提高妇女生殖健康水平应从婚前做起

<正> 中国是一个发展中国家,长期以来我国大部分妇女在社会地位、劳动就业、获得知识、享受保健等各方面,都不能和男子一样享有平等的权利。在缔结婚姻、夫妻生活中,妇女常常处于顺从、被动的地位。在生育方面也往往不能完全根据妇女自己的意愿,有计划地、科学地调节好生育,在受孕以后也大多得不到高质量的生殖健康服务,有些妇女还生育了质量不高的子女,影响了家庭幸福。 上海市从1980年起开展婚前保健服务,全市每年接受婚前健康检查的对象约16～17万人次,疾病的检出率为14％～16％(其中生殖器疾病为50％左右,先天性或遗传性疾病占12％～14％,各种内科疾病占30％左右,传染性疾病占0.5％～0.7％,其他各类疾病占10％左右)。婚前保健医师根据所发     

论生殖健康

<正> 1 生殖健康的概念、背景及意义 生殖健康是指人类在整个生命过程中与生殖有关的一切活动,在生理、心理及社会诸方面均应处在健康的完好状态,人类尤其是妇女应有正常的健康生育能力和调节生育的能力。具体说有以下含义:妇女有权知道在整个生殖周期中有关性、生育、健康方面的知识,妇女有能力生育,也应有能力控制自己的生育,妇女需要安全地通过孕期和分娩;应有安全的性生活,健康和谐的性心理,避免性传播疾病;能生育和抚育健康的后代。生殖健康是人的整体健康不可缺少的重要组成部份。 生殖健康概念的提出有其背景:一是二次世界大战后,人类生育旺盛,出现人口“爆炸”,世界各国     

农村社区35岁以上妇女婚育状况分析

目的:分析安徽省农村妇女婚育现状,为优生优育工作提供参考依据。方法:采用整群抽样入户调查的方法,对某县农村社区居住1年以上、35岁以上全部妇女进行了调查。结果:共调查5392名35岁以上农村妇女,平均年龄为51.9岁;文化程度55.3%为文盲;职业以务农和家务劳动为主;已婚妇女占99.1%,晚婚、晚育率分别为28.9%和33.3%,已婚妇女人均妊娠次数高于全国平均水平,人工流产发生率低于全国部分农村调查结果;已生育妇女母乳喂养率高于某些城市水平。结论:改善农村计划生育工作,加强农村妇女优生优育、避孕节育知识的宣传教育,提供高质量的计划生育服务;提高妇女的文化程度,实现生育观念和生育文化的变革,提高农村妇女的生殖健康水平。     

构建计划生育生殖健康心理咨询专业的探讨

<正> 生殖健康是人口、计划生育和公共卫生领域的一个新概念,主要包括生育调节、优生优育优教、妇幼保健和社会地位、性和性行为、与生殖活动有关的疾患等。其中生育调节是所有问题的中心,关系到人类生存发展和健康生活,在发展中国家尤其重要。 我国20多年的计划生育工作取得了巨大成就。为顺应社会、经济和人们生活观念的发展,我国人口与计划生育工作的主要任务由控制人口数量转为稳定低生育水平和提高出生     

青春期生殖健康教育

1生殖健康生殖健康在我国虽然是一个新概念，但根据世界卫生组织生殖健康的概念，我国的计划生育、妇幼保健、健康教育和性病防治等部门的工作都体现了与生殖健康有关的内容。在1994年6月北京召开的“国际妇女生殖健康研讨会”上，代表们对生殖健康的概念作了深人的讨论。我国的生殖健康的定义和具体内涵是这样的：1．妇女生殖健康，包括妇女整个生命周期的不同生理阶段，应得到健康、安全和幸福；2．妇女有生育能力，并应有调节生育的权力；3．妇女在妊娠、分娩过程中应获得优质保健服务，以保证母婴安全；4．妇女有权力和义务抚育儿童健康…     

农村育龄妇女生殖生育状况的出生队列分析

用出生队列分析研究农村育龄妇女生育生育状况的年代变化。结果显示随着出生年代渐晚,妇女月经初潮年龄逐渐提前,而绝经年龄则推迟,平均生育次数减少,生育间隔缩短;五岁以下儿童死亡数及其占活产的比例下降,节育率上升。但目前我国农村未婚先孕、先育仍相当普遍,多胎现象未被杜绝;同时妇女是节育任务的主要承担者,绝育是主要节育措施。提示对农村进一步加强计划生育宣传工作,更深入地研究安全可靠,有效易行的节育方法十分     

宁夏某企业女职工不同工作模式生殖健康现况分析

<正>1979年联合国大会通过的《消除对女性一切形式歧视公约》强调,女性享有相同就业机会的权利,同时在工作条件中也享有健康和安全保障的权利,包括保障生育技能的权利[1]。1995年WHO在向世界第四次妇女大会提供的《妇女的健康》一书中指出当前妇女健康的主要问题是与工作有关的危害[2]。职业女性作为一个特殊的群体,其生存状况、劳动条件对健康的影响已引起社会各界的关注,对其劳动保护及相关内容的研究显得尤为重     

男性生殖健康和男性参与生殖健康研究进展(二)

男性参与生殖健康1 991年初美国福特基金会 ( Ford Fund)开始与中国有关方面探讨在云南省建立新的生殖健康项目。当时发现 ,“reproductive health”的中译名表述 ,没有一个适当的词汇 ,能使官员、专家和基层卫生技术人员达成共识 ,以开始着手“参与性研究”。最后经过集中讨论 ,使用“生育健康”的译名。云南妇女生育健康和发展项目 ( women sreproductive health development project,WRHDP)在澄江县和陆良县对农村妇女进行了生育健康的需求评估 ( needs assessment) ,从社会、文化、资源、性别、经济、社区和健康的不同层面取得了丰富…     

武汉市流动人口中已婚妇女生殖保健需求及服务对策的研究

目的:了解武汉市流动人口中已婚妇女生殖保健需求及服务现况,探索出一条适合我国国情的流动人口生殖保健需求及服务的管理方法和措施。方法:采取随机整群抽样的方法,对武汉市江岸、江汉、桥口、汉阳、武昌、青山6个区2205名流动人口已婚妇女进行问卷式调查。结果:流动人口已婚妇女的文化程度普遍偏低;从事的职业以个体经营小商贩为主,在汉生活、居住的条件都非常简陋;他们对生殖保健知识方面的了解率非常低,自我保护意识普遍较差,对妇女生殖保健服务的需求也不够强烈;流动人口已婚妇女生育调节的可得性较差;现居住地的生殖保健服务可得性也较差。结论:应该大力开展生殖保健的宣传教育,调整健康服务取向,以促进传统的妇幼保健、计划生育模式向以提供优质服务为中心的生殖健康模式转变,对提高流动人口的生殖健康十分必要。     

贯彻《母婴保健法实施办法》 促进以人为本的生殖健康服务

《母婴保健法实施办法》中指出 :母婴保健工作以保健为中心 ,以保障生殖健康为目的 ,实行保健和临床相结合 ,面向群体 ,面向基层和预防为主的方针。在母婴保健技术服务的主要内容中还包括有关生育、节育和不育的其他生殖健康服务。这体现了我国政府对妇女的尊重 ,对妇女健康权益的关心 ,也为妇女保健工作指出了新的方向 ,意义十分重大而深远。1　生殖健康的内涵生殖健康 (Reproductive Health)的概念是由WHO官员 Bargelatto在 1988年提出的 ,后经 1994年9月国际人口与发展大会修改、补充并提出号召 ,要求各国政府在 2 0 15年前都能通过初…     

Health sector reform and reproductive health services in poor rural China

This paper describes and analyses the major reforms and changes that have occurred in the rural health sector of China. Key findings from a number of empirical studies on reproductive health service provision and utilization are summarized in order to assess the implications for reproductive health services of the ongoing health reform. The focus of this paper is what has actually been happening at the ground level, rather than what should have been happening as stated by rural health sector reform policies. It is argued that reproductive health is a missing component of the current health sector reform agenda. It also argued that the rural health sector reform in China is really a passive response to the changed rural socio-economic conditions rather than an active action aimed at improving the health status of the rural population. The ongoing rural health reform has produced both negative and positive implications for reproductive health services and there is a need for both the state, and for women, to play a much stronger role in this reform. Further studies and actions are required, however, to identify the specific type of roles and activities that the state and women need to undertake so as to fulfil the reproductive health goals and objectives set forth by the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development.     

未婚女青年对生殖健康合法权益的认知和态度

目的 :分析未婚女青年对生殖健康及其享有生殖健康合法权益的认知和态度 ,了解她们在生殖健康服务和生殖健康合法权益方面的需求和服务 ,为更好地开展这方面的工作、增进妇女的生殖健康提供科学依据。方法 :采用定性研究方法 ,于2 0 0 1年 12月 6～ 2 8日在武汉市 2个区对 18～ 2 2岁的未婚青年女性进行座谈。结果 :未婚女青年对生殖健康及其合法权益的了解及认识并不全面 ;她们渴望了解这些知识 ;需求提供系统的全面的生殖健康知识和服务 ;希望男性也参与到女性生殖健康活动中来。结论 :未婚女青年对生殖健康及其合法权益缺乏了解及认知 ,加强对未婚女青年的生殖健康及合法权益的健康教育 /健康促进 ,鼓励男性参与女性生殖健康活动 ,对促进女性生殖健康 ,维护女性生殖健康合法权益大有裨益     

Sexual and reproductive health and rights in changing health systems

Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) are centrally important to health. However, there have been significant shortcomings in implementing SRHR to date. In the context of health systems reform and universal health coverage/care (UHC), this paper explores the following questions. What do these changes in health systems thinking mean for SRHR and gender equity in health in the context of renewed calls for increased investments in the health of women and girls? Can SRHR be integrated usefully into the call for UHC, and if so how? Can health systems reforms address the continuing sexual and reproductive ill health and violations of sexual and reproductive rights (SRR)? Conversely, can the attention to individual human rights that is intrinsic to the SRHR agenda and its continuing concerns about equality, quality and accountability provide impetus for strengthening the health system? The paper argues that achieving equity on the UHC path will require a combination of system improvements and services that benefit all, together with special attention to those whose needs are great and who are likely to fall behind in the politics of choice and voice (i.e., progressive universalism paying particular attention to gender inequalities).     

Women,war, and reproductive health in developing countries

Globally, millions of people are affected by war and conflicts every year. However, women have increasingly suffered the greatest harm by war in more different ways than men. We conceptualize a reproductive rights approach toward examining the effects of war on women’s reproductive health in developing countries. Given the rising concerns of exclusion to adequately address women’s rights, sexual and gender-based violence, and post-conflict accountability, we specifically focus on the limitations of the Minimum Initial Service Package, a UN-sponsored reproductive health service program in conflict zones while offering a broad reproductive rights-based conceptual lens for examining reproductive health care services in war-torn areas. In addition, we discuss the roles social workers may play at both micro and macro levels in war-torn areas to bring about both short term and long term gains in women’s reproductive health.     

Improving reproductive health in rural China through participatory planning

Abstract China's new health reform initiative aims to provide quality accessible health care to all, including remote rural populations, by 2020. Public health insurance coverage for the rural poor has increased, but rural women have fared worse because of lower status and lack of voice in shaping the services they need. Use of prenatal care, safe delivery and reproductive tract infections (RTIs) services is inadequate and service seeking for health problems remains lower for men. We present findings from a study of gender and health equity in rural China from 2002 to 2008 and offer recommendations from over a decade of applied research on reproductive health in rural China. Three studies, conducted in poor counties between 1994 and 2008, identified problems in access and pilot tested interventions and mechanisms to increase women's participation in health planning. They were done in conjunction with a World Bank programme and the global Gender and Health Equity Network (GHEN). Reproductive health service-seeking improved and the study interventions increased local government commitment to providing such services through new health insurance mechanisms. Findings from the studies were summarised into recommendations on gender and health for inclusion in new health reform efforts.     

中西部农村已婚妇女卫生行为对生殖道感染的影响

目的:了解干预后中西部地区妇女的生殖健康现状,分析卫生行为对生殖道感染的影响。方法:2010年11月在中西部地区对2 087名已婚妇女进行卫生行为的问卷调查。结果:中西部农村地区自我报告有生殖道感染至少出现一种467人(22.3%),其中外阴瘙痒最常见。在个人卫生行为中,经期卫生用品、洗澡频率、洗浴方式、是否经常清洗外阴以及其丈夫/性伴侣是否经常清洗生殖器与妇女患有生殖道感染有统计学相关性。结论:中西部农村地区育龄期妇女干预后生殖健康意识仍薄弱,应继续进行健康教育以促进其形成良好的生活习惯,改善生殖健康状况。     

Improving reproductive health in rural China through participatory planning

Abstract

China's new health reform initiative aims to provide quality accessible health care to all, including remote rural populations, by 2020. Public health insurance coverage for the rural poor has increased, but rural women have fared worse because of lower status and lack of voice in shaping the services they need. Use of prenatal care, safe delivery and reproductive tract infections (RTIs) services is inadequate and service seeking for health problems remains lower for men. We present findings from a study of gender and health equity in rural China from 2002 to 2008 and offer recommendations from over a decade of applied research on reproductive health in rural China. Three studies, conducted in poor counties between 1994 and 2008, identified problems in access and pilot tested interventions and mechanisms to increase women's participation in health planning. They were done in conjunction with a World Bank programme and the global Gender and Health Equity Network (GHEN). Reproductive health service-seeking improved and the study interventions increased local government commitment to providing such services through new health insurance mechanisms. Findings from the studies were summarised into recommendations on gender and health for inclusion in new health reform efforts.     

Students' attitudes towards reproductive health and rights in the University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus) - South Africa: a social work perspective

Despite policy instruments, sound knowledge through education programmes and campaigns, female students are still assailed by health and social pathologies with regard to their reproductive health and rights. Patriarchy still accounts for the historical pattern of reproductive health for women in intimate relationship. Moreover, academic progress of female students is compromised due to the fact that they have to satisfy their male counterparts by giving birth to children. Female students are also vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections more than their male counterparts, as the belief is that utilisation of a condom is un-African. In case women advance their reproductive health concerns and rights to their male partners, they are viewed and regarded as they are belittling and disrespecting them and mostly result in physical, emotional and verbal abuse.     

市场经济与卫生改革对不同性别人群卫生服务可及性的影响

该文采用定性研究方法,描述和分析了南通、淄博两市在市场经济条件下医疗保健制度改革对不同性别人群卫生服务可及性的影响.研究发现不同性别人群的卫生服务可及性与疾病种类、个人与家庭的经济实力、可享有的社会福利、以及社会地位/关系等直接相关;性别差异对卫生服务可及性无直接影响;在职女工的妇女保健服务基本可及.但个人与家庭抗慢性重大疾病风险的能力不足;非在职职工的医疗保险和保健工作需要大,但落实难;社会政策的制定还应为女性劳动者创造公平的竞争条件,并为其生儿育女的再生产过程提供风险保障.     

Gender Inequality,Health Rights,and HIV/AIDS among Women Prisoners in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe has successfully reduced its HIV prevalence rate and AIDS-related deaths in recent years, but women, particularly those who are in prison, remain at high risk. Poor prison conditions, discrimination, stigma, and the neglect of the sexual and reproductive health of women prisoners living with HIV result in poor health outcomes for women prisoners. Inadequate and inappropriate health provision in prison is a breach of their human rights and a public health problem. This paper analyzes the political commitment of Zimbabwe to address the underlying determinants of health by incorporating into its health laws and policies measures that promote the health rights of women prisoners living with HIV.