多囊蛋白-1的研究进展

多囊蛋白-1（polycystin-1,PC-1）是由多囊肾病基因-1（PKD1）编码的跨膜蛋白,属多囊蛋白家族成员,主要在上皮细胞、内分泌细胞、心肌细胞和骨骼肌细胞上表达。PC-1可与多囊蛋白-2（polycystin-2,PC-2）、踝蛋白、纽蛋白等蛋白结合,参与细胞-细胞、细胞-基质黏附和细胞间信号转导。PC-1可调节肾小管上皮细胞的增殖和分化、介导细胞间的黏附,在肾脏的正常发育和常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾病（ADPKD）发病起重要作用。     

常染色体显性遗传多囊肾病发病相关信号转导通路的研究进展

<正>常染色体显性多囊肾病(autosomal dominantpolycystic kidney disease,ADPKD)是遗传性多囊肾疾病中最常见的一种,也是最常见的遗传性肾脏病,发病率约为1/1000-1/500。ADPKD的病程长、发展缓慢,一般在40岁以前常无症状,因此又称为成     

多囊肾病的临床实践指南

多囊肾病(polycystic kidney disease,PKD)是由基因突变所导致的一类遗传性肾病,按其遗传方式又分为常染色体显性多囊肾病(autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,ADPKD)和常染色体隐性多囊肾病(autosom al recessive polycystic kidney disease,ARPKD)。该病的主要病理特点是肾脏囊肿进行性增大、增多,破坏正常的肾脏结构,最终导致终末期肾病(end stage renal disease,ESRD),患者只能依靠透析或肾移植维持生命。我们在参考国内外本领域的基础研究、临床研究和相关指南共识的基础上,结合中国人群的实际情况编写了该项指南,旨在总结多囊肾病的医学遗传学知识和临床处置要点,以提高临床医师的认识水平,为该病的诊治提供规范化建议。     

多囊蛋白2在肾组织和体外培养细胞中的表达

常染色体显性多囊肾病(autosomaldominantpolycystickid neydisease ,ADPKD)是一种常见的单基因遗传性疾病。它以双肾多发性囊肿为特征,囊肿不断形成和进行性增大,导致肾功能下降,到6 0岁时大约有5 0 %的患者进展至终末期肾衰。目前,已知引起ADPKD的基因主要有两个,分别命名为P     

先天性多囊肾病的基因分析

多囊肾病是最常见的常染色体遗传性疾病,有50%最终发展为终末期肾功能衰竭.近年来,随着该疾病的主要基因PKD1和PKD2的克隆测序完成,对PKD的基因结构、分子发病机制的确研究取得了很大的确进展,本文对这些进展作以综述.     

雷帕霉素抑制人多囊肾囊肿衬里上皮细胞增殖及VEGF表达

目的 探讨雷帕霉素对常染色体显性多囊肾病囊肿衬里上皮细胞增殖及血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）表达的抑制作用及其机制。方法MTT法检测WT9-12细胞增殖;流式细胞术检测细胞周期及凋亡;Western Blot检测周期相关蛋白(cyclinD、p21)、凋亡相关蛋白(Bcl2/Bax)及VEGF表达。结果 雷帕霉素可抑制WT9-12细胞的增殖,使细胞周期停滞在G0/G1期并促进细胞凋亡。雷帕霉素可下调WT9-12细胞cyclinD 、上调p21表达,下调Bcl2、上调Bax表达。原代培养的多囊肾囊肿衬里上皮细胞及WT9-12细胞的VEGFmRNA表达明显高于正常肾小管上皮细胞（P<0.05）。雷帕霉素可抑制WT9-12细胞VEGF的表达（P<0.05）。结论 雷帕霉素可通过抑制多囊肾囊肿衬里上皮细胞增殖、促进凋亡及抑制VEGF表达抑制血管形成,从而抑制多囊肾病进展。     

成人型多囊肾病一家系6例报告

成人型多囊肾病(aduit polycystic kidney disease；APKD)是一种常染色体显性遗传病，常合并多囊肝，多囊脾、多囊胰等，把这两个或两个以上脏器同时罹患囊肿病，称为内脏多囊病。现将我们遇到的一家系报告如下。     

一个成人多囊肾疾病家系研究分析

目的通过一个家系分析,探讨常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾疾病的病因学、病理学、遗传学因素。方法通过对一个多囊肾家系三代20例家庭成员进行调查,并对六例患者进行B超、肝肾功能检查。结果患者主要表现为双侧肾脏多发性囊肿,部分患者合并肝脏多发性囊肿,多于35岁以后起病,伴有腹胀,高血压,血尿等症状,部分患者行囊肿去顶开窗手术,有一例患者合并多囊脾。家系遗传分析表明该疾病属于常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾疾病,其中多囊肝为肾外表现。结论本病发病机制与基因缺陷相关,尤其是PKD1、多囊蛋白-1、PKD2、多囊蛋白-2、PKD3等,家系中如果亲代发病,子代中亦会有发病,年龄在35岁以后为多。     

用与PKD2紧密连锁的微卫星DNA对2型常染色体显性多囊肾病进行基因诊断

目的　应用DKD2紧密连锁的微卫星DNA对 2型染色体显性多囊肾病进行基因诊断。方法应用聚合酶链反应 毛细管电泳 基因扫描方法对PKD2基因侧翼微卫星D4S15 3 4、D4S15 42、D4S15 63、D4S2 460和D4S42 3进行基因分型 ,对常染色体显性多囊肾病家系成员进行连锁分析 ,确定患病家系是否与PKD2连锁 ,并对未发病成员进行基因诊断。结果　通过连锁分析 2 0个家系 ,寻找到 3个与PKD2连锁的多囊肾病家系 ;在 3个家系的 4名未发病成员中发现 2例携带PKD2基因突变的症状前个体。结论　连锁分析是多囊肾病异质性研究和基因诊断的一种快速、简便的方法。     

常染色体显性成人多囊肾病研究新进展

成人多囊肾病是一种发病率高,危害严重的常染色体显性遗传病.该病发病晚,发病时往往已将致病基因传递给了下一代.由于发病的分子机制尚未完全明了,尚缺乏有效的治疗药物,使其预防和治疗比较困难.现将近年来成人多囊肾病在发病机制、诊断、治疗研究方面的最新进展作一介绍.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.