HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质

目的 建立HPLC测定异维A酸有关物质的方法。方法 色谱柱为NUCLEOSIL 100-3 C₁₈（4.6 mm×150 mm,3 μm）,以甲醇-水-冰醋酸（770：225：5）为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温为25℃,检测波长为355 nm。结果 异维A酸峰与杂质H、I、维A酸、强制降解杂质峰分离良好;异维A酸、杂质H、I和维A酸的线性范围分别为0.000 545 5~21.82 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,0.002 856~7.14 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）,0.002 789~6.97 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、0.017 07~22.76 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）;检测限分别为0.27,0.60,0.65,5.50 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.55,2.85,2.80,17.00 ng·mL^-1;杂质H、I和维A酸的平均回收率分别为101.57%,102.02%,101.03%,RSD分别为0.5%,0.8%,1.5%。结论 建立的HPLC方法准确、专属性强,可用于异维A酸有关物质的测定。     

头孢克洛分散片中聚合物测定

目的 建立2种头孢克洛聚合物有效的测定方法并对结果进行比较。方法 方法1：采用TSKgel G2000SWxl色谱柱（7.8 mm×300 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.01 mol·L^-1磷酸盐缓冲液[0.01 mol·L^-1 NaH₂PO₄溶液-0.01 mol·L^-1 Na₂HPO₄溶液（50︰50）,调节pH值为7.0]-乙腈（95︰5）,流速为0.5 mL·min^-1柱温35℃,检测波长为254 nm,进样量20 μL;方法2：采用Sephadex G-10色谱柱（10 mm×300 mm,40~120 μm）,以0.05 mol·L^-1磷酸盐缓冲液[取0.05 mol·L^-1 Na₂HPO₄溶液-0.05 mol·L^-1 NaH₂PO₄溶液（50︰50）,调节pH至7.0]为流动相A,水为流动相B,流速为1 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,检测波长为254 nm,进样量100 μL。结果 方法1：头孢克洛主峰与聚合物峰分离度>1.5,头孢克洛质量浓度在0.25~20 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）;定量限0.21 μg,检测限0.07 μg。重复性较好（RSD为1.8%,n=6）;在拟定的色谱条件下,通过考察破坏坏性实验（高温、强酸、强碱、氧化、光照）能够满足分离度要求,辅料无干扰;方法2：质量浓度在2.5~20 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）;检测限0.13 μg,定量限0.40 μg。重复性良好（RSD为1.8%,n=6）。结论 新建立的2种方法对于头孢克洛分散片聚合物的分离度好,分离效率高,重复性好,均可以作为头孢克洛分散片的质量控制的依据。     

HPLC测定不同采收期畲药搁公扭根中鞣质类成分含量

目的 采用HPLC测定不同月份畲药搁公扭根中鞣质类成分没食子酸和鞣花酸含量,确定其最佳采收期。方法 采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液（梯度洗脱）,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长263 nm。结果 不同月份搁公扭根药材中没食子酸含量的差异相对较小,鞣花酸含量的差异较大,但两者在11月-1月期间的含量均较高。结论 搁公扭根以鞣质类成分没食子酸和鞣花酸含量为指标,11月-1月为最佳采收期。     

CO2超临界流体色谱法同时测定莪术油中3个倍半萜类成分的含量

目的 建立CO₂超临界流体色谱法测定莪术油中呋喃二烯、牻牛儿酮和莪术二酮含量的方法。方法 采用ACQUITY UPC² HSS C₁₈ SB色谱柱（3.0 mm×150 mm,1.8 μm）,以CO₂-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长为216 nm,柱温为55℃,背压为2 000 psi。结果 呋喃二烯在2.67~1 337.26μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,加样回收率为97.94%（n=6,RSD=1.50%）。牻牛儿酮在2.77~1 386.00 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,加样回收率为96.07%（n=6,RSD=1.68%）;莪术二酮在6.99~3 493.00 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,加样回收率为99.33%（n=6,RSD=1.88%）。结论 本方法快捷准确、稳定且绿色环保,可用于莪术油中上述3个倍半萜类成分的质量控制。     

HPLC测定沅江产芦笋中3种酚酸和6种黄酮类成分含量

目的 建立同时测定沅江产芦笋中原儿茶酸、绿原酸、香草酸、柚皮苷、芦丁、槲皮素、木犀草素、山奈酚、芹菜素含量的HPLC。方法 采用Diamonsil C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,双波长检测（酚酸：283,327 nm;黄酮：283,335 nm）,流速1 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,进样量为10 μL。结果 3种酚酸及6种黄酮分别在25 min和50 min内分离,线性范围为14.8~500 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0~0.999 7）,检测限0.006 3~0.053 9 μg·mL^-1,定量限0.021 1~0.179 7 μg·mL^-1,加样回收率为98.73%~102.44%,RSD为1.27%~2.20%（n=6）。结论 该方法准确灵敏、重复性好,可用于检测芦笋中9种成分含量。     

HPLC同时测定丹绿补肾胶囊中次野鸢尾黄素和胡椒碱的含量

目的 建立同时测定丹绿补肾胶囊中次野鸢尾黄素、胡椒碱含量的HPLC方法。方法 选用Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,乙腈-0.2%磷酸为流动相（41∶59）,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温为40℃,检测波长为266 nm。结果 次野鸢尾黄素和胡椒碱分别在0.010 30~0.309 0 μg,0.081 73~2.451 9 μg内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数≥0.999 8;加样回收率（n=9）分别为99.7%,100.6%;RSD分别为1.2%,0.9%;样品在24 h内稳定,次野鸢尾黄素和胡椒碱RSD分别为1.6%,0.6%;在测定样品中,次野鸢尾黄素和胡椒碱最低含量分别为每粒0.35,6.4 mg。结论 该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可作为丹绿补肾胶囊的质量控制方法。     

HPLC同时测定通脉颗粒中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、阿魏酸和葛根素的含量

目的 建立通脉颗粒中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、阿魏酸和葛根素的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用Welch Ultimate XD-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,双波长检测（282,305 nm）,柱温35℃,流速1.0 mL·min^-1。结果 丹参素、丹酚酸B、原儿茶醛、葛根素和阿魏酸的线性范围分别为3.117~62.33 μg·mL^-1（r=0.998 7）,4.044~80.88 μg·mL^-1（r=0.9985）,1.280~25.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.997 9）,7.964~159.3 μg·mL^-1（r=0.992 8）,1.980~39.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）;平均回收率分别为101.6%（RSD=1.62%）,99.7%（RSD=1.76%）,97.4%（RSD=1.19%）,99.9%（RSD=1.52%）,102.2%（RSD=1.56%）。结论 该方法操作简便、快速,结果准确,可用于通脉颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC测定四味珍层冰硼滴眼液中苯氧乙醇含量

目的 采用HPLC测定四味珍层冰硼滴眼液中苯氧乙醇含量。方法 采用DIKMA Diamonsil C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：甲醇-水（50∶50）;流速： 1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长： 268 nm;柱温： 30℃。结果 苯氧乙醇在浓度5.43~163.04 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为100.3%,RSD为1.1%。结论 该法简便、准确、精密度高,适用于四味珍层冰硼滴眼液中苯氧乙醇含量测定。     

UHPLC测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分含量及化学模式分析

目的 建立UHPLC波长切换法同时测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分的含量方法。方法 采用Agilent Ecilipse C₁₈（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.6 μm）色谱柱,流动相：甲醇-0.05%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为0.3 mL·min^-1;检测波长：327,237,320,345,278,254 nm;柱温30℃;进样量2 μL;并采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对含量测定结果进行主成分分析与聚类分析。结果 绿原酸、3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、栀子苷、甘草苷、阿魏酸、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷线性范围分别为4.30~68.80 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）、6.66~106.56 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、7.67~122.72 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、4.88~78.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、2.37~37.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、6.50~103.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、8.85~141.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、0.88~14.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.74~11.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）;平均加样回收率（n=9）均在99.42%~103.10%,RSD均<2.0%。主成分分析与聚类分析均可将不同生产厂家的芎菊上清丸很好地分类,且分类结果一致。结论 所建立的多成分方法快捷、准确、重复性好,可用于芎菊上清丸的质量控制。     

HPLC-DAD-ELSD串联法同时测定肾康灵颗粒中黄芪甲苷、梓醇和毛蕊花糖苷的含量

目的 建立肾康灵颗粒中黄芪甲苷、梓醇和毛蕊花糖苷的含量测定方法，为肾康灵颗粒的质量控制提供参考。方法 采用HPLC-DAD-ELSD串联法同时测定制剂中黄芪甲苷、梓醇和毛蕊花糖苷3种指标性成分的含量，色谱柱为Agilent EC-C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm）；流动相为乙腈-水溶液，梯度洗脱，流速1.0 mL·min^-1；检测波长为210 nm，柱温为30℃；蒸发光散射检测器（ELSD）漂移管温度为80℃；载气流量1.5 L·min^-1。结果 黄芪甲苷、梓醇和毛蕊花糖苷分离度良好；分别在22.82~456.3 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、17.83~356.6 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、11.36~227.2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）内线性关系良好；平均回收率分别为100.39%（RSD=1.0%）、100.79%（RSD=1.2%）、100.07%（RSD=0.43%）（n=9）。结论 该法可同时定量分析3种指标性成分的含量，操作快速、准确、精密度高且重复性好，可用于肾康灵颗粒内在质量的有效评价。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.