结肠癌荷瘤裸鼠三步法预定位放免显像及导向治疗研究

目的:探讨亲和素-生物素系统在人结肠癌裸鼠模型中进行预定位放免显像及导向治疗的实验研究。方法:应用三步法给药,在注药后4～48h对荷人结肠癌进行ECT显像和体内分布测定。预定位治疗组采用单次较大剂量投入治疗(放射性剂量为11.1MBq),治疗前后定期测量裸鼠的体重和肿瘤生长体积以及瘤块的组织病理学检查。结果:三步法组在注药后4h肿瘤即显像,其瘤/血比值为5.76±1.64明显高于对照组(直接标记法组和153Sm-DB2组分别为0.26±0.08和1.01±0.22)。三步法预定位治疗组与直接标记单抗组均能明显抑制荷瘤裸鼠体内人结肠癌的生长。结论:三步法预定位具有显著改善血T/NT比值,肿瘤显像时间提前的特点;预定位治疗具有明显的肿瘤抑制效应。     

~(125)I标记的抗p185抗体的体外代谢与体内生物学分布

目的:研究125I标记的抗p185抗体(鼠mAbA21、人鼠嵌合抗体A21scFv-Fc及单链抗体A21scFv)在体外的细胞代谢和在体内的生物学分布,为其在诊断和治疗高表达p185肿瘤的临床应用提供依据。方法:通过FACS检测抗体是否与高表达膜表面抗原p185的SKOV3特异结合。采用氯胺T法进行碘标记抗体,用细胞放射免疫分析实验,检测抗体在SKOV3细胞中的代谢。建立荷SKOV3裸鼠模型,以观察抗体的体内生物学分布。结果:体外细胞代谢实验表明,抗体在与细胞膜表面结合后,进而被内吞入细胞,在细胞内降解和脱碘,最后被分泌出细胞外。体内药物代谢实验表明,抗体在动物体内肿瘤部位出现选择性放射性浓聚,而无关抗体未出现放射性浓聚,呈全身分布。结论:mAbA21,A21scFv-Fc和A21scFv对于高表达p185的卵巢癌在体内和体外都具有亲和力,可望用作高表达p185肿瘤的诊断和治疗。     

~(131)I标记抗胃癌单克隆抗体的体外结合能力及其在带瘤裸鼠体内分布的研究

本文应用~(131)I标记的3株抗胃癌单抗(D_7、F_9、C_(10))的混合剂与~(131)I标记的抗胃癌单抗D_7,在体外进行肿瘤结合率实验,结果表明,标记抗体的特异性与标记前无明显差异;3株单抗的混合制剂与胃癌细胞的结合率明显高于单一单抗组。同时观察了     

血清CA153、CEA和TPA联检在术前乳腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:本文探讨血清CA153、CEA和TPA联检在术前乳腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中价值,以期为乳腺癌患者即时手术提供帮助.方法:采用放射免疫分析,检测乳腺肿瘤患者和健康人群血清CA153、CEA和TPA含量.结果:在CA153、CEA和TPA血清学检测中,术前乳腺癌组与乳腺良性肿瘤和健康人群组表达水平存在明显差异.术前乳腺癌组阳性率:CA153为63.8%,CEA为22.4%,TPA为62.1%;术前乳腺癌组联检阳性率:CA153和CEA为69.8%,CA153和TPA为87.1%,三者联检为90.5%;术前乳腺癌组检测特异性:CA153为77.9%,CA153和CEA联检为77.9%,CA153和TPA联检为71.9%,三者联检为73.4%.结论:当CA153、CEA和TPA三者联检时,术前乳腺癌组诊断阳性率显著提高,阳性组特异性无明显下降,值得临床推广应用.     

11C-标记PET显像剂的合成及应用

正电子核素:碳-11广泛应用于氨基酸、脂肪酸、受体的配体和神经递质等分子标记,其标记的PET显像剂在生物医学和药理学研究中实现真正意义上的分子生物学显像.利用PET显像临床应用于探查肿瘤、脑血流、代谢、蛋白质合成和神经递质功能活动,在基础科学和临床研究中具有非常重要的意义.     

131Ⅰ-SAP的制备及应用安全性研究

目的探讨一种新型淀粉样变性诊断标记物131I-SAP的制备方法及其应用安全性。方法应用Iodogen法对SAP标准品进行131I标记;纸层析法测定131I-SAP的标记率与放射化学纯度。将131I-SAP分别于4℃和37℃新鲜人血清中0h,24h,48h,72h和96h,测定放射化学纯度,评价其体外稳定性。对131I-SAP进行热原、异常毒性等安全性实验。结果131I-SAP的标记率为70.6%,96h后的放射化学纯度仍大于90%。热原、异常毒性实验均为阴性。结论131I-SAP具有较好的体外稳定性,并且无热原及明显毒性反应,适合进一步临床实验及应用的安全性。     

cRGD肽二聚体对B16黑色素瘤细胞的体外抑制作用及在荷瘤鼠体内分布及显像研究

目的 探讨cRGD肽二聚体对B16黑色素瘤细胞的体外抑制作用及其在荷B16黑色素瘤细胞小鼠动物模型体内的分布及显像研究.方法 用MTT法检测不同浓度及作用时间cRGD肽二聚体对B16黑色素瘤细胞体外增殖能力的影响.采用直接标记法标记99 Tcm-c(RGD)2.建立荷B16黑色素瘤株动物模型,待肿瘤体积为1.0 ～ 1.5cm3左右时,分别于30min、1h、2h、3h、4h、5h及6h时,进行荷瘤鼠体内生物分布及动态显像研究.结果 cRGD肽二聚体浓度为500mg/L、作用48h时,对B16黑色素瘤细胞的增殖具有明显的抑制作用.室温下、ρ(SnCl2·2H20)=1 g/L、反应时间为30 min时,99Tcm-c(RGD)2的标记率可达(87.42±3.21)％,标记产物经Sephadex G10分离纯化后放射化学纯度大于95％;静脉注射后30min行小鼠全身SPECT显像,肿瘤部位可见明显显像剂聚集,但肿瘤与周围组织的对比度较低;延迟至6小时肿瘤仍清晰可见,且随时间延迟肿瘤与周围组织的对比度增高,此时肿瘤/血液为2.15±0.24,肿瘤/肌肉为5.07 ±0.03.结论 该结构cRGD肽二聚体对B16黑色素瘤细胞株具有一定的体外抑制作用,且动物体内肿瘤组织摄取率高,显像清晰,证明其可进一步应用于聚合物多肽靶向药物的研发.     

血清癌胚抗原、糖链抗原153与异常糖链糖蛋白在乳腺癌诊断中的应用

目的:探讨肿瘤异常糖链糖蛋白(tumor abnormal protein,TAP)、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)与糖链抗原153(carbohydrate antigen 153,CA153)在乳腺癌早期诊断中的临床价值.方法:收集45例乳腺癌患者为研究组,49例正常体检人群为对照组,比较各肿瘤志记物的敏感度、特异度、准确度等指标.结果:在乳腺癌组患者中,TAP,CEA,CA153检测敏感度分别为80.00％,8.89％,6.67％;特异度分别为100.00％,97.96％,100.00％,准确度分别为90.42％,55.32％,55.32％.结论:肿瘤TAP检测优于肿瘤标志物CEA和CA153检测,可作为乳腺癌的早期筛查指标.     

99Tcm-Herceptin的放射性标记与显像研究

目的探索HER2阳性胃癌显像剂99Tcm-Herceptin的标记方法,并进行荷瘤动物模型的显像研究。方法分别采用2-巯基乙醇(2-mercaptoethanol,2-ME)法和2-亚氨基噻吩(2-iminothiolane,2-IT)法标记赫赛汀(Herceptin)。评价不同标记方法对抗体活性和标记率的影响。通过高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定标记抗体99Tcm-2-IT-Herceptin的体外稳定性。建立HER2阳性胃癌动物模型,并进行显像研究。结果 2-IT法标记Herceptin具有较高的标记率(>95%),且不会破坏抗体的完整性。标记抗体具有较高的体外稳定性。荷瘤动物模型注射99Tcm-2-IT-Herceptin 24h后,可以得到清晰的肿瘤显像结果。结论 99Tcm-2-IT-Herceptin具有较高的标记效率和体外稳定性,对所采用的HER2阳性动物模型具有靶向性,可能进一步开发成为新型HER2阳性胃癌显像剂。     

99m Tc-Sandostatin显像早期诊断高表达生长抑素受体胰腺癌的实验研究

目的 :99mTc -Sandostatin显像对胰腺癌的早期诊断价值及其瘤体组织生长抑素受体 (SSR)的表达情况。方法 :用99mTc标记Sandostatin进行裸鼠胰腺癌模型显像 ,计算瘤体与对侧正常组织的放射性比值 (T/N) ;用RT -PCR方法检测瘤体组织的SSR1、SSR2、SSR2、SSR5mRNA的表达。结果 :1 6只胰腺癌裸鼠模型中有 1 1只显像阳性 ,5只显像阴性。显像阳性鼠的T/N为 2 5 3± 0 84 ,显像阴性鼠的T/N为 1 0 4± 0 0 6 ,两者之间有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1 )。显像阳性的瘤体组织其SSR1、SSR2、SSR5mRNA的表达分别显著高于显像阴性的瘤体组织的SSR1、SSR2、SSR5mRNA表达 ,P均 <0 .0 1。结论 :99mTc -Sandostatin生长抑素受体显像是一种无创、安全、有效、简便的检查方法 ,对胰腺肿瘤有一定的诊断价值 ,但只有生长抑素受体表达水平高的肿瘤能够显像     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.