阿莫维酸钾胶囊的相对生物利用度

１０名健康志愿者随机交叉口服等剂量阿莫维酸钾胶囊或安奇颗粒剂,采用微生物法分别测定阿莫西林和克拉维酸钾的血药浓度。单剂量空腹口服３１２．５ｍｇ的受试药与参比药后,阿莫西林的Ｔｍａｘ。分别为０．９８±０．２ｍ和０．６７±０．２４ｈ　,Ｃｍａｘ　３．９９±１．６２ｇ／ｍｌ和４．７１±１．４９ｇ／ｍｌ,ＡＵＣ０１０．１５±２．６１ｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）和９．５５±２．０３ｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）;克拉维酸钾的Ｔｍａｘ分别为０．８９±０．３１ｈ和０．６６±０．１３ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ。则为０．７６±０．２４ｇ／ｍｌ和０．９２±０．３３ｇ／ｍｌ,ＡＵＣ０为１．９４±０．５４ｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）和１．９４±０．５９ｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）。阿莫维酸钾胶囊的阿莫西林相对生物利用度为１０６．９％,克拉维酸钾的相对生物利用度为１０６．７％。结果表明,阿莫维酸钾胶囊与安奇颗粒剂的药动学参数相似,两者具有生物等效性。     

诺氟沙星滴入兔眼与注入球结膜下其组织分布及药动学比较

用高效液相色谱法对诺氟沙星点眼与球结膜下注射后眼各组织药物浓度进行测定，比较两种给药途径的眼各组织浓度及其药物动力学参数。结果表明，诺氟沙星点眼与球结膜下注射后４ｈ，泪液诺氟沙星浓度分别为２．０８±０．１９与１６．０７±３．１４μｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；角膜分别为０．７１±０．０７与１．６５±０．２４μｇ／ｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。泪液ＡＵＣ分别为９８．３３±７．３１与２７９．８２±３１．７ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ；角膜ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２Ｋｃ分别为１７．４２±１．２１ｈ·μｇ／ｇ、８．９４±０．８μｇ／ｇ、０．５７±０．０６ｈ、０．９１７±０．１６ｈ与２０．０１±１．０１ｈ·μｇ／ｇ、１０．０５±０．０７μｇ／ｇ、０．４５±０．０５ｈ、１．１５±０．２０ｈ；房水ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．１３±０．２１ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ、０．３９±０．０５μｇ／ｍｌ、０．６２±０．０９ｈ与１．７９±０．０７ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ、１．００±０．１５μｇ／ｍｌ、０．４７±０．１０ｈ。诺氟沙星点眼与球结膜下注射两种给药途径的上述药动学参数有明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。     

血肌酐值法预测地高辛个体化给药方案

在地高辛常规监测中，用血肌酐值法预测个体化药动学参数和给药方案。结果表明，８４例病人的地高辛药物动力学参数预测值为，ＣＬ７６±２１ｍｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ），Ｖｄ７．０５±１．２０Ｌ／ｋｇ，Ｔ１／２６６±７ｈ。预测的个体化剂量为３．１±０．９μｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），预测的稳态血药浓度（Ｃ＿（ｓｓ））为１．２４±０．３８μｇ／Ｌ，与实测Ｃ＿（ｓｓ）１．２±０．４μｇ／Ｌ比较，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

抗生素89－07急性毒性试验

抗生素８９－０７急性毒性试验张淑华，钟宁，欧真蓉，赵敏（四川抗菌素工业研究所，成都６１００５１）抗生素８９－０７通过尾静脉注射（ｉｖ）、皮下注射（ｓｃ）、肌肉注射（ｉｍ）的方式给予小鼠（０．５ｍｌ／２０ｇ）和大鼠（１ｍｌ／１００ｇ），各种给药途径设４...     

环丙沙星在健康人中药物动力学研究

本文对３０例健康男子口服环丙沙星胶囊后的药物动力学特性进行研究。受试者单剂量口服７５０ｍｇ胶囊，其血药浓度用ＨＰＬＣ离子对色谱，荧光检测器测定环丙沙星浓度。健康人口服环丙沙星的药物动力学特性显示一房室和二房室模型。其主要药动学参数：Ｔ１／２为３．６５±０．７８ｈ；Ｋａ为２．０７±０．９３１／ｈ；Ｖｄ２．０３±０．５６Ｌ／ｋｇ；Ｃｍａｘ４．９４±０．９７μｇ／ｍｌ；Ｔｍａｘ１．４６±０．３７ｈ；ＣＬＴ０．３９±０．０３Ｌ／ｈ·ｋｇ。     

奥美拉唑注射液药动学研究

本文用ＨＰＬＣ测定了兔血浆中奥美拉唑的浓度，并对奥美拉唑注射液药动学进行了研究，色谱柱为ＵｌｔｒａｓｐｈｅｒｅＯＤＳ４．６×２５０ｍｍ。流动相为甲醇－磷酸盐缓冲液（６０／４０），检测波长３０２ｎｍ流速为１ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，用３Ｐ８７程序拟合血浓－时间曲线，结果符合二室开放模型，其主要药动学参数为ｔ１／２α０．１７ｈ、ｔ１／２β０．７７ｈ、ＶＤ０．２１８Ｌ／ｋｇ、Ａｕｃ１２．７μｇ．ｈ／ｍｌ、ｃＬ、０．７８７ｍｌ／ｈ。     

抗生素89－07联合氟氧头孢实验治疗mec A基因阳性MRSA感染小鼠败血症体内抗菌疗效

应用ｍｅｃＡ基因阳性的甲氧西林耐药金葡球菌２株临床分离菌株，金葡球菌９２－１０６与８９－１８７感染小鼠引起的小鼠败血症实验模型，评价抗生素８９－０７与氟氧头孢联合方案的体内抗菌活性并与去甲万古霉素单独给药进行比较。结果表明去甲万古霉素治疗金葡球菌９２－１０６和８９－１８７引起的小鼠ＭＲＳＡ感染的半数有效剂量ＥＤ５０值分别为５．８±１．１和４．１±０．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，均显著低于抗生素８９－０７（１０．０，１０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）或氟氧头孢（２６；９，２９．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ）。抗生素８９－０７与氟氧头孢联合治疗ＭＲＳＡ９２－１０６与８９－１８７感染小鼠的ＥＤ５０值分别为３．８与２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。均显著低于去甲万古霉素、抗生素８９－０７和氟氧头孢相应的ＥＤ５０值。说明抗生素８９－０７与氟氧头孢联合方案的体内抗菌活性比去甲万古霉素强，具有统计学显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明两药联合具有很好的体内协同作用。     

抗生素89－07在大鼠体内组织分布及与正常人血浆蛋白结合率研究

本文报道抗生素８９－０７在大鼠体内组织分布及与人血浆蛋白结合率，并与庆大霉素作比较，以了解抗生素８９－０７与庆大霉素在以上特性中的差异，对其进行药理学评价。结果表明：抗生素８９－０７和庆大霉素在大鼠体内各组织中以肾脏中药物含量最高，３ｍｉｎ时分别为９．４８±２．１７和６．２１±３．１０μｇ／ｇ，３０ｍｉｎ分别为９．７５±２．４５和１０．４５±３．３３μｇ／ｇ，２４０ｍｉｎ分别为１２．２７±７．３４和１３．８５±７．１７μｇ／ｇ。另外还测定了脑、心、胃肠道、胰、脾、肝、生殖腺、肌肉、脂肪和血中的浓度。抗生素８９－０７与人血浆蛋白结合率为２３．２１％±１．５３％；庆大霉素为２５．５１％±１．０２％，两者间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。由研究结果可以看出，抗生素８９－０７在大鼠体内组织分布及与正常人血浆蛋白结合率与庆大霉素相似。     

新氨基糖苷类抗生素89－07抗生素后作用研究

选用活菌记数法测定抗生素８９－０７体外抗生素后作用，对照药为庆大霉素，实验结果表明大肠杆菌ＡＴＣＣ２５９２２、９０－０２０和绿脓假单胞菌ＡＴＣＣ２７８５３、９３－３７４对抗生素８９－０７和庆大霉素均敏感（ＭＩＣ范围为０．５～２ｍｇ／Ｌ）。抗生素８９－０７对４株实验菌２个药物浓度（４ＭＩＣ，１ＭＩＣ）的ＰＡＥ分别为２．３８±０．０９和０．６５±０．０６、１．８７±０．０７和０．３６±０．０９、２．９３±０．１５和０．４５±０．１１、１．２６±０．０９和０．４５±０．０６ｈ，庆大霉素分别为１．８４±０．１７和０．３１±０．０４、１．８５±０，０８和０．２４±０．０４、２．５６±０．１１和０．２７±０．０５、１．０４±０．１１和０．３８±０．０６ｈ。两药相应的ＰＡＥ值相比在统计学上的意义根据细菌不同而不同，与ＭＩＣ无明显关系；两药高低２个浓度的ＰＡＥ值则均有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

头孢克罗体液浓度的快速HPLC测定及其药代动力学研究

建立头孢克罗在人血浆及尿中的ＨＰＬＣ快速测定方法,选用分析柱为Ｈｙｐｅｒｓｉｌ　Ｃ１８（４．６ｘ２００ｍｍ,５ｍ）,流动相采用甲醇：四氢呋喃：水（１Ｌ水中含庚烷磺酸钠０．５ｇ、三乙胺７．５ｍｌ。磷酸６ｍｌ,ｐＨ２．５）为２３∶４∶７３,流速１．０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ;检测波长２６５ｎｍ。选择８名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服５００ｍｇ,应用所建方法研究其在健康人体内的药代动力学。研究结果表明：血药浓度在０．１０～２５．０ｇ／ｍｌ范围内线性良好（＝０．９９９９）,尿药浓度在１～２５０ｇ／ｍｌ范围内线性良好（＝０．９９９９）,方法的日内及日间精密度均小于１０％,回收率也符合体内药物分析的要求。测得希刻劳胶囊的Ｃｍａｘ为１３．１７±４．７６ｇ／ｍｌ;Ｔｍａｘ为０．６２±０．２０ｈ;ｔ１／２为０．６３±０．２０ｈ;ＡＵＣ０为１８．３０±３．６２ｈ／（ｇ·ｍｌ）。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.