舒芬太尼在腹腔镜手术麻醉中的临床分析

目的观察舒芬太尼在腹腔镜手术麻醉中应用的有效性和安全性。方法 200例择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的患者,随机分为A组100例(舒芬太尼组)和B组100例(芬太尼组)。麻醉诱导采用静脉注射咪达唑仑、丙泊酚、维库溴铵以及舒芬太尼或芬太尼。观察诱导前、插管即刻、插管后1 min、气管插管后5 min内及拔管后5 min的血流动力学变化,同时观察麻醉苏醒及不良反应等情况。结果 2组诱导后MAP和HR值均较诱导前下降(P<0.05)。气管插管5 min内A组血流动力学变化幅度明显小于B组(P<0.05),A组的呼之睁眼和拔管时间小于B组(P<0.05),术后苏醒恢复状况也优于B组。结论使用舒芬太尼麻醉的腹腔镜手术患者,血流动力学更稳定,术后苏醒恢复快,麻醉效果好、安全。     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼在妇科腹腔镜手术麻醉中的应用比较

目的比较舒芬太尼、芬太尼在全凭静脉麻醉中的作用,探讨最佳给药方案。方法择期全凭静脉麻醉下行妇科腹腔镜手术患者80例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为舒芬太尼组(S组,n=40),芬太尼组(F组,n=40),按等效镇痛剂量应用舒芬太尼(S组)或芬太尼(F组),于麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)、气管插管后5 min(T3)、置入腹腔镜时(T4)、气腹后5 min(T5)、气腹后10 min(T6)、拔管前5 min(T7)、拔管即刻(T8)记录SP、DP和HR,并记录自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间以及舒芬太尼或芬太尼术中追加用药情况。结果麻醉诱导时,舒芬太尼和芬太尼对循环都存在有一定的抑制作用,术中、术后舒芬太尼组对循环的稳定作用均较芬太尼组明显;等效镇痛剂量下,舒芬太尼组术中药物追加发生率显著低于芬太尼组;舒芬太尼组术后自主呼吸恢复时、拔管时间明显短于芬太尼组。结论在等效剂量下,舒芬太尼对气管插管全麻患者心血管系统的稳定性及术后麻醉恢复均优于芬太尼。     

舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚对老年腹腔镜胆囊切除患者影响的比较

目的 比较舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚对老年腹腔镜胆囊切除患者的临床影响.方法 选择腹腔镜胆囊切除老年患者60例,将以上患者随机均分为舒芬太尼组(舒芬太尼+异丙酚麻醉)和瑞芬太尼组(瑞芬太尼+异丙酚麻醉),比较两组患者麻醉期间血流动力学的变化情况及术后疼痛评分与苏醒时间.结果 术中舒芬太尼组的血流动力学稳定性较瑞芬太尼组平稳(P＜0.05);术后舒芬太尼组疼痛评分优于瑞芬太尼组(P＜0.05),而术后瑞芬太尼组苏醒时间优于舒芬太尼组(P＜0.05).结论 老年腹腔镜胆囊切除患者分别采用舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚麻醉,前者血流动力学稳定性较后者平稳,且术后前者镇痛效果优于后者,但后者苏醒时间优于前者,应根据患者的情况选择适合的麻醉方案.     

舒芬太尼复合瑞芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体手术的临床观察

目的研究舒芬太尼复合瑞芬太尼静脉全麻用于小儿扁桃体腺样体手术的安全性和有效性。方法 60例择期行扁桃体、腺样体切除手术的患儿,随机分为A组(舒芬太尼组)和B组(芬太尼组),每组30例。麻醉诱导采用静脉注射咪唑安定,丙泊酚,维库溴胺、舒芬太尼或芬太尼。术中麻醉维持均采用持续静脉泵注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼。观察诱导前,诱导后1 min,气管插管后2 min和5 min后的血流动力学变化,同时观察麻醉效果,麻醉苏醒及不良反应等情况。结果两组诱导后MAP和HR值均较诱导前下降,气管插管后2 min,5 min时A组血流动力学变化幅度明显小于B组,A组的呼吸,睁眼和拔管时间及术后苏醒恢复情况均优于B组。结论使用舒芬太尼复合瑞芬太尼的患儿术中血稳定力学更稳定,术后苏醒快且副反应少,具有良好的麻醉效果和安全性。     

羟考酮术后镇痛对老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术后早期认知功能的影响

目的观察羟考酮术后镇痛对老年患者腹腔镜手术后早期认知功能的影响。方法选择在全麻下接受择期腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的老年患者120例,男57例,女63例,年龄70～80岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为三组:芬太尼组、舒芬太尼组和羟考酮组,每组40例,术后分别使用芬太尼2.0mg、舒芬太尼150μg和羟考酮40mg行PCIA。采用VAS疼痛评分法评估术后48h内镇痛效果,记录患者术后48h内芬太尼、舒芬太尼和羟考酮使用量以及恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生情况,术后7d采用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评价患者认知功能,判断是否发生POCD。结果术后48h内三组不同时点VAS评分差异无统计学意义。羟考酮组术后恶心呕吐和瘙痒发生率明显低于芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组(P0.05)。芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组术后镇痛药物用量与术后7dMMSE评分呈负相关关系(P0.01)。芬太尼组、舒芬太尼组和羟考酮组术后7dPOCD分别有15例(37.5%)、13例(32.5%)和7例(17.5%),羟考酮组POCD发生率明显低于芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组(P0.05)。结论与芬太尼和舒芬太尼比较,羟考酮用于老年患者术后镇痛可降低POCD的发生率,减少恶心呕吐和瘙痒的发生。     

舒芬太尼应用外伤性颅内血肿清除手术麻醉的效果

目的观察舒芬太尼对外伤性颅内血肿手术麻醉诱导期的血流动力变化及术后恢复情况。方法将40例急诊行颅内血肿清除术的外伤性颅内血肿患者,随机分为舒芬太尼组(A组)和芬太尼组(B)。2组分别给予等效剂量的舒芬太尼和芬太尼复合丙泊酚、维库溴铵麻醉诱导,瑞芬太尼持续微量泵静注复合异氟醚麻醉维持。术毕前10 min停异氟醚,同时2组分别给予等效剂量的舒芬太尼和芬太尼。观察2组麻醉诱导前即刻(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后1 min(T2)、3 min(T3)的血流动力学变化;记录术后患者自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间和拔管时的躁动和镇静情况。结果 B组在T2、T3时MAP、HR明显高于(快于)T0时和A组(P<0.05)。2组苏醒期自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间差异无统计学意义。A组躁动低于B组,A组镇静优于B组。结论舒芬太尼在麻醉诱导期血流动力学更稳定,可以有效预防麻醉苏醒期的躁动。     

舒芬太尼在非体外循环冠脉搭桥术应用中的临床研究

目的 观察舒芬太尼在非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥手术应用中的安全性和有效性.方法 择期行OPCABG病人54例,被随机分成两组,舒芬太尼组和芬太尼组,每组27例,麻醉诱导应用丙泊酚1 mg/ks～2 ms/ks,同时分别静注舒芬太尼0.5 μg/ks～1μg/kg,或芬太尼4 μg/ks-8 μg/ks,同时吸入安氟醚维持麻醉,持续输注舒芬太尼0.08 μg·ks-1min-1,或芬太尼0.6 μg·ks-1·min-1.记录各组气管插管、切片、麻醉维持和拨除气管导管各时间的收缩压和舒张压.结果 在气管插管过程中,浅麻醉反应的病人数舒芬太尼组明显低于芬太尼组,在气管插管切皮,麻醉维持和拔管期间,芬太尼组收缩压、舒张压明显高于舒芬太尼组,术后清醒和拔管时间两组病人无统计学差异.结论 舒芬太尼的麻醉效果优于芬太尼,舒芬太尼能提供术中更稳定的血液动力学.     

舒芬太尼用于全凭静脉麻醉40例研究

目的：探讨舒芬太尼全凭静脉复合麻醉时对听觉诱发电位指数、血流动力学和术后复苏的影响.方法：40例美国标准协会（ASA）Ⅰ～Ⅱ级病人择期行胆囊切除手术,随机分为Ⅰ组（舒芬太尼组）和Ⅱ组（芬太尼组）,记录两组病人麻醉期间各时间点的听觉诱发电位指数（AEPI）值、收缩压、舒张压、心率和SpO2.结果：Ⅱ组插管后1 min、2 min的收缩压较Ⅰ组升高,而插管后1 min的心率较Ⅰ组降低（P＜0.05）;Ⅰ组插管后1 min、2 min和3 min时的AEPI值低于Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）;Ⅰ组拔管后至定向力恢复的时间较Ⅱ组长（P＜0.05）;Ⅰ组丙泊酚的用量较Ⅱ组少（P＜0.05）.结论：等效剂量的舒芬太尼较芬太尼的全凭静脉复合麻醉可以使病人达到更为合适的麻醉深度,并能使血流动力学更加稳定,同时可减少丙泊酚用量.     

舒芬太尼诱导雷米芬太尼维持辅助镇痛用于老年患者腹部手术

目的 评价异氟醚(Iso)全麻时联合使用舒芬太尼和雷米芬太尼辅助镇痛效果.方法 择期腹部手术患者100例,年龄65～70岁,随机分为舒芬太尼诱导雷米芬太尼维持组(SR组)、芬太尼诱导雷米芬太尼维持组(FR组)、单纯舒芬太尼组(SS组)、单纯雷米芬太尼组(RR组)和单纯芬太尼组(FF组),每组20例.术中根据脑电双频指数(BIS)调控麻醉深度.观察诱导前(T_0)、诱导插管时(T_1)、插管后1 min(T_2)、插管后5 min(T_3)、切皮1 min(T_4)、切皮5 min(T_5)、切皮10 min(T6)、腹腔探查时(T_7)的MAP、HR、BIS值和呼气末异氟醚浓度(C_(ET)I_(SO));记录术中流泪、体动、知晓情况,麻醉苏醒质量,术后4 h VAS评分,PCIA药物用量及术后并发症发生情况.结果 FF组麻醉期间C_(ET)I_(SO)高于SR组(P<0.05).术后4h VAS评分及术后镇痛药用量RR、FR组高于SR、SS和FF组(P<0.05或P<0.01),FR组低于RR组(P<0.05).SR、FR和RR组拔管时间短于SS、FF组(P<0.01).术后躁动RR组高于其他组(P<0.05),五组均未见明显呼吸抑制.结论 接受舒芬太尼诱导雷米芬太尼维持辅助镇痛的老年患者术中血流动力学稳定,苏醒快速,不良反应少.     

三种剂量舒芬太尼用于患儿腹腔镜手术的麻醉效果

目的探讨三种剂量舒芬太尼麻醉诱导应用于患儿腹腔镜手术的疗效。方法采用前瞻性、双盲随机对照研究。择期行腹腔镜手术患儿48例,随机均分为S3组、S4组和S5组,分别给予舒芬太尼0.3、0.4和0.5μg/kg联合丙泊酚和罗库溴铵行麻醉诱导。术中根据麻醉深度追加舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg,术后根据CHIPPS评分予舒芬太尼0.05μg/kg镇痛。记录诱导前(基础值,T0),气管插管前(T1),插管中(T2),插管后5min(T3),气腹前(T4),气腹中(T5),气腹后5min(T6),气管拔管前(T7),气管拔管中(T8),气管拔管后5min(T9)的HR、SBP。记录舒芬太尼总量及三组术中、PACU期间需追加舒芬太尼的例数。结果与T0时比较,T1时三组HR明显减慢、SBP明显下降(P<0.05)。与T1时比较,T2时HR明显增块、SBP明显升高(P<0.05)。与T4时比较,T5～T9时三组只有SBP有所升高(P<0.05)。S4组麻醉期舒芬太尼使用量明显少于S5组(P<0.05),S3组舒芬太尼追加率明显高于S4和S5组(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼联合丙泊酚全身麻醉行短程患儿腹腔镜手术能有效减轻气管插管心血管反应,提供足够的麻醉深度、稳定的血流动力学、良好的术后镇痛,并推荐舒芬太尼诱导剂量为0.4μg/kg。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

动静脉穿刺网络课件的开发及其应用

目的:确保护理教学效果,提高教学水平。方法:应用多项信息技术将动静脉穿刺技术制作成教学网络课件,并用于临床教学。结果:该课件在本校园网上运行半年余,2000余人次对其进行访问,受到师生好评。结论:该课件能及时反映动静脉穿刺的最新研究进展及具体操作步骤和使用方法,实现护理教学的直观性和交互性,对护理教学和临床带教指导有一定的借鉴作用。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

The physiology of nausea and vomiting is poorly understood. The initiation of vomiting varies and may be due to motion, pregnancy, chemotherapy, gastric irritation or postoperative causes. Once initiated, vomiting occurs in two stages, retching and expulsion. The muscles responsible for this sequence of events are controlled by either a vomiting centre or a central pattern generator, probably in the area postrema and the nearby nucleus tractus solitarius. Drugs which induce vomiting include ipecacuanha, a gastric irritant, and apomorphine, a dopamine-receptor agonist. Opioid drugs also induce vomiting, but opioid antagonists are not useful to treat nausea and vomiting. Anti-emetic drugs consist of a variety of neurotransmitter antagonists and may act in the periphery, the central nervous system or both sites. The most important drugs are antagonists at muscarinic, dopamine D₂, 5-HT₃, histamine H₁ and neurokinin NK₁ receptors. These drugs are discussed with particular attention to post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).