家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤伴癫研究进展

家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤伴癫是一种常染色体显性遗传、成年起病、良性病程的罕见癫综合征。主要临床表现为肌阵挛样震颤、伴或不伴癫发作。依据临床表现及神经电生理检查显示肌阵挛样震颤源于大脑皮质可做诊断。抗癫药物可有效控制患者的肌阵挛样震颤和癫。近期研究已提出数个可能的致病基因位点及机制,文中对其临床表现及发病机制的研究进行综述。     

进行性肌阵挛癫一家系临床与遗传学特征分析

目的 研究一个进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)家系的临床特点、遗传性特征并复习文献.方法 搜集并整理一个进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)家系患者临床表现、辅助检查及影像学资料,分析其临床特点和遗传性特征.结果 该家系呈母系遗传,先证者表现为进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)发作,同时伴有近端肌无力、肌肉萎缩、腱反射减弱.肌电图提示肌源性改变,头颅磁共振提示皮层萎缩,该家系中除先证者外其他患者均在发病后6～8 a死亡,预后差.结论 该进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)家系很可能为线粒体脑肌病的肌阵挛癫(癎)伴破碎红细胞纤维(MERRF)型,确诊有待进一步的肌肉活检和基因诊断.     

儿童肌阵挛癫(癎)临床和录像脑电图分析

目的:探讨儿童肌阵挛癫(癎)患儿的临床、脑电图(EEG)和治疗特点.方法:对35例肌阵挛癫(癎)患儿的临床表现、录像脑电图(V-EEG)及抗癫(癎)药物的治疗效果进行回顾性分析.结果:35例均有肌阵挛发作,以肌阵挛为唯一的发作形式9例,其它26例合并强直阵挛发作、强直发作、部分性发作等发作类型.30例患儿EEG可见全导...     

进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)一家系临床与遗传学特征分析

目的 研究一个进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)家系的临床特点、遗传性特征并复习文献.方法 搜集并整理一个进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)家系患者临床表现、辅助检查及影像学资料,分析其临床特点和遗传性特征.结果 该家系呈母系遗传,先证者表现为进行性肌阵挛癫(癎)发作,同时伴有近端肌无力、肌肉萎缩、腱反射减弱.肌电图提示肌源性改变,头颅磁共振提示...     

额叶癫(痫)与颞叶癫(痫)的临床与电生理对比分析

目的:对比分析额叶癫(痫)、颞叶癫(痫)发作期临床及脑电图表现.方法:统计2011～2012年视频脑电图(V-EEG)监测中发作的额叶癫(痫)和颞叶癫(痫)各30例,进行病因、影像学以及发作间期、发作期脑电图(EEG)和临床表现对比分析.结果:额叶癫(痫)、颞叶癫(痫)在发作间期、发作期的EEG及临床表现均有各自典型特征,如额叶癫(痫)各年龄段均有发作,颞叶癫(痫)主要集中于成人,额叶癫(痫)发作间期EEG诊断意义不大,额叶癫(痫)发作间期EEG具有一定病灶提示价值,发作期颞叶癫(痫)有先兆者居多且多数为口及消化系统自动症,而额叶癫(痫)多为过度动作,动作夸张且易出现姿势性扭转强直等.结论:V-EEG监测对于具有发作期的额叶癫(痫)、颞叶癫(痫)的诊断具有重要价值.     

新型抗癫(痫)药物研究进展

癫(痫)是一种常见的中枢神经系统综合征,严重影响患者生活质量.癫(痫)的治疗目前仍以药物为主,约30％患者为难治性癫(痫).随着对癫(痫)发生发展机制研究深入,以及传统药物升级,许多新型抗癫(痫)药物或具有抗癫(痫)作用的药物不断面市.文中将按照不同的作用机制对新上市的抗癫(痫)药物以及新发现的有抗癫(痫)作用的药物靶点进行介绍.     

阿尔茨海默病和癫(痫):神经变性与网络功能异常相关性研究进展

阿尔茨海默病和癫(痫)是神经系统常见疾病,发病机制复杂,缺乏有效治疗手段,是临床神经科学急待解决的重点问题.既往研究显示两者在病因、发病机制、临床表现、治疗等方面均有一定的相关性.文中重点针对阿尔茨海默病和癫(痫)共病的病理和发病机制进行的研究,以及对神经变性和网络功能异常的研究进行综述,以探讨阿尔茨海默病和癫(痫)研究及治疗新思路.     

8例家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤性癫痫临床特点分析

目的分析家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤性癫痫(FCMTE)的临床特点。方法对8例FCMTE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结家系的临床特点、遗传特征。结果 8例FCMTE患者,连续3代发病,男女均受累,均30岁以后起病,先后出现震颤、全面强直-阵挛发作。其中,5例伴头痛,6例有肢体震颤,4例有情绪焦虑,1例有共济失调症状。8例均于30岁以后癫痫发作,呈强直-阵挛发作。4例刺激左右正中神经记录的躯体感觉诱发电位(SEPs)可见巨大电位,未见C-反射。结论 FCMTE呈常染色体显性遗传,均发生于成人,表现为四肢末端细微震颤、强直-阵挛性癫痫发作,光刺激、情绪激动或惊吓时可诱发。服抗癫痫药有效,服用β受体阻滞剂或饮酒无效,为非进展性病程。神经电生理检查提示肌阵挛或震颤来源于大脑皮质。     

常染色体显性遗传成人癫癎、震颤伴共济失调临床及致病基因定位研究

目的探讨常染色体显性遗传成人癫癎、震颤伴共济失调的临床特征并排除已知的致病基因。方法对可追溯6代130人的一家系的30名成员（包括11例患者）进行详细的神经系统检查，通过查询人类孟德尔遗传病数据库（OMIM）及表型鉴别、突变筛查和连锁分析验证方法排除已知致病基因；采用模拟连锁分析软件对该家系进行评估。结果该家系患者临床表现为多种形式的癫癎发作、震颤、肌阵挛小脑协调障碍和锥体束征。通过3种方法排除了已知基因致病可能，模拟连锁分析显示重组率为零时LOD值为6．03。结论该家系可能为尚未报道的常染色体显性遗传癫癎、震颤伴共济失调综合征，模拟分析证实它可为连锁分析提供足够的遗传信息，为定位克隆奠定了基础。     

症状性癫(痫)的脑电图分析

对于癫(痫)的检查和研究,脑电图是不可缺少的手段之一,脑电图尤以对症状性癫(痫)的定侧、定位的诊断以及帮助临床确定其疾患的病因和病变性质有着重要的价值作用.本文收集了我院820例症状性癫(痫)脑电图及脑电图的分析诊断和探讨,现报道如下,以供参考.     

Clinical analysis in familial cortical myoclonic tremor allows differential diagnosis with essential tremor.

Familial cortical myoclonic tremor (FCMT) is a rare disorder often leading to a wrong clinical diagnosis of essential tremor. Electrophysiological data are usually considered to allow a correct diagnosis. We describe a FCMT French family with previously unreported clinical features such as sensitivity to glucose deprivation, vibration, repetitive visual patterns, and intense visual or auditory stimulation and contrasts. Electrophysiological studies of the propositus confirm the cortical reflex myoclonus elicited by photic stimulation and the absence of epileptic electroencephalographic discharges. We emphasize that a precise clinical analysis can lead to a correct diagnosis before electrophysiological confirmation. This is also the first-ever report of efficacy of levetiracetam in FCMT.     

Familial adult myoclonus epilepsy: Neurophysiological investigations

Familial adult myoclonus epilepsy (FAME) also described as benign adult familial myoclonus epilepsy (BAFME) is a high-penetrant autosomal dominant condition featuring cortical myoclonus of varying frequency and occasional/rare convulsive seizures. In this update we provide a detailed overview of the main neurophysiological findings so far reported in patients with FAME/BAFME. After reviewing the diagnostic contribution of each neurophysiological technique, we discuss the possible mechanisms underlying cortical hyperexcitability and suggest the involvement of more complex circuits engaging cortical and subcortical structures, such as the cerebellum. We, thus, propose that FAME/BAFME clinical features should arise from an “abnormal neuronal network activity,” where the cerebellum represents a possible common denominator. In the last part of the article, we suggest that future neurophysiological studies using more advanced transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols could be used to evaluate the functional connectivity between the cerebellum and cortical structures. Finally, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as repetitive TMS or transcranial direct current stimulation could be assessed as potential therapeutic tools to ameliorate cortical excitability.     

Familial cortical tremor with epilepsy and cerebellar pathological findings.

The clinical and neuropathological findings in a patient with familial cortical tremor with epilepsy (FCTE) are described. Clinically, the patient showed cortical myoclonus, tremor, and generalized seizures. Pathological investigation showed cerebellar degeneration and somal sprouting and loss of dendritic tree in Purkinje cells. Striking similarities were found in diseases caused by channelopathies such as spinocerebellar ataxia subtype 6.     

Autosomal dominant cortical tremor, myoclonus and epilepsy: many syndromes, one phenotype

The association of cortical tremor, myoclonus and epileptic seizures has been reported in many Japanese and European families with different acronyms. We reviewed the familial cases presenting the clinical picture of autosomal dominant cortical tremor, myoclonus and epilepsy and analysed the phenotypic differences between the pedigrees, according to the recent genetic acquisitions. We concluded that BAFME, FAME, FEME, FCTE and ADCME are the same clinical entity even if genetically heterogeneous, with Japanese families linked to 8q24 and Italian ones to 2p11.1-q12. A third locus could also be involved. Further studies should better clarify the electrophysiological features of this condition and identify the underlying molecular defects.     

Familial adult myoclonus epilepsy: Clinical findings,disease course,and comorbidities

Familial adult myoclonus epilepsy (FAME) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by the association of myoclonic tremor and epilepsy mainly with onset in adulthood. The clinical course is non-progressive or slowly progressive, as epilepsy is commonly controlled with appropriate antiseizure medication and individuals have a normal life expectancy. However, the myoclonus severity increases with age and leads to some degree of disability in the elderly. Because the non-coding repeat expansions responsible for FAME are not detected by routine genetic tests being used at this time, a clinical diagnosis accompanied by neurophysiological testing remains essential to guide the geneticist on the selection of the specific genetic technique.     

Coherence analysis differentiates between cortical myoclonic tremor and essential tremor.

Familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy (FCMTE) is characterized by a distal kinetic tremor, infrequent epileptic attacks, and autosomal dominant inheritance. The tremor is thought to originate from the motor cortex. In our patient group, a premovement cortical spike could not be established on electroencephalogram (EEG) back-averaging. Corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence analysis can demonstrate a cortical common drive to muscles. We carried out coherence analysis of electromyography (EMG) of forearm muscles and EEG of contralateral motor cortex in 7 FCMTE patients, 8 essential tremor (ET) patients, and 7 healthy controls. Results showed strong cortico- and intermuscular coherence in the 8- to 30-Hz range in the FCMTE patients, with EEG preceding EMG. Healthy controls and ET patients showed normal weak coherence around 20 Hz. The ET patients showed some additional coherence at tremor frequency (6 Hz), probably the result of sensory information flowing back to the sensorimotor cortex. These findings point to a pathological cortical drive in FCMTE patients leading to tremulous movements. Coherence analysis is an easy and useful method to differentiate FCMTE from ET. Coherence analysis is helpful when investigating a cortical common drive in cortical tremor and other movement disorders.     

Disappearance of essential tremor after frontal cortical infarct.

We present a patient with essential tremor who spontaneously improved after a sensorimotor stroke related to a small cortical infarct near by the left precentral region of the brain. This finding supports the presence of cortical or transcortical motor loops that are likely involved in essential tremor and suggests a possible link with the cerebellar-thalamic-cortical pathway.