 :全组患者无死亡。　　结论 :切口的正确选择是术野良好显露的前提 ,主动脉插管是手术成功的关键。该切口适用于大部分常见先天性心脏病的矫治。     

Uma década de transplantação cardíaca em Coimbra. O valor da experiência

Introduction and ObjectivesTo analyze the experience gained in 10 years of the heart transplantation program of the University Hospital of Coimbra.MethodsBetween November 2003 and December 2013, 258 patients with a mean age of 53.0±12.7 years (3‐72 years) and predominantly male (78%) were transplanted. Over a third of patients had ischemic (37.2%) and 36.4% idiopathic cardiomyopathy. The mean age of donors was 34.4±1.3 years and 195 were male (76%), with gender difference between donor and recipient in 32% of cases and ABO disparity (non‐identical groups but compatible) in 18%. Harvest was distant in 59% of cases. In all cases total heart transplantation with bicaval anastomoses, modified at this center, was used. Mean ischemia time was 89.7±35.4 minutes. All patients received induction therapy.ResultsEarly mortality was 4.7% (12 patients) from graft failure and stroke in five patients each, and hyperacute rejection in two. Thirteen patients (5%) required prolonged ventilation, 25 (11.8%) required inotropic support for more than 48 hours, and seven required pacemaker implantation. Mean hospital stay was 15.8±15.3 days (median 12 days). Ninety percent of patients were maintained on triple immunosuppressive therapy including cyclosporine, the remainder receiving tacrolimus. In 23 patients it was necessary to change the immunosuppression protocol due to renal and/or neoplastic complications and humoral rejection. All but two patients have been followed in the Surgical Center. Fifty patients (19.4%) subsequently died from infection (18), cancer (10), vascular (eight), neuropsychiatric (four), cardiac (two) or other causes (eight). Forty‐six patients (17.8%) had episodes of cellular rejection (>2 R on the ISHLT classification), eight had humoral rejection (3.1%), and 22 have evidence of graft vascular disease (8.5%). Actuarial survival at 1, 5, and 8 years was 87±2%, 78±3% and 69±4%, respectively.ConclusionThis 10‐year series yielded results equivalent or superior to those of centers with wider and longer experience, and have progressively improved following the introduction of changes prompted by experience. This program has made it possible to raise and maintain the rate of heart transplantation to values above the European average.     

风湿性心脏瓣膜置换术1 061例临床分析

目的:对1061例风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术进行早期疗效观察及临床分析。方法:对2000年1月～2005年12月入院施行瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏瓣膜病例进行回顾总结。结果:1061例中,术后早期病死率1.32%(14例),主要死亡原因为低心排血量综合征(3例)和心室颤动(3例)。术后早期并发症发生率6.41%(68例),其中低心排血量综合征13例、严重心律失常12例,两者占36.76%。结论:术前改善心功能、术中加强心肌保护和改进手术方法、积极处理术后并发症是提高风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术疗效的重要措施。     

经导管同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的疗效观察

目的研究经导管同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的策略并评价其疗效。方法34例患者,男12例,女22例。复合类型为:房间隔缺损(ASD)合并肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS)、室间隔缺损(VSD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)分别是16例、7例、3例,合并二尖瓣狭窄(Lutembacher综合征)2例;VSD合并PDA3例、Taussig-Bing畸形合并PDA1例;2例并发3种畸形(并发ASD、VSD和PDA1例,并发ASD、PS和PDA1例)。经导管介入治疗的原则:先行瓣膜球囊扩张术纠正瓣膜狭窄,其次行VSD封堵术,再次行PDA封堵术,最后行ASD封堵术。术后3d、1个月、6个月分别行经胸超声心动图(TTE)、X线检查评价治疗效果。结果34例复合型先天性心脏病患者均一次性治疗成功。术中未发生任何重要并发症。术后即刻TTE和造影示ASD,VSD,PDA所有封堵器位置良好,无残余分流。16例ASD合并PS者,跨肺动脉瓣平均压差由术前52.6±20.5mmHg下降到术后14.3±9.5mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2例Lutembacher综合征患者,超声心动图测量二尖瓣瓣口面积分别由二尖瓣球囊扩张术前1.0和1.2cm2增加到术后1.9和2.0cm2,平均左房压分别由29和26mmHg降至8和7mmHg。对于1例Taussig-Bing畸形合并PDA者,用18mmASD伞成功封堵16mmPDA,降低肺动脉压,改善患者症状,为二次手术创造条件。术后72h、1个月、6个月TTE示所有患者各水平分流均消失,左心房、左心室进行性地缩小,所有封堵器位置固定良好,无移位及脱落;同时行X线检查,肺血均明显减少,房室内径均明显恢复。结论复合型先天性心脏病经导管同期介入治疗虽较单纯型复杂,技术要求相对较高,但如指征掌握恰当,治疗策略合理,操作规范,同样可获得良好的治疗效果。     

小剂量美托洛尔治疗重症心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的观察小剂量美托洛尔治疗重症心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法选择2011年1月至2013年1月我院心内科收治的108例重症心力衰竭患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各54例。对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上,同时给予小剂量美托洛尔(6.25²5 mg/d)。完成治疗计划后,比较两组患者的临床疗效,以及左心室舒张末期内径(LVD)、收缩末期内径(LVS)和射血分数(LVEF)等心功能指标。结果观察组患者治疗显效率53.7%和总有效率81.5%明显高于对照组显效率22.2%和总有效率61.1%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.362,P=0.001;χ2=5.637,P=0.016)。治疗前两组患者的LVD、LVS和LVEF等心功能指标比较,差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。治疗后观察组患者的LVD为(58.6±7.2)mm、LVS为(37.5±8.8)mm和LVEF为56.7%±6.4%,明显优于对照组的(61.8±9.8)mm、(41.7±9.3)mm和52.5%±6.9%,差异均有统计学意义(t=1.934、2.411和3.279,均为P<0.05)。结论在本研究样本人群中,小剂量美托洛尔治疗重症心力衰竭,提高了临床疗效,改善了患者心功能,并且安全性较好。     

钮扣式补片治疗先天性室间隔缺损

目的探讨经皮钮扣式补片法治疗先天性室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ）的可行性及经验。方法膜周型ＶＳＤ１１例，干下型ＶＳＤ２例，肌部ＶＳＤ１例，应用Ｓｉｄｅｒｉｓ钮扣式补片法治疗。结果成功１０例，均为膜周型ＶＳＤ，失败４例。手术成功患者术后造影左向右分流消失或减弱，随访３个月至３年，彩色多普勒血流显像证实ＶＳＤ闭合，失败４例，除了１例室缺口直径较原先增大外，无其他手术并发症。结论钮扣式补片法对治疗ＶＳＤ是可行的。     

European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Association Standards for delivering heart failure care

The management of heart failure (HF) is complex. As a consequence, most cardiology society guidelines now state that HF care should be delivered in a multiprofessional manner. The evidence base for this approach now means that the establishment of HF management programmes is a priority. This document aims to summarize the key elements which should be involved in, as well as some more desirable features which can improve the delivery of care in a HF management programme, while bearing in mind that the specifics of the service may vary from site to site. We envisage a situation whereby all patients have access to the best possible care, including improved access to palliative care services, informed by and responsive to advances in diagnosis management and treatment. The goal should be to provide a 'seamless' system of care across primary and hospital care so that the management of every patient is optimal, no matter where they begin or continue their health-care journey.     

新生儿先天性心脏病心衰与内皮素-1、一氧化氮的关系研究

目的 检测新生儿先天性心脏病（先心病）的内皮素-1（ET-1）和一氧化氮（NO）,探讨新生儿先天性心脏病的ET-1、NO激活状况与心力衰竭的关系及其临床意义.方法 选取100例新生儿先心病患者,检测其ET-1和NO浓度,另选取年龄及性别与之相匹配的健康体检新生儿30名作为对照组.结果 新生儿先心病血循环中的ET-1与对照组比较明显增高（均P＜0.01）,随着疾病严重程度加重,3个亚组ET-1的激活越明显;与之相反,NO与对照组比较明显降低（均P＜0.05）,随着疾病严重程度的加重,3个亚组NO降低越明显.结论 新生儿先心病存在ET-1明显激活而NO明显降低,并与疾病的严重性密切相关,因此检测ET-1及NO浓度可推测患儿的心功能状况.     

充血性心力衰竭伴室性心动过速患者心率变异与预后的关系

为探讨充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）患者自主神经张力变化与室性心律失常的关系，我们对ＣＨＦ患者有或与持续性室性心动过速（ＮＳＶＴ），ＣＨＦ患者与正常组各项心率变异（ＨＲＶ）时域指标进行比较。结果：ＣＨＦ组的ＨＲＶ降低，其ＨＲＶ各项指标与患者的ＬＶＥＦ不存在直线相关，死亡者的ＳＤＲＲ、ＳＤＡＮＮ明显低于存活者（Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＣＨＦ有ＮＳＶＴ者与无ＶＴ者ＨＲＶ差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。作者认为ＨＲＶ低表示自主神经张力失衡，容易导致猝死。在预测ＣＨＦ患者预后时，ＨＲＶ优于ＬＶＥＦ和ＮＳＶＴ；ＨＲＶ时域指标ＳＤＲＲ、ＳＤＡＮＮ敏感性优于ＰＮＮ５０。