微创颅内血肿清除术联合亚低温对高血压脑出血患者血管活性物质及神经功能的影响

目的分析微创颅内血肿清除术联合亚低温治疗对高血压脑出血患者血管活性物质及神经功能的影响。方法140例高血压脑出血患者,随机分为接受微创颅内血肿清除术联合亚低温治疗的观察组和仅接受微创颅内血肿清除术治疗的对照组,比较2组患者治疗情况、神经功能以及血管活性物质含量。结果观察组术后意识恢复时间、卧床时间、以及住院总时间均少于对照组(P0.05),术后引流量明显少于对照组(P0.05),MMSE评分明显高于对照组(P0.05),CSS评分、NIHSS评分以及ET、AVP含量均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论微创颅内血肿清除术联合亚低温有助于促进神经功能恢复,降低ET和AVP含量,维持脑血管正常的舒缩功能,提高治疗效果。     

MRS对微创血肿清除术后的评估研究

目的观察脑出血患者保守治疗及微创血肿清除术治疗后的磁共振波谱(MRS)表现,探讨血肿周围脑组织改变及微创血肿清除术的临床价值。方法将20例高血压性脑出血患者随机分为2组,微创血肿清除手术组(微创组)和保守治疗组(对照组)各10例,所有病例均于发病后9～11d行常规MR及MRS检查。结果对照组血肿周围NAA/Cr值与对侧相应区的NAA/Cr值有显著性差异(P<0.01),前者较后者降低(12.6±7.4)%,其中4例可见到明确的乳酸峰;微创组血肿周围NAA/Cr值与对侧相对应区的NAA/Cr值亦有显著性差异(P<0.05),前者较后者降低(7.4±6.8)%;微创组血肿周围NAA/Cr值与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论血肿周围NAA/Cr降低反映了血肿周围神经元损伤;微创血肿清除术能改善脑出血后的脑水肿形成。     

精准微创显微手术治疗高血压脑出血临床观察

目的观察精准微创显微手术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法回顾我科2012-06—2015-08收治的资料完整的高血压脑出血患者76例,40例采用精准微创显微手术颅内血肿清除术为观察组,36例采用经典的大骨瓣颅内血肿清除+去骨瓣减压术为对照组。比较2组手术操作时间、术后住院时间、术后不良反应及并发症。比较术后1周2组神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)及影像学检查;术后随访3个月,观察2组日常生活能力(ADL)评分。结果观察组术后神经功能缺损评分显著优于对照组;观察组手术操作时间(102.87±7.99)min及术后住院时间(11.2±1.4)d,均明显短于对照组的(141.86±9.06)min及(15.2±1.1)d(P0.05);术后血肿残留、皮下血肿、肺部感染等并发症发生率(12.5%、2.5%、45%)低于对照组(22.2%、8.3%、55.6%)。结论精准微创显微手术治疗高血压脑出血在规范化治疗的基础上追求个体化、微创化、精准化、保护功能的发展趋势,值得推广和实践。     

亚低温疗法辅助颅内血肿微创清除术治疗脑出血对患者血清炎性因子水平及其预后的影响

目的总结分析亚低温疗法辅助颅内血肿微创清除术在脑出血患者治疗中对血清炎性因子水平及预后的影响。方法选择2010-06—2013-11我院收治的60例脑出血患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,2组均给予颅内血肿微创清除术治疗,对照组术后给予对症治疗,观察组在对症治疗基础上联合应用亚低温(33~35℃)治疗。分别于术前、术后1d、术后2d、术后3d、术后1周采集患者静脉血测量TNF-α、CRP等炎性因子水平,所有患者术后随访半年,观察其格拉斯哥预后分级(GOS)。结果 2组患者术后各时间段监测的TNF-α、CRP水平均明显低于术前,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组术后3d、术后1周测得的TNF-α、CRP水平均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组GOS预后分级优于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论亚低温疗法辅助颅内血肿微创清除术在脑出血患者治疗中能降低血清炎性因子水平,提高预后,临床值得推广使用。     

亚低温联合依达拉奉治疗脑出血93例临床观察

目的 观察亚低温联合依达拉奉治疗脑出血的临床治疗效果.方法 收集2005-2009年的脑出血患者93例,随机分为亚低温联合依达拉奉治疗组47例,对照组(常规治疗组)46例;治疗组在入院后常规治疗基础上予以冰帽局部亚低温治疗7 d,同时静滴依达拉奉30 mg/d,qd,连续14 d;于入院时、发病21 d行头CT检查,计算血肿体积、水肿体积;于入院时和21 d进行神经功能评分并进行疗效分析.结果 在治疗前2组患者的血肿及水肿体积差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而在治疗21 d后,联合治疗组的血肿体积(11.32±7.56)ml较对照组的(15.01±3.95)ml有所减少,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),水肿体积在治疗后(15.33±12.65)ml则较对照组(21.64±13.71)ml明显降低;治疗组的有效率为89.36%,较对照组的69.57%明显提高.结论 亚低温联合依达拉奉治疗脑出血可获得较好的疗效,适于基层广泛应用.     

软通道颅内血肿微创清除术治疗脑出血的临床研究

目的观察软通道颅内血肿微创清除术治疗脑出血的临床疗效及安全性。方法对126例符合纳入标准发病24 h内的急性脑出血患者,并随机分为治疗组(62例)和对照组(64例)。在两组均给予内科常规治疗的同时,治疗组给予软通道颅内血肿微创清除术治疗。以美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHH)和Barthel指数进行疗效判定。结果治疗后30 d、90 d的治疗组NIHH评分(11.2±2.5,9.3±4.5)较对照组(13.0±3.3,11.6±1.8)明显下降(t=3.443,6.240,P<0.05);治疗组Barthel指数(43.4±11.2,55.7±6.5)较对照组(32.4±8.8,42.1±9.5)显著改善(t=6.141,9.349,P<0.05)。90天后治疗组的总有效率(50.00%)明显优于对照组(70.96%)(χ2=4.251,P<0.05)。治疗组与对照组病死率比较差异明显(P<0.05)。结论软通道颅内血肿微创清除术治疗脑出血安全有效,能显著改善患者的预后。     

定向软通道微创颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效观察

目的观察定向软通道微创颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效。方法选择我院2013-01—2014-01收治的48例高血压脑出血患者,按照随机数字法分组,每组24例,观察组采取定向软通道微创颅内血肿清除术治疗,对照组采取传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗,比较2组疗效及病死率。结果观察组术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间分别为(56.7±15.6)mL、(22.5±7.9)min、(21.9±7.6)d,均明显低于对照组(89.9±22.1)mL、(235.7±27.4)min、(27.8±8.5)d(均P<0.05);观察组经治疗后,疗效明显优于对照组;观察组不良反应9例(37.5%),死亡1例(4.2%),均显著低于对照组的13例(54.2%)、3例(12.5%)。结论定向软通道微创颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血疗效较佳,患者预后好,不良反应及病死率较低。     

颅内血肿微创穿刺清除术联合亚低温治疗高血压脑出血的疗效观察

目的：分析颅内血肿微创穿刺清除术联合亚低温治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果。方法选自2013‐03—2014‐03我院诊治的高血压脑出血患者60例,按照完全抽样法1：1分成2组,对照组（30例）行颅内血肿微创穿刺清除术,研究组（30例）在对照组基础上予亚低温治疗,分析2组患者治疗后的临床疗效与生存质量情况。结果研究组随访1、3个月时的ESS与BI评分均比对照组高,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）;研究组术后并发症发生率13.33％,病死率6.67％均比对照组低,恢复良好率23.33％,中残率43.33％均比对照组高,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论颅内血肿微创穿刺清除术联合亚低温治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果显著。     

“梯度减压”联合甘露醇在高血压脑出血微创血肿清除术患者中的实践研究

目的探讨"梯度减压"联合甘露醇在高血压脑出血微创血肿清除术患者中的实践效果。方法选取2016年3月～2019年4月本院收治的高血压脑出血患者93例,随机分为对照组(46例)与观察组(47例)。对照组给予微创血肿清除术及甘露醇治疗,观察组给予梯度减压、微创血肿清除术及甘露醇治疗。对比术中及术后并发症(脑膨出、迟发性血肿、脑梗死等)发生情况,另对比术前、术后7 d及术后14 d的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及术后6个月格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分情况。结果观察组术中脑膨出发生率及总并发症发生率均低于对照组,差异明显(P0.05);NIHSS评分在组间、时间、交互方面具有明显差异(P0.05),2组术后7 d及术后14 d的NIHSS评分均低于术前,2组术后14 d均低于术后7 d,观察组术后7 d、术后14 d的NIHSS评分均低于对照组,均有明显差异(P0.05);2组术后6个月GOS评分等级分布比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组(Ⅴ+Ⅳ)级占比高于对照组,差异明显(P0.05)。结论在高血压脑出血微创血肿清除术患者中应用"梯度减压"联合甘露醇治疗,可明显减少脑膨出等并发症发生,促进神经功能恢复,改善预后。     

基于虚拟现实与增强现实结合内镜行脑内血肿清除临床疗效观察

目的探讨基于虚拟现实与增强现实结合内镜下脑内血肿清除术在自发性脑出血患者中的临床效果。方法选择2017年7月至2019年6月自发性脑出血患者120例作为对象,随机数字表分为对照组(n=60例)和观察组(n=60例)。对照组采用开颅手术治疗,观察组采用基于虚拟现实与增强现实结合内镜下脑内血肿清除术治疗,术后对患者进行30 d随访,比较两组血肿清除率、手术指标、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、死亡率及术后并发症发生率。结果观察组手术时间(61.43±4.51)min、手术切口(4.33±0.79)cm、术中出血量(12.24±2.31)mL及住院时间(17.34±2.41)d,对照组手术时间(132.59±6.74)min、手术切口(18.32±3.23)cm、术中出血量(204.23±5.34)mL及住院时间(22.49±3.98)d,观察组均少(短)于对照组(P均0.01);观察组血肿清除率(87%±10%)高于对照组(75%±7%)(t=0.416,P0.01);两组治疗前GCS量表评分无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后2周11(9,13)分、治疗后4周12(10,14)分,对照组疗后2周10(8,12)分、治疗后4周11(8,12)分,均高于治疗前(P0.05);观察组治疗后2周、4周GCS量表评分高于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后死亡率3.33%,对照组5.00%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组切口感染1.67%、多脏器衰竭3.33%、再出血发生率1.67%,对照组切口感染6.67%、多脏器衰竭8.33%、再出血发生率6.67%均低于对照组(P均0.05)。结论基于虚拟现实与增强现实结合内镜下脑内血肿清除术用于自发性脑出血患者中能提高血肿清除率,能改善患者昏迷状态,降低临床死亡率及并发症发生率。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]