梓醇对尘肺大鼠运动能力及骨骼肌功能改善作用研究

目的 探讨梓醇对尘肺模型大鼠运动能力及骨骼肌功能的改善作用。方法 通过气管注射石英粉尘建立大鼠慢性尘肺模型,造模3个月后,取造模大鼠30只随机分为3组：模型组、梓醇100mg·kg^-1组、梓醇50mg·kg^-1组,每组10只,另取10只正常大鼠作为对照组。大鼠ig给药,每天1次,每周给药6d,连续给药8周。观察大鼠一般状况及体质量变化;采用小动物跑台检测大鼠的1次力竭运动时间;采用抓力测定仪进行大鼠骨骼肌力量检测;解剖大鼠取同一位置肺叶,HE染色用于观察肺组织基本结构及炎症反应等状态,Masson染色用于观察肺组织胶原沉积和纤维化情况;取双侧后肢的腓肠肌和比目鱼肌,称质量,计算质量指数（肌肉质量/体质量）;试剂盒法检测腓肠肌组织线粒体膜电位（△φ_m）和腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸（ATP）水平;试剂盒法检测腓肠肌组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）水平及琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性;实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测过线粒体生物发生相关基因——氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子1α（Pgc-1α）、核呼吸因子1（Nrf1）、线粒体转录因子A（Tfam）的mRNA表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,梓醇100、50mg·kg^-1对尘肺大鼠肺部炎症和纤维未见显著改善;梓醇100、50mg·kg^-1均能显著延长尘肺大鼠跑动力竭时间（P＜0.05、0.01）;梓醇可显著增加尘肺大鼠的肌肉抓力,其中100mg·kg^-1组差异显著（P＜0.05）;梓醇100mg·kg^-1组尘肺大鼠的腓肠肌和比目鱼肌质量指数显著增加（P＜0.05、0.01）,50mg·kg^-1组的比目鱼肌质量指数显著增加（P＜0.05）;梓醇可明显升高尘肺大鼠腓肠肌ATP水平和△φ_m,其中100mg·kg^-1组差异显著（P＜0.05）;梓醇100mg·kg^-1显著增加腓肠肌SDH和SOD活力、同时降低MDA水平（P＜0.05、0.01）,梓醇50mg·kg^-1显著增加腓肠肌SDH活力、同时降低MDA水平（P＜0.05、0.01）;梓醇100、50mg·kg^-1显著上调腓肠肌中线粒体生物发生相关基因表达（P＜0.05、0.01）。结论 梓醇可以调节尘肺模型大鼠骨骼肌线粒体功能,减轻肌肉萎缩并增强运动能力,此作用可能通过PGC-1α/NRF1、TFAM途径促进线粒体生物发生而介导。     

复方夏天无片治疗类风湿关节炎的实验研究

目的 探讨复方夏天无片对胶原诱导性关节炎（collagen induced arthritis，CIA）小鼠的疗效及安全剂量。方法 将CIA小鼠随机分为6组：模型组、正常组、阳性（雷公藤15 mg·kg^-1）组、复方夏天无片低、中、高剂量（288，864，1 728 mg·kg^-1）组，每组10只。治疗21 d后，比较各组小鼠的一般情况、关节病理情况。探索复方夏天无片的安全浓度及对TNF-a诱导下的滑膜成纤维细胞（fibroblast-like synoviocyte，FLS）增殖程度的影响。结果 与模型组比较，各给药组小鼠足爪肿胀情况明显减轻，复方夏天无片中、高剂量组关节炎指数显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）。病理上，复方夏天无片可减少炎性细胞浸润，降低TNF-a表达，抑制破骨细胞形成，且复方夏天无片中、高剂量组优于阳性组。复方夏天无片安全浓度≤200 mg·mL^-1，与模型组比较，复方夏天无片高剂量组可明显抑制FLS细胞增殖（P<0.05）。结论 复方夏天无片可改善CIA小鼠的一般情况，降低关节炎指数及TNF-a阳性表达，抑制破骨细胞形成及FLS增殖。     

桑黄水煎液对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠的抗氧化作用

目的 观察桑黄水煎液对D-半乳糖诱导小鼠氧化损伤的保护作用,并探讨其保护作用的可能机制。方法 ①ICR小鼠分为正常对照组,桑黄水煎液低、中、高剂量（2,6,12 g·kg^-1）组,连续给药15 d。②ICR小鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、维生素E组（50 mg·kg^-1）,桑黄水煎液低、中、高剂量（2,6,12 g·kg^-1）组,小鼠颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖（120 mg·kg^-1）造成亚急性衰老模型,按分组连续给药42 d。比色法测定小鼠肝脏及血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量和抗氧化酶活力,如超氧化合物歧化酶（SOD）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、过氧化酶（POD）等。Western blot检测肝脏中核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2）和血红素氧合酶1（HO-1）的表达。结果 桑黄水煎液对正常小鼠和D-半乳糖诱导小鼠体质量及脏器指数均无明显影响。桑黄水煎液可显著提高正常小鼠肝脏中T-AOC和SOD酶活力（P<0.01,P<0.05）。各剂量桑黄水煎液可显著提高衰老模型小鼠血清中T-AOC,降低MDA含量（P<0.01,P<0.05）,同时中剂量增强肝脏中SOD （P<0.05）和POD酶活力（P<0.01）,中、高剂量均上调肝脏中Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达水平（P<0.01）。结论 桑黄水煎液具有提高正常小鼠抗氧化能力和改善D-半乳糖致小鼠氧化损伤作用,此作用可能是通过调节Nrf2/HO-1途径增加体内抗氧化酶的活性,减少过氧化脂质的生成,进而提高机体抗氧化能力。     

蓬子菜总黄酮对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及机制

目的 探讨蓬子菜总黄酮（total flavonoids extracts of Galium verum L.,TFG）对CCl₄致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响及其机制。方法 60只昆明小鼠随机分成正常组、模型组、阳性对照组、TFG组。各治疗组予以相应的药物灌胃6 d后,除正常组外其余各组腹腔注射6% CCl₄造模,24 h后取样,肝组织HE染色,检测血清中谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）以及肝肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）水平,分析血清中TNF-α和IL-6水平。昆明小鼠50只,随机分成正常组、模型组、TFG组（200 mg·kg^-1）、抗IL-6单抗（40 mg·kg^-1）+TFG（200 mg·kg^-1）组、抗TNF-α单抗（5 mg·kg^-1）+TFG（200 mg·kg^-1）组,各治疗组予以相应的药物处理6 d后,除正常组外,其余各组腹腔注射6% CCl₄造模,24 h后取血清分析AST、ALT水平。结果 与模型组比较,蓬子菜总黄酮能改善肝损伤,降低血清中AST、ALT活性以及肝肾中MDA含量,提高肝肾SOD活性、GSH含量,降低血清中TNF-α和IL-6表达（P<0.05或P<0.01）。抗IL-6、TNF-α单抗能明显降低血清中AST、ALT活性（P<0.05）。结论 蓬子菜总黄酮能通过清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化,保护细胞膜和线粒体膜的完整性。同时减少IL-6、TNF-α的释放,改善急性肝损伤。     

油酰乙醇胺对东莨菪碱诱导小鼠认知功能损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨油酰乙醇胺对东莨菪碱诱导小鼠认知功能损伤的保护作用。方法 将小鼠随机分为6组：对照组、模型组、多奈哌奇组（阳性药,3 mg·kg^-1）和油酰乙醇胺低、中、高剂量（50、100、200 mg·kg^-1）组,每组6只。在ig给药4周后,除对照组外,各组ip 3 mg·kg^-1的东莨菪碱建立阿尔茨海默病（AD）模型。避暗、跳台行为学实验检测小鼠记忆功能; ELISA法检测小鼠海马和大脑皮层中乙酰胆碱（Ach）和乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）水平;HE染色观察小鼠大脑皮层及海马损伤。结果 与对照组比较,模型组的避暗潜伏期显著缩短、避暗错误次数显著增加（P<0.001）;大脑皮层、海马的Ach水平显著减少（P<0.01、0.001）,AChE活性显著升高（P<0.001）;模型组的小鼠脑组织形态结构不均匀,组织细胞呈弥散状,提示组织存在病变。与模型组比较,各给药组的避暗潜伏期显著升高、避暗错误次数显著减少（P<0.01）;油酰乙醇胺给药组的小鼠大脑皮层、海马组织Ach水平显著升高（P<0.05、0.01）,AChE活性显著降低（P<0.01、0.001）;小鼠脑组织形态结构病理改变减轻。结论 油酰乙醇胺对东莨菪碱诱导学习记忆障碍模型小鼠的认知功能具有改善作用,其作用机制可能与调节胆碱能系统功能、促进神经细胞存活有关。     

不同工艺紫雪散抗惊厥药效特点及机制研究

目的 研究普通工艺、传统工艺制备紫雪散的抗惊厥作用,初步探讨其作用机制。方法 采用雄性SPF级ICR小鼠,随机分为对照组,模型组,传统工艺紫雪散和普通工艺紫雪散低、中、高剂量（0.78、1.56、3.12 g·kg^-1）组及5%苯巴比妥（0.01 mL·g^-1）组。通过颈背部sc尼可刹米注射液诱发小鼠惊厥模型,观察各组小鼠治疗后的惊厥潜伏期、死亡潜伏期、20 min死亡率;采用比色法检测大脑皮层中钙水平;Griess reagent法检测大脑皮层总NO含量;参照试剂盒说明书检测大脑皮层中谷氨酸（Glu）、γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）含量。结果 与模型组比较,苯巴比妥钠、普通和传统工艺紫雪散的中、高剂量均可显著延长小鼠的惊厥潜伏期（P<0.001）;普通和传统工艺紫雪散的低、中、高剂量均可显著延长惊厥小鼠的死亡潜伏期（P<0.01、0.001）;模型组小鼠死亡率为100%,苯巴比妥钠组没有小鼠死亡,普通和传统工艺紫雪散的中、高剂量组死亡率明显降低。2种工艺紫雪散的抗惊厥作用具有剂量相关性,与普通工艺高剂量比较,传统工艺紫雪散高剂量可以显著延长惊厥模型小鼠的惊厥、死亡潜伏期（P<0.05、0.01）,降低惊厥致死率。与模型组比较,3.12 g·kg^-1传统工艺和普通工艺紫雪散、苯巴比妥钠均可以显著降低小鼠脑内钙含量（P<0.05、0.001）和总NO含量（P<0.001）;与普通工艺紫雪散组比较,3.12 g·kg^-1传统工艺紫雪散可以显著降低惊厥小鼠脑内总NO的含量（P<0.01）。与模型组比较,传统工艺和普通工艺紫雪散3.12 g·kg^-1组、苯巴比妥钠组小鼠脑皮层中Glu含量显著减少（P<0.05、0.001）;传统工艺紫雪散3.12 g·kg^-1组小鼠脑皮层中GABA含量显著增加（P<0.05）。结论 传统工艺和普通工艺紫雪散均具有抗惊厥作用,并且传统工艺紫雪散的抗惊厥作用优于普通工艺紫雪散。     

甘草内生菌代谢物的抗炎作用

目的 研究甘草内生菌代谢物的体内外抗炎作用。方法 96孔板中接种巨噬细胞RAW264.7培养,模型组加入1 mg·L^-1脂多糖（LPS）,各受试药物组分别加入10,20,40 mg·L^-1甘草水提液浸膏或内生菌发酵物,2 h后再加入LPS1 mg·L^-1培养,检测NO、IL-1β、PGE₂的含量。Wistar大鼠90只,随机分为9组,空白组、模型组、阳性对照组给予生理盐水0.01 mL·g^-1,甘草水煎液组给予甘草水煎液0.95 g·kg^-1,各内生菌代谢物组给予甘草内生菌发酵物0.95 g·kg^-1,每日1次,连续灌胃给药5 d。末次给药后1 h,除空白组外,各组大鼠尾静脉注射1 mg·kg^-1体质量LPS,制备急性肺炎模型,空白组注射等量生理盐水,阳性对照组按5 mg·kg^-1体质量腹腔注射地塞米松给药。6 h后大鼠股动脉取血,检测外周血白细胞计数及血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10的含量。结果 与LPS模型组比较,40 mg·L^-1时,甘草浸膏组、5组内生菌代谢物组（JTZB006、JTZB018、JTZB059、JTZB060、JTZB063）巨噬细胞RAW264.7分泌的NO、PGE₂、IL-1β的含量显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）;与同一质量浓度（40 mg·L^-1）的甘草浸膏组比较,JTZB006、JTZB060组巨噬细胞RAW264.7分泌的PGE₂的含量显著降低（P<0.05）。与模型组比较,阳性对照组、甘草水煎液组、3组内生菌代谢物组（JTZB006、JTZB060、JTZB063）大鼠外周血中白细胞数量及血清中TNF-α、IL-6的含量均显著降低,IL-10的含量显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）;与甘草水煎液组比较,JTZB006、JTZB060、JTZB063组IL-10的含量显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论 3株甘草内生菌代谢物（JTZB006、JTZB060、JTZB063）对LPS诱导的炎症模型具有体外及体内抗炎作用。     

静脉注射利多卡因对丙泊酚麻醉下阿芬太尼抑制人流手术患者体动反应的半数有效剂量的影响

目的 研究静脉注射利多卡因对丙泊酚麻醉下阿芬太尼抑制人流手术患者体动反应的半数有效剂量（ED₅₀）的影响。方法 择期人工流产手术患者，年龄18~40岁，美国麻醉医师协会分级I~II级。随机分成2组，利多卡因联合阿芬太尼组（LA组）与阿芬太尼组（A组）。LA组患者静脉注射利多卡因1.0 mg·kg^-1后，缓慢注射丙泊酚2.0 mg·kg^-1及阿芬太尼（初始剂量为15.5 μg·kg^-1），A组患者则静脉注射0.1 mL·kg^-1生理盐水后，再依次缓慢注射丙泊酚2.0 mg·kg^-1与阿芬太尼。待患者意识消失后，消毒铺巾，观察患者置入宫颈探条的体动反应。采用序贯法计算阿芬太尼的剂量，若在置入宫腔探条时，发生体动阳性反应，则下一例患者剂量增加20%，反之则剂量降低20%。直至出现 ≥ 6个阳性反应和阴性反应的交替点，结束试验。采用概率单位回归分析法计算阿芬太尼抑制人流患者体动反应的ED₅₀、95%有效剂量（ED₉₅）及其95%可信区间（CI），记录术中生命体征，静脉注射痛，术后10 min、术后30 min、出院时疼痛评分及不良反应等指标。结果 LA组ED₅₀为6.55 μg·kg^-1（95%CI，2.10~8.07 μg·kg^-1），A组ED₅₀为8.24 μg·kg^-1（95%CI，6.75~9.75 μg·kg^-1），2组阿芬太尼的ED₅₀有差异；与A组比较，LA组术后10 min、术后30 min、出院时疼痛评分更低，差异有统计学意义（P<0.000 1或P<0.05）；LA组静脉注射痛发生率下降（减少44.2%），差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）；2组呼吸抑制发生例数、清醒时间与恶心呕吐等比较差异无统计学意义。结论 静脉注射利多卡因可显著降低阿芬太尼用于人流手术的ED₅₀，减少静脉注射痛发生率，缓解术后短期急性疼痛。     

槲皮素脂质体抑制小鼠肺组织炎症作用的研究

目的 制备槲皮素脂质体以提高水溶性,研究槲皮素脂质体对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的小鼠炎症性肺损伤的作用。方法 采用薄膜分散法将槲皮素包裹于脂质体中,使用粒度分析仪测定其粒径和电位,使用透射电镜观察脂质体形貌特征。将20只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组：对照组、模型组、空白脂质体组、槲皮素（20mg·kg^-1）组和槲皮素脂质体（以槲皮素计20mg·kg^-1）组,每组4只。对照组不做处理,其余各组ip 3mg·kg^-1LPS,2h后ip相应药物,24h后取出肺组织进行苏木素-伊红染色观察肺组织病理变化;Westernblotting法检测白细胞介素（IL）-1β蛋白表达;实时荧光定量PCR（qRTPCR）法检测IL-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的mRNA表达。结果 槲皮素脂质体呈圆球状,粒径135nm,多分散系数0.260,电位（-4.28±0.66）mV。与模型组比较,槲皮素脂质体20mg·kg^-1能显著改善炎症引发的肺部结构变化,减轻免疫细胞浸润肺组织导致的肺泡壁增厚和肺泡结构紊乱,而槲皮素20mg·kg^-1没有表现出治疗效果;与模型组比较,槲皮素脂质体20mg·kg^-1可显著抑制肺组织成熟IL-1β蛋白表达（P＜0.01）,显著下调IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的mRNA表达（P＜0.01）,而槲皮素20mg·kg^-1不具有抑制作用。结论 脂质体制剂增强了槲皮素对小鼠肺部炎症的抑制作用,减轻了LPS引起的肺组织损伤。     

复方薰衣草颗粒镇静催眠及改善认知障碍作用研究

目的 观察复方薰衣草颗粒（CLG）镇静催眠及对轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）模型小鼠的治疗作用。方法 （1）CLG镇静催眠和抗抑郁、抗疲劳作用研究：以旷场训练结果为主要条件、体质量为次要条件，随机将79只ICR小鼠分为对照组、地西泮（3 mg·kg^-1，化药阳性药）组、复方枣仁胶囊（12.3 mg·kg^-1，中药阳性药）组和CLG低、中、高剂量（2.36、4.72、9.44 g·kg^-1）组。采用戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量催眠、旷场和转棒实验，观察CLG对小鼠的一般状态、睡眠潜伏期、30 min内入睡比例和总睡眠时间以及行为学的影响。（2）CLG改善MCI作用研究：将60只昆明小鼠以Y迷宫实验训练结果为主要条件、体质量为次要条件随机分为对照组、模型组、多奈哌齐（3 mg·kg^-1，阳性药）组和CLG低、中、高剂量（2.36、4.72、9.44 g·kg^-1）组，每天1次，连续ig给药14 d，给药第9天起，给药1 h后，除对照组外，ip 3 mg·kg^-1东莨菪碱制备MCI模型。于末次给药20 min后进行Y迷宫实验；第15天进行跳台实验；解剖取脑，称取脑质量并计算脑系数；HE染色后观察脑组织病理改变；取海马，ELISA法测定乙酰胆碱（Ach）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平。结果 （1）与对照组比较，CLG各剂量对体质量无明显影响；地西泮组和CLG各剂量组入睡率有增高趋势，但无显著性差异；地西泮组和CLG高剂量组入睡潜伏期明显缩短（P<0.05） ；各给药组睡眠时间均显著延长（P<0.01）。（2）与模型组比较，多奈哌齐组和CLG各剂量组跳台次数均显著减少（P<0.05）；CLG各剂量组Ach有升高趋势，多奈哌齐组和CLG中、高剂量组AchE有降低趋势；CLG各剂量组SOD显著增加，MDA显著降低（P<0.05）；CLG中、高剂量组小鼠皮层和海马病理改变明显减轻。结论 CLG具有镇静催眠作用，其改善MCI的作用可能与调节胆碱能系统和抗氧化应激有关。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.