Guo绳肌腱结嵌压固定法重建交叉韧带的临床应用与生物力学研究

目的探讨Guo绳肌腱结嵌压固定法重建交叉韧带的可行性。方法对52例陈旧性前、后交叉韧带损伤患者在关节镜下行双股Guo绳肌腱中间打结，嵌入瓶颈状股骨隧道内固定，胫骨端采用肌腱编织缝合在骨桥上打结固定，重建交叉韧带。其中前交叉韧带25例，前、后十字韧带同时重建15例，后交叉韧带12例。生物力学实验采用猪膝关节。股骨端固定分为肌腱结嵌入组(n=13)和骨-髌腱-骨(B-PT-B)介面螺钉固定组(B-PT-B介面钉组，n=11)。胫骨端固定分为肌腱编织缝合线在骨桥打结组(n=7)、肌腱编织缝合介面螺钉组(n=8)。进行最大拔出强度、最大位移和固定刚度等力学实验。结果术后随访49例，平均14．6个月，Lanchman试验阴性46例，阳性3例。术后Lysholm评分由术前56．7分提高到92．8分。按膝关节疗效评定标准，优46例，良3例。生物力学实验最大拔出强度：肌腱结嵌入组高于B-PT-B介面钉组；固定刚度肌腱结嵌入组小于B-PT-B介面钉组；最大位移肌腱结嵌入组大于B-PT-B介面钉组。胫骨端固定抗拉强度和刚度骨桥打结组优于介面螺钉组。结论Guo绳肌腱结嵌压固定重建交叉韧带生物力学抗拉强度能满足生理需求，方法可行；可克服位移因素，降低韧带松弛率，提高疗效。     

腘绳肌腱结嵌压固定法重建交叉韧带的临床应用与生物力学研究

目的探讨腘绳肌腱结嵌压固定法重建交叉韧带的可行性。方法对52例陈旧性前、后交叉韧带损伤患者在关节镜下行双股腘绳肌腱中间打结,嵌入瓶颈状股骨隧道内固定,胫骨端采用肌腱编织缝合在骨桥上打结固定,重建交叉韧带。其中前交叉韧带25例,前、后十字韧带同时重建15例,后交叉韧带12例。生物力学实验采用猪膝关节。股骨端固定分为肌腱结嵌入组(n=13)和骨髌腱骨(B PT B)介面螺钉固定组(B PT B介面钉组,n=11)。胫骨端固定分为肌腱编织缝合线在骨桥打结组(n=7)、肌腱编织缝合介面螺钉组(n=8)。进行最大拔出强度、最大位移和固定刚度等力学实验。结果术后随访49例,平均14 6个月,Lanchman试验阴性46例,阳性3例。术后Lysholm评分由术前56 7分提高到92 8分。按膝关节疗效评定标准,优46例,良3例。生物力学实验最大拔出强度肌腱结嵌入组高于B PT B介面钉组;固定刚度肌腱结嵌入组小于B PT B介面钉组;最大位移肌腱结嵌入组大于B PT B介面钉组。胫骨端固定抗拉强度和刚度骨桥打结组优于介面螺钉组。结论腘绳肌腱结嵌压固定重建交叉韧带生物力学抗拉强度能满足生理需求,方法可行;可克服位移因素,降低韧带松弛率,提高疗效。     

国人腘绳肌腱移植不同固定方式重建ACL的生物力学研究

[目的]探讨腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL股骨与胫骨侧采用不同固定方式的生物力学特性。[方法]采用新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节标本,腘绳肌腱移植,股骨侧分别用Endobutton(n=8)、Rigidfix(n=8)、肌腱结(n=8)和界面螺钉固定(n=8)。胫骨端采用可吸收界面螺钉(n=7)和Intrafix(n=7)固定,模拟ACL重建。进行循环载后位移、抗拉刚度、失效载荷、最大载荷等生物力学。[结果]失效载荷和最大载荷:EndobuttonRigidfix肌腱结界面螺钉固定法,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),Rigidfix和界面螺钉之间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。抗拉刚度:Rigidfix=肌腱结界面螺钉固定Endobutton。循环载荷位移:肌腱结固定组Rigidfix固定组Endobutton固定组界面螺钉固定组。胫骨端最大载荷:Intrafix固定组可吸收界面螺钉组,两者之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);100 N、400 N抗拉刚度两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]采用Endobutton、Rigidfix、intrafix、肌腱结和界面螺钉ACL重建固定均可满足力学需求;Rigidfix和Intrafix固定系统较界面螺钉固定更具有生物力学优势。     

肌腱结嵌压双股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的体外生物力学性能测定

目的　评价肌腱结嵌压双股绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带 (ACL)的体外生物力学性能。方法　在猪膝关节的股骨端 ,用联合阶梯状钻头在与股骨干纵轴成 4 5°角向股骨髁间窝 11点处钻一瓶颈状骨性隧道。绳肌腱中间打结后并成双股穿过骨性隧道 ,肌腱结在隧道的阶梯处形成嵌压。测定肌腱结可承受的最大载荷和负载时的位移量。对照组分别用骨 -髌腱 -骨 (B -PT-B)界面螺钉和游离肌腱 (FT)界面螺钉进行ACL重建。结果　肌腱结嵌压组可承受的最大载荷为 6 80± 130N ,大于B -PT -B组的 4 5 9± 14 7N (P <0 0 1)和FT组的 15 1± 34N (P <0 0 0 1)。在 4 0 0N的生理载荷下 ,肌腱结嵌压重建ACL产生的位移量为 9 85± 2 96mm ,B -PT -B组为 7 4 9± 2 6 7mm ,两组之间没有明显差别 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　肌腱结在骨性隧道内的嵌压具有良好的生物力学性能 ,可以满足前交叉韧带重建的生物力学需要     

膨胀螺钉固定重建前交叉韧带的生物力学研究

背景:关节镜下重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的方法很多,且疗效较好。但目前尚无有关固定方法是否能提供坚强固定、恢复原有ACL生物力学特性的相关研究。目的:探讨股骨端膨胀界面螺钉固定腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL的生物力学。方法:取新鲜冰冻成人膝关节标本21具,采用4股腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL,股骨端分别使用膨胀界面螺钉(n=7)、可吸收界面螺钉(n=7)、金属界面螺钉(n=7)固定,测试循环载荷后位移、100 N位移、400 N位移、抗拉刚度、最大拔出载荷、失败模式以及肌腱切割程度等,并进行统计学分析。结果:循环载荷后位移:可吸收螺钉组<金属螺钉组<膨胀螺钉组,无统计学差异(P>0.05);最大拔出载荷:膨胀螺钉组>可吸收螺钉组>金属螺钉组,膨胀螺钉组与可吸收螺钉组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),膨胀螺钉组与金属螺钉组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05);肌腱切割程度:膨胀螺钉切割伤最轻,可吸收螺钉次之,金属螺钉最重。结论:膨胀界面螺钉的最大拔出载荷、100 N位移、400 N位移以及抗拉刚度均超过普通界面螺钉,对移植肌腱损伤小,可以满足肌腱重建固定ACL的需要,并可实现单隧道ACL双束解剖重建。     

嵌压固定法重建前交叉韧带不同肌腱移植物的选择

[目的]探讨嵌压固定法重建前交叉韧带(ACL)不同肌腱移植物的选择。[方法]采用嵌压固定法重建前交叉韧带101例,男68例,女33例。运动伤62例,交通伤22例,生活伤17例。采用绳肌腱结42例、骨栓绳肌腱结32例、带髌骨块的股四头肌腱27例。选用自体半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱,两端编织缝合预张力后在双股肌腱中间打结。将绳肌腱结内嵌入5 mm×11 mm的矩形骨栓,制成直径11 mm的骨栓肌腱结;带髌骨块的股四头肌腱全长70~80 mm,骨块11 mm×9 mm×7 mm。采用阶梯状联合钻建立股骨隧道,根据患者个体情况不同,选用自体绳肌腱结、骨栓绳肌腱结或带髌骨块的股四头肌腱,进行嵌压固定法重建ACL。将肌腱结或带髌骨块的股四头肌腱完全嵌入到瓶颈状股骨隧道内,在胫骨隧道外口分两股穿出,交叉打结固定在胫骨桥上。[结果]98例患者得到随访,膝关节稳定,功能恢复良好。按照膝关节疗效评定标准,优88例,良6例,可4例,优良率85.7%。[结论]根据患者个体情况选择绳肌腱结、骨栓肌腱结或带髌骨块的股四头肌腱,进行嵌压固定法重建ACL,生物固定、方法简便、固定可靠、创伤小、费用低。     

肌腱结嵌压双股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的动物实验模型:体外生物力学性能测定

目的 :建立肌腱结嵌压双股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带 (ACL)的动物实验模型 ,对重建早期的生物力学性能进行测定和评价。方法 :在猪膝关节的股骨端 ,用自行设计的联合阶梯状钻头在与股骨干纵轴成 45°角向股骨髁间窝 1 1点处钻一瓶颈状骨性隧道。腘绳肌腱中间打结后并成双股穿过骨性隧道 ,肌腱结在隧道的阶梯处形成嵌压。测定肌腱结在骨性隧道内可承受的最大载荷和负载时的位移量。对照组用骨-髌腱-骨 (B PT B)进行ACL重建。结果 :肌腱结嵌压组可承受的最大载荷为 ( 680± 1 3 0 )N ,>B PT B组的 ( 4 59± 1 47)N (P <0 .0 1 )。在 40 0N的生理载荷下 ,肌腱结嵌压重建ACL产生的位移量为 ( 9.85± 2 .96)mm ,B PT B组为 ( 7.49± 2 .67)mm ,两组之间没有明显差异 (P >0 .0 5)。结论 :肌腱结在骨性隧道内的嵌压具有良好的生物力学性能 ,可以满足前交叉韧带重建的生物力学需要。     

镁铝合金界面螺钉骨腱固定重建前交叉韧带的实验研究——猪胫骨骨腱固定的生物力学分析

目的探讨镁铝合金界面螺钉固定对骨-腱-骨重建的前交叉韧带(ACL)的初始力学特性。方法在20个猪的胫骨标本应用骨-髌腱进行ACL重建。按不同材料制成的界面螺钉分成3组:镁铝合金组8个标本、钛合金组和聚乳酸组各6个标本。在MTS机进行疲劳(1000次25~150N循环)及最大负荷试验。结果所有界面螺钉固定的骨-髌腱均能顺利完成循环负载。疲劳试验前后镁铝合金、钛合金和聚乳酸界面螺钉固定的复合体伸长度分别为(1.71±0.37)mm,(2.14±0.92)mm和(1.36±0.58)mm,各组间没有显著性差别(P=0.135);抗拉刚度分别为(121.01±28.94)N/mm、(92.64±11.52)N/mm和(119.93±26.55)N/mm,各组间没有显著性差别(P=0.091);最大载荷分别为(522.68±82.87)N、(441.22±86.30)N和(674.10±191.12)N,各组间具有显著性差别(P=0.016)。所有失效方式为2种,即韧带在体部的断裂和骨块从隧道中滑出,3种材料界面螺钉的失效方式无显著性差别(P=0.513)。结论镁铝合金界面螺钉固定对骨-腱-骨重建的前交叉韧带的初始力学强度能达到临床要求。     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带进展

长期以来，关节镜下重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament ACL)以自体骨-髌腱-骨移植应用较多。但由于自体骨-髌腱-骨供区并发症的影响，近年许多学者主张应用自体腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL，本文就自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL的有关问题予以综述。     

关节镜下应用髌腱和腘绳肌腱行前交叉韧带重建的分析比较

前交叉韧带(ACL)重建应用何种组织移植最好,目前仍存在争议。该文通过文献资料分析探讨一个假设:应用髌腱移植行ACL重建比应用腘绳肌腱能使膝关节更加稳定。ACL重建的目的是稳定膝关节,达到这个目的必须减少移植物并发症。髌腱移植的缺点:髌股关节间疼痛、四头肌肌力减弱,髌腱断裂可能以及髌骨骨折;腘绳肌腱移植的缺点:潜在的腘绳肌肌腱减弱及固定螺钉凸出或疼痛。有关ACL重建的文献有很多,但很少有对髌腱和腘绳肌腱移植行ACL重建进行直接比较的研究,从而帮助患者和     

保留韧带残端的自制台阶样联合钻手术系统在腘绳肌腱结嵌入固定法重建前交叉韧带中的应用

目的探讨保留韧带残端的自制台阶样联合钻手术系统在胭绳肌腱结嵌入固定法重建前交叉韧带（ACL）中应用的可行性。方法对16例ACL损伤患者采用自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱中间打结、股骨端嵌入挤压固定法镜下重建ACL。股骨隧道采用保留韧带残端的自制台阶样联合钻手术系统建立。保留原有的ACL残端。将肌腱从股骨隧道的近端经关节腔牵人胫骨隧道,将肌腱拉紧、膝关节屈伸活动20次,使肌腱结完全嵌入瓶颈状股骨隧道内。将4股肌腱从胫骨隧道和其下方10mm处分别穿出,交叉打结并缝合固定在骨桥上。结果16例均获随访,时间6～18（10±3．85）个月。根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分：术前20-55（34．36±11．16）分;术后6个月81～97（89．44±4．62）分,术前术后比较差异有显著性（t=26．07,P〈0．01）。未见滑膜炎、韧带断裂、活动明显受限等并发症。结论保留韧带残端的自制台阶样联合钻手术系统具有台阶样股骨隧道建立准确、手术操作简单、使用方便等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

肌腱结嵌压固定保留胫骨止点的腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的：探讨以自体骨栓肌腱结嵌压固定保留胫骨止点的胭绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带的临床效果及应用价值。方法：采用自体骨栓肌腱结嵌压固定保留胫骨止点的胭绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带断裂20例,男15例,女5例;年龄18～32岁,平均22岁;左、右膝各10例。取自体胭绳肌腱,保留肌腱的胫骨止点,两端编织缝合后预张。建立胫骨、股骨隧道,并制作胫骨骨桥结构,股骨隧道为内窄外宽结构。骨栓肌腱结嵌入股骨隧道内,牵引线带着肌腱结远端的腱束经股骨、胫骨隧道穿出,与胫骨止点上的肌腱交叉,在胫骨骨桥上打结并缝合固定。术后患膝以支具固定在屈曲45。位。结果：20例患者均获得随访,随访时间8—24个月,平均11个月。膝关节功能评估采用Lysholm功能评分标准,术前平均（61．5±4．6）分,终末随访时平均（92．5±3．7）分,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．05。结论：骨栓肌腱结嵌压固定保留胫骨止点的胭绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带的方法为生物学固定,避免使用高值耗材,降低了手术费用,且有利于腱-骨愈合。     

Biomechanical comparisons of anterior cruciate ligament: reconstruction procedures with flexor tendon graft

An experimental study was conducted to compare the biomechanical characteristics of six currently available anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction procedures with flexor digitorum profundus tendons. Forty porcine knees were divided into eight groups, of 5 knees each. In groups A, B, C, and D, the flexor tendon graft was fixed with sutures and an Endobutton, with 20-mm-wide polyester tapes and staples, with 10-mm-wide polyester tapes and an Endobutton, and with bone plugs and interference screws, respectively. In group E, the graft was fixed using a combined procedure of those in groups B and D. In group F, the graft was directly fixed with interference screws. In groups G and H, the bone-patellar tendon-bone graft was fixed with interference screws, and sutures, respectively. Each femur-graft-tibia complex specimen was tested with a tensile tester by anteriorly translating the tibia until failure. This study demonstrated that the biomechanical properties of the femur-graft-tibia complex reconstructed with the flexor tendon graft were significantly affected by synthetic fixation devices. Regarding the average maximal load of the groups with the flexor tendon graft, group B had the highest (893 N) and group C had the second highest (770 N). Groups E and A were in the third rank. Group F had the second lowest (312 N), and Group D had the lowest (230 N). The maximal load of group B was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than that of group G (656 N) with the bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts. As to clinical relevance, this study indicated that the flexor tendon graft can be an alternative substitute for the bone-patellar tendon-bone graft for ACL reconstruction, if we understand the biomechanical characteristics of each reconstruction procedure. Received: January 21, 2000 / Accepted: June 8, 2000     

关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定腘绳肌重建前交叉韧带疗效评价

目的评价关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定腘绳肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)的效果。方法27例患者(27膝)经关节镜检查证实均为ACL断裂,采用关节镜下自体腘绳肌重建ACL,生物可吸收螺钉解剖位固定重建韧带。结果所有病例均得到随访,时间6~24个月,均无术中、术后并发症,切口均一期愈合。IKDC综合评定:术前异常10例、严重异常17例,术后正常9例、接近正常16例、异常2例。Lysholm膝关节功能评分:由术前33~60分(平均45.7分)提高至83~96分(平均90.3分),差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下可吸收螺钉固定自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL手术创伤小、固定确实、操作简捷,近期疗效满意。     

Harvesting hamstring tendons for ACL reconstruction influences postoperative hamstring muscle performance

Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using hamstring tendons has recently received attention because of less donor site morbidity. It has been reported that harvesting hamstring tendons has little effect on postoperative hamstring muscle performance based on the peak torque value of the hamstring strength. However, recent studies have clarified some adverse effects of harvesting hamstring tendons. There is still argument about the influences of harvesting hamstring tendons on postoperative hamstring muscle performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the postoperative hamstring muscle performance measured by various parameters after harvesting hamstring tendons for ACL reconstruction.Patients and methods We evaluated the postoperative hamstring muscle performance after harvesting hamstring tendons in 58 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. We assessed peak torque value, total work, and peak torque angle in the isokinetic hamstring strength test and active knee flexion angle. We classified the patients into three groups according to the type of hamstring used for ACL reconstruction: 1) the autologous semitendinosus tendon (ST); 2) the autologous ST and the gracilis tendon, which were harvested from the ipsilateral knees; and 3) allogeneic fascia lata.Results This study clearly demonstrated that the peak torque value and total work in the patients in each group compared to preoperative normal knees were not statistically different; however, the more hamstring tendons were harvested, the more loss of active knee flexion angle was observed and the more the peak torque angle was shifted to a shallow angle, suggesting that the hamstring strength might be weaker at the deep flexion angle.Conclusion Physicians should recognize that the ACL reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendons is not appropriate for sportsmen or women who are required to flex their knees deeply or powerfully in their performance.     

关节镜下半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的关节镜下以半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带,分析影响疗效的因素。方法自2002年12月至2004年6月,关节镜下endobuttonl固定四股腘绳肌腱修复膝前交叉韧带损伤66例72膝。膝前小切口取半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱修整、对折后成四股,分别建立胫骨隧道及股骨隧道,用Endobutton和门形钉固定肌腱,重建ACL的解剖结构和生理功能。术后即行功能锻练。结果66例患者得到随访,随访时间13-30个月,平均22.25个月。术前Lachman征( ),术后Lachman征(-)。术前Lysholm评分从27分到71分,平均53.75分;术后Lysholm评分从70分到99分,平均90.83分,术前、术后评分有显著性差异(t=2.23,P<0.05)。结论腘绳肌腱具有良好的抗拉强度和刚度,在关节镜下用四股腘绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带是一种疗效可靠的治疗方式。     

Biomechanical comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon graft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques: The impact of fixation level and fixation method under cyclic loading

Purpose: To mechanically test different reconstruction techniques of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) under incremental cyclic loading and to evaluate the impact of the level and method of graft fixation on tensile properties of each technique. Type of Study: In vitro biomechanical study. Methods: Four hamstring and 1 patellar tendon reconstruction techniques were performed on 40 young to middle-aged human cadaveric knees (average age, 39 years). An anterior drawer with increasing loads of 20 N increments was applied at 30° of knee flexion. Anatomic, direct interference screw fixation was tested in 2 hamstring and in the patellar tendon groups. Nonanatomic (extracortical) graft anchorage was tested in the remaining 2 hamstring groups with indirect graft fixations on both sides and the combination of indirect tibial and direct femoral fixation. Structural properties were determined throughout the cyclic loading test. Results: The more anatomic reconstruction techniques provided significantly higher structural properties and smaller loss of fixation compared with nonanatomic, extracortical fixation, with indirect repair on both fixation sites resulting in the lowest structural properties. The tibial fixation site was the weakest link in all of the anatomic reconstructions. Patellar tendon fixation with attached bone blocks in both bone tunnels significantly improved construct stiffness and decreased graft slippage. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that anatomic fixation should be preferred for anchorage of hamstring tendons and linkage materials should be avoided. Direct soft-tissue fixation with interference screws still allows considerable graft slippage, which can be limited by using a bone block or application of a backup or hybrid fixation, especially on the tibial fixation site.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 3 (March), 2002: pp 304–315     

关节镜下自体胭绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带应用Rigidfix和Intrafix系统固定的价值

目的 探讨关节镜下自体胭绳肌肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带(ACL)时应用Rigidfix和Intrafix系统固定的临床效果.方法 2004年6月至2007年10月,40例ACL断裂的患者均在关节镜下采用4股胭绳肌肌腱单束重建ACL,股骨端移植物应用Rigidfix系统固定,胫骨端移植物应用Intrafix系统固定,术后进行系统的康复治疗.结果 所有患者均未发生严重并发症,术后进行6～12个月随访,膝关节屈曲均达到130°,伸直达到0°,随访时前抽屉试验35例阴性,5例Ⅰ度阳性,Lachman试验37例阴性,3例Ⅰ度阳性,轴移试验均为阴性,所有患者均无膝关节不稳的主观症状.术前及随访时前抽屉试验阳性率比较(100% vs.12.5%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=58.72,P＜0.01);术前及随访时轴移试验阳性率比较(82.5% vs.0),差异有统计学意义(χ2=52.82,P＜0.01).按照Lysholm膝关节评分标准,评分从(40.3±4.2)分提高至(90.4±3.6)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.852,P＜0.01).结论 关节镜下自体胭绳肌肌腱重建ACL时应用Rigidfix和Intrafix系统固定是一种较好的方法,具有手术操作简单、固定牢固、愈合率高等优点,值得推广应用.     

Single– versus two–femoral socket anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique: Biomechanical analysis using a robotic simulator

Purpose: Although anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with multistrand autogenous hamstring tendons has been widely performed using a single femoral socket (SS), it is currently advocated to individually reconstruct 2 bundles of the ACL using 2 femoral sockets (TS). However, the difference in biomechanical characteristics between them is unknown. The objective of this study was to clarify their biomechanical differences. Type of Study: This is a cross-over trial using cadaveric knees. Methods: Seven intact human cadaveric knees were mounted in a robotic simulator developed in our laboratory. By applying anterior and posterior tibial load up to ± 100 N at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion, tibial displacement and load were recorded. After cutting the ACL, the knees underwent ACL reconstruction using TS, followed by that using SS, with 44 or 88 N of initial grafts tension at 20° of flexion. The above-mentioned tests were performed on each reconstructed knee. Results: The tibial displacement in the TS technique was significantly smaller than that in the SS at smaller flexion angles in response to anterior and posterior tibial load of ± 100 N, and the in situ force in the former was significantly greater than that in the latter at smaller flexion angles. Furthermore, in the TS technique, the posterolateral graft acted dominantly in extension, while the anteromedial graft mainly resisted against anterior tibial load in flexion. However, in the SS technique, the anteriorly located graft functioned more predominantly than the posteriorly located graft at all flexion angles. Conclusions: The ACL reconstruction via TS using quadrupled hamstring tendons provides better anterior-posterior stability compared with the conventional reconstruction using a single socket.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 7 (September), 2001: pp 708–716