改良腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征41例

目的分析改良腭咽成形术（H-UPPP）治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效,探讨围手术期治疗方法。方法对41例患者行H-UPPP术治疗,摘除双侧扁桃体,切除腭帆间隙多余脂肪组织,完整保留悬雍垂,部分重度患者术前行持续正压通气治疗及对症治疗。结果患者术后自觉症状均有明显改善或消失,无误呛及进食返流等症状,术后6个月经多导睡眠呼吸监测（PSG）,总有效率82.9%。结论H-UPPP通过保留悬雍垂,维持咽腔基本结构,有效防止腭咽关闭不全,提高手术疗效和安全性。     

腭咽成形术中保留悬雍垂的意义

目的 改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成形术（ＵＰＰＰ）手术方法，探讨术中保留悬雍垂的意义，提高ＵＰＰＰ手术疗效、减少术后并发症。方法 治疗睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者３０例。①在主观症状改善的基础上，应用多导睡眠图分析及咽腔解剖参数测量等项指标，术后随访６个月以上，对术前术后所获资料进行统计学分析。②手术改进特点：力求维持咽腔正常生理解剖形态，完整保留悬雍垂，解剖切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织，扩大软腭成形范围，平均软腭切除     

超声刀辅助悬雍垂腭咽成形术的疗效评价与应用价值

目的 探讨应用超声刀进行悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP）治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）的效果及应用价值。 方法 将需行UPPP的OSAHS患者随机分成超声刀组（A组）及对照组（B组）各20例。A组在静吸复合麻醉下,应用剪型超声刀进行扁桃体切除及悬雍垂腭咽成形术;B组应用传统方法行扁桃体剥离及悬雍垂腭咽成形术。对比两组患者的术中出血量、手术时间、术后疼痛程度、术后效果以及并发症的情况。结果 A组术中出血量明显少于B组,术时缩短明显,术后疼痛及术后并发症情况差异无统计学意义。结论 超声刀辅助下悬雍垂腭咽成形术术中出血少,手术时间明显缩短。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗鼾症

悬雍垂腭咽成形术的手术范围差异很大。有较保守的悬雍垂软腭部份切除术,也有主张最大限度的扁桃体前后柱软腭切除术。因此应对这一手术的技巧作出标准规范。作者给500多例睡眠呼吸暂停和干扰他人的严重打鼾患者施行了最大限度的切除软腭、悬雍垂、扁桃体前柱,保留后柱粘膜以覆盖扁桃体窝及咽侧壁。全麻下插管,置入Davis开口器,局部不用肾上腺素浸润。术者以食指将软腭向咽后壁推移,二者相交处之软腭舌侧面用点加以标记,然后以电凝器头依水平方向间断点灼至扁桃体前柱并向下延至扁桃体下极。挟持悬雍垂,以     

保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术临床应用初探

目的 改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成形术手术方法，探讨保留悬雍垂的可行性和必要性。方法 经多导睡眠监测确诊为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征60例，全身麻醉下行保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术，术中完整保留悬雍垂，切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织，扩大软腭成形范围。结果 主观症状明显改善，术后8d，睡眠状态下心电监护仪血氧饱和度监测，平卧≥87%，侧卧≥90%。完整保留的悬雍垂术后2周开始回缩，2-3个月接近或达到正常水平，保留了咽腔基本形态结构，有效防止腭咽关闭不全的发生。6个月后随访采用多导睡眠监测，以睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数下降50T为判断标准，有效率达83%（50/60）。结论 腭咽成形术中保留悬雍垂是可行和必要的。     

改良保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠 呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效分析

目的探讨改良保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗因软腭肥厚导致阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者的手术方法及疗效。方法2013年4月~2014年4月对65例软腭肥厚腭咽平面狭窄的中重度OSAHS患者行软腭正中切开联合改良保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术,术前及术后行上气道CT等相关检查,分析65例患者手术后的疗效及各参数的变化情况。结果65例患者手术后1年呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)由(42.58±5.66)次/h降低至(15.26±3.39)次/h,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);最低血氧饱和度由0.743±0.063提高至0.8613±0.053,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);Epworth嗜睡量表4个指标均较术前有明显改善(P<0.01)。65例患者中治愈31例(47.7％),显效30例(46.2％),有效3例(4.6％),无效1例(1.5％)。3例患者术后3个月有轻微吞咽障碍及咽痛,2例患者术后7 d出现扁桃体窝出血,局部压迫后止血。结论改良保留悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征术式相对简单,主观疗效较好,且并发症较少,临床可选择性采用。     

保留扁桃体腭咽成形术治疗特殊解剖类型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者疗效分析

目的　探讨保留双侧扁桃体改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术（Han-UPPP,H-UPPP）治疗特殊咽部解剖类型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者疗效。方法　按照纳入标准,选取2014年6月～2018年12月入住我院确诊为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停且不耐受持续气道正压通气治疗患者102例。术中随机分为保留双侧扁桃体H-UPPP组和常规H-UPPP组。分析两组 术后呼吸暂停低通气指数、最低血氧饱和度及Epworth嗜睡量表评分改善情况,对比患者术后出血比例及疼痛评分。结果　保留双侧扁桃体组手术有效率为43.1%（22/51）,常规H-UPPP手术组有效率为49%（25/51）,无统计学差异（χ2=0.355,P =0.551）。保留双侧扁桃体组无术后活动性出血病例,常规手术组术后有3例活动性出血。保留双侧扁桃体组术后疼痛评分低于常规手术组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论　对于特殊咽部解剖类型阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者,严格选择性的行保留双侧扁桃体的H-UPPP,在不影响手术疗效的情况下可以明显减轻患者术后疼痛,减少术后咽腔活动性出血,符合加速康复外科理念。     

改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的改进传统的悬雍垂腭咽成形术（uvul opalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP）治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）的疗效,探讨减少术后并发症的方法。方法对68例OSAHS患者行改良UPPP。手术要点：维持咽腔正常解剖生理形态,保留悬雍垂,切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织,对软腭和咽侧壁进行成形,充分扩大咽腔。术后随访6个月以上,12个月时行多道睡眠图（polysomnography,PSG）监测。结果患者憋气、打鼾、嗜睡等症状均于6个月内明显减轻或消失,术后12个月经PSG监测,其有效率为95.6%。结论改良UPPP可充分扩大咽腔空间,避免并发症,提高手术效果。     

保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术临床应用初探

目的　改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成形术手术方法 ,探讨保留悬雍垂的可行性和必要性。方法　经多导睡眠监测确诊为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 60例 ,全身麻醉下行保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形术 ,术中完整保留悬雍垂 ,切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织 ,扩大软腭成形范围。结果　主观症状明显改善 ,术后 8d ,睡眠状态下心电监护仪血氧饱和度监测 ,平卧≥ 87% ,侧卧≥ 90 %。完整保留的悬雍垂术后 2周开始回缩 ,2～ 3个月接近或达到正常水平 ,保留了咽腔基本形态结构 ,有效防止腭咽关闭不全的发生。 6个月后随访采用多导睡眠监测 ,以睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数下降 5 0 %为判断标准 ,有效率达 83 % ( 5 0 / 60 )。结论　腭咽成形术中保留悬雍垂是可行和必要的     

腭咽成形术中保留悬雍垂的意义

目的　改进经典悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ,UPPP)手术方法 ,探讨术中保留悬雍垂的意义 ,提高UPPP手术疗效、减少术后并发症。方法　治疗睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者 30例。①在主观症状改善的基础上 ,应用多导睡眠图分析及咽腔解剖参数测量等项指标 ,术后随访 6个月以上 ,对术前术后所获资料进行统计学分析。②手术改进特点 :力求维持咽腔正常生理解剖形态 ,完整保留悬雍垂 ,解剖切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织 ,扩大软腭成形范围 ,平均软腭切除最高点在悬雍垂根部两侧上 1 9cm。结果　主观症状明显改善者占 87 0 % ,以AHI下降 >5 0 %为判定标准 ,有效率为5 3 3 % ,对轻、中度患者 (AHI<5 0 )有效率达 73 3 % ,无 1例出现腭咽关闭不全、咽腔瘢痕狭窄、误咽等并发症。术后咽腔解剖测量 :完整保留的悬雍垂术后 2周左右开始回缩 ,3～ 6个月接近并达到正常水平。结论　此术式可有效扩大咽腔 ,避免腭咽关闭不全等并发症 ,提高UPPP手术疗效 ;完整保留的悬雍垂依靠术后悬雍垂肌、腭帆提肌、腭帆张肌的运动及两侧软腭愈合引起的向上向外的牵拉作用 ,可以逐步回缩至正常生理水平     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Bilateral versus unilateral cochlear implantation in young children

Objectives

To compare the preverbal communication skills of two groups of young implanted children: those with unilateral implantation and those with bilateral implantation.

Material and methods

The study assessed 69 children: 42 unilaterally and 27 bilaterally implanted with age at implantation less than 3 years. The preverbal skills of these children were measured before and 1 year after implantation, using Tait Video Analysis that has been found able to predict later speech outcomes in young implanted children.

Results

Before implantation there was no significant difference between the unilateral group and the bilateral group. There was still no difference at 12 months following implantation where vocal autonomy is concerned, but a strongly significant difference between the groups for vocal turn-taking and non-looking vocal turns, the bilateral group outperforming the unilateral group. Regarding gestural turn-taking and gestural autonomy, there was a strongly significant difference between the two groups at the 12 month interval, and also a difference before implantation for gestural autonomy, the unilateral group having the higher scores. Multiple regression of non-looking vocal turns revealed that 1 year following implantation, bilateral implantation contributed to 51% of the variance (p < 0.0001), after controlling for the influence of age at implantation and length of deafness which did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

Profoundly deaf bilaterally implanted children are significantly more likely to use vocalisation to communicate, and to use audition when interacting vocally with an adult, compared with unilaterally implanted children. These results are independent of age at implantation and length of deafness.