大鼠感染卫氏并殖吸虫肝功能的动态观察

肺吸虫病对肝脏的损害，近年来逐渐引起了临床和病理学工作者的重视[1、2]，肺吸虫病可突出表现为肝脏肿大、肝功能损害，病理上亦发现，肺吸虫病肝脏可表现为嗜酸性脓肿与虫囊肿。然而宿主感染肺吸虫后肝功能的动态变化，国内外未见报道。本文进行了大白鼠感染卫氏井殖吸虫（P     

4例以黄疸为主要表现的红细胞生成性原卟啉病临床、病理及遗传学分析

目的探讨红细胞生成性原卟啉病的临床、病理及遗传学特点,以期提高对该病肝脏受累的认识。方法回顾性分析2011年7月-2014年9月在北京协和医院住院的4例以黄疸为主要表现的红细胞生成性原卟啉病患者的临床特征、肝组织病理以及突变基因特点。结果 4例患者均以急性/亚急性起病,肝内胆汁淤积性黄疸为主要临床特征,肝功能:GGT 425~1152 U/L,ALP 196~356 U/L,TBil 287~485μmol/L,DBil 216~394μmol/L。追溯4例患者年幼即出现典型日照后皮肤疼痛、红斑、水疱。进一步检查红细胞游离原卟啉49.8~113.1μg/gHb,肝脏组织病理在偏光显微镜下均可见"Maltese"十字,并检测到FECH基因不同位点的突变。结论对于肝内胆汁淤积性肝病合并典型日照后痛性红斑,应警惕红细胞生成性原卟啉病,皮肤/肝脏病理、红细胞内原卟啉、FECH基因检测有助于该病的诊断。     

造血干细胞移植的肝脏并发症研究状况

在造血干细胞移植过程中,肝功能损害是最常见的并发症之一.导致移植相关肝功能损害的原因有药物性肝损,肝炎病毒感染,肝静脉闭塞病(HVOD),急慢性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD),败血症或真菌感染累及肝脏以及全胃肠外营养(TPA)等.     

肝病与卟啉代谢紊乱

本文常用外文缩写:AIP 急性间歇性卟啉病ALA σ-氨基左旋酸(卟啉原前躯物质)ALA-S σ-氨基-γ-戊酮酸合成酶,限速酶HCP 混合型卟啉病Heme 正铁血红素PCT 迟发性皮肤型卟啉病,症状性卟啉病PBG 卟胆原VP 变异型卟啉病卟啉在人体代谢中起着重要影响。过去有偏重于卟啉代谢与血红素的关联,近来则认为卟啉同肝脏代谢有更紧密的关系。肝脏是合成及利用卟啉的主要部位,亦是卟啉代谢异常时病变的好发部位。肝病的存在可促使某些原发性卟啉病表现加剧,在症状性或继发性卟啉病中,肝病是其最常见病因之一。     

甲状腺功能亢进症伴抗甲状腺药物所致肝损伤的识别与处理

甲状腺功能亢进症(简称“甲亢”)患者可引起肝脏损害,抗甲状腺药物丙基硫氧嘧啶(PTU)、甲巯咪唑(他巴唑)、甲亢平均有肝毒性作用,可导致肝细胞坏死或发生严重黄疸。正常识别与处理甲亢伴随及其治疗过程中发生的肝脏损害,对指导甲亢治疗及预防严重合并症的发生均有重要意义。1甲状腺功能亢进与肝脏损害甲亢患者伴有肝损害早在1874年就有报道。在有效的抗甲状腺药物及131I应用于临床以前,肝功能明显异常及黄疸较为常见,主要见于甲亢病史较久,尤其伴有心功能不全者,其发生机制与心功能不全等有关。经治疗甲亢及合并的心功能不全等改善后黄疸…     

EB病毒感染与儿童肝损害

EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)与许多疾病相关.在儿科,EBV感染疾病主要包括传染性单核细胞增多症(infectious mononucleosis,IM)、慢性活动性EBV感染(chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection,CAEBV)、EBV相关噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(Epstein-Barr virus-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome,EBV-HLH)等,这些疾病多伴有肝脏损害,出现肝脏肿大、肝功能异常和黄疸.本文将对儿童EBV 感染及其肝脏损害进行概述.     

心力衰竭合并肝功能损害的研究进展

心力衰竭是一种与血流动力学变化相关并可累及多器官系统的复杂的临床综合征,伴随着心力衰竭的各种共病在一定程度上可影响患者的生活质量和临床结局。心源性肝病是指在无其他肝损害原因的情况下由心脏疾病引起的肝脏损害。心力衰竭所致的肝功能异常是心内科医师临床工作中应注意到的问题。现将心力衰竭继发肝脏疾病的病理生理机制,肝功能异常在心力衰竭中的临床意义以及肝功能评分,肝脏纤维化评分在心力衰竭中的应用做以下综述。     

恙虫病合并肝损害42例临床分析

目的 探讨恙虫病合并肝损害的临床特点。方法 选取集中收治的70例恙虫病患者，观察其症状和体征，并进行肝功能和肝脏超声检查。结果 在70例患者中42例（60％）出现不同程度的肝脏损害，轻、中、重度损害者分别占81％、14％和5％。所有病人给予病原治疗和护肝治疗后痊愈。结论 恙虫病并发肝损害为一过性病变，且病变较轻，愈后好。     

肝功能参数在肾综合征出血热中的意义

肾综合征出血热(HFRS)的三大病理损害是出血、休克、肾功能衰竭。本研究对369例患者进行肝功能的临床研究，重点观察少尿期肝功能的变化，探讨肝脏损害在HFRS患者的意义。HFRS患者中，肝脏损害程度及发生率不亚于肾脏损害，肝功能衰竭等同于肾功能衰竭，同样是致死的主要原因。     

流行性出血热患者肝脏热原发性及继发性病变

流行性出血热患者肝脏热原发性及继发性病变刘彦仿，杨守京，邓平非，晏培松，李青，王彦雪，耿文琴流行性出血热（ＥＨＦ）患者常伴有肝功能损害，但关于肝脏病理变化的报道较少。我们通过对尸检及活检材料的观察，显示肝脏存在着原发性及继发性病变。并有较广泛的ＥＨＦ...     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.