农村粪便处理设施建设质量与卫生学效果关系的研究

目的了解农村改厕地区粪便处理设施构筑物质量、无害化处理卫生效果及关系。方法在江苏省范围内选择5个不同情况的村作为调查村，对居民的户厕及粪便处理设施进行现场和实验室调查，检测构筑物指标(池容积、过粪管、渗漏、密闭情况及总体合格率)和卫生学指标(寄生虫卵沉降率、粪大肠菌群值、氨氮、化学需氧量(CODcr)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5))，并作相应统计分析。结果计家墩村户厕均为砼预制式并由专业人员施工的三格式户厕，池总体合格率达96．7％，寄生虫卵沉降率和粪大肠菌群值两项同时达标率为100．0％，且粪大肠菌群值幂指数平均提高3．07，CODcr降解率为88．0％；常熟林场户厕大部分为按图施工的三格式户厕，池总体合格率为73.3％，寄生虫卵沉降率和粪大肠菌群值两项同时达标率为90．0％，CODcr降解率为80．2％；无锡河西村和仪征五一村户厕均为自建的二格式户厕，池总体合格率分别为33．3％和30．0％，寄生虫卵沉降率和粪大肠菌群值两项同时达标率分别为76．7％和70．0％，但大部分粪大肠菌群值幂指数仅提高1个数量级，具有降解效果的化粪池中，粪大肠菌群值幂指数平均分别提高1．53、1．35。结论粪便处理设施构筑物质量越好，其无害化处理卫生效果越高。池容积也是决定其卫生效果的关键因素。化粪池有效深度是影响其寄生虫卵沉降效果的决定因素。化粪池密闭程度决定其粪大肠菌群降解能力。在追求农村改厕率的同时，要加大力度进行改厕适宜技术的研究和推广，同时做好农村改厕技术指导。     

云南省洱源县血吸虫病流行区农村卫生厕所现况及粪便无害化效果分析

目的 目的 了解云南省血吸虫病流行区农村卫生厕所建设和管理状况, 评价粪便无害化处理的效果。 方法 方法 在云南省洱源县选取3个血吸虫病流行村, 每村随机抽取30户, 现场调查改厕相关基本情况, 按照国家标准采集和检测厕所粪便样品。 结果 结果 抽查的永乐、 前甸和新庄等3个流行村卫生厕所普及率分别达83.19%、 83.12%和81.63%。共现场调查90座户厕, 仅32.22%的户厕建在庭院以内, 91.67%的卫生厕所和70.00%的非卫生厕所厕屋完整, 33.33%的卫生厕所和所有的非卫生厕所内有蛆/蛹/成蝇, 平均数量分别为1.05只/厕和3.40只/厕。卫生厕所粪大肠菌平均去除率为 90.00%, 寄生虫卵平均沉降率为80.61%, 蛔虫卵平均死亡率为95.20%。出粪液粪大肠菌值合格率为41.67%, 蛔虫卵死亡率合格率为78.13%, 未检出活血吸虫卵。卫生厕所与非卫生厕所无害化效果差异有统计学意义。 结论 结论 云南省血防改厕起到了较好的粪便无害化效果, 但仍要加强卫生厕所的建设、 使用和管理。     

流动渔船民血吸虫病防治措施的研究Ⅰ 渔船民集散地无害化公厕的建立

目的研究流动渔船民粪便管理和无害化处理的方法,为流动渔船民血吸虫病防治提供有效措施。方法根据渔船民流动性强,但停靠、休息地点相对固定的特点,在集散地建立三格式无害化公厕,收集处理流动渔船民粪便。采用问卷个案调查的形式,调查集散地居住在船上的渔船民使用公厕情况,统计使用率。结果设计了2蹲位和4蹲位2种规格的三格式无害化公厕。2蹲位无害化公厕：建筑面积6m^2,化粪池容积为4～6m^3,造价为5505元;4蹲位无害化公厕：建筑面积13m^2,化粪池容积为6～10m^3,造价为11700元。第1～3格粪池的容积比例为2∶1∶3,粪池有效深度120～150cm。在35个渔船民集散地建造无害化公厕53座,其中2蹲位公厕4座,4蹲位公厕49座;调查集散地渔船民260人,经常使用207人,偶尔使用42人,从不使用为9人,平均使用率为79.62%。结论在渔船民集散地建立无害化公厕,是管好和处理渔船民粪便的有效方法之一,为实施控制传染源为主的综合性防治策略提供了新措施。     

卫生户厕管粪结合药物驱虫防治肠道寄生虫病效果的观察

1992年至 1 994年 ,在昆山采用节水型组装式卫生户厕 (下称卫生户厕 )管粪结合药物驱虫与单纯药物驱虫 ,进行了控制肠道寄生虫感染效果的对比观察 ,现将结果报告如下 :1　方法1 .1　调查点选择观察村为云南村 ,全村 3 1 6户 ,1 2 3 1人 ,1 992年建成卫生户厕 2 94座 ,占总户数的 93 .0 %。对照村为双庙村 ,全村 1 1 2 2人 ,粪便无害化处理率 <3 .0 % ,两村的生产、生活、经济水平、文化等条件基本相同。1 .2　粪检方法对两村 1周岁以上居民分别采用盐水漂浮法 ( 2片 )和 Kato-Katz法 ( 1片 )进行粪便定性、定量普查 ,并计算EPG值。1 .3　…     

二格式粪便处理池无害化效果现场调查研究

目的了解二格式粪便处理池对沉降寄生虫卵和其它无害化效果.方法现场勘察二格式处理池的建造是否符合无害化处理要求,对一、二池采集样品,实验室检测寄生虫卵沉降率、粪大肠菌值、氨氮与化学需氧量的值,观察寄生虫卵沉降和粪大肠菌值降解情况.结果调查16只二格式处理池,内部有的构造不符合无害化要求,第二池仅有1只被检出有寄生虫卵,粪大肠菌值第二池有6只不符合无害化要求,占37.5 %.结论二格式处理池暂不能全面推广,但在经济相对落后的农村或暂不准备翻建新房的农户仍可被采用,作为一种粪便无害化处理的过渡形式.     

三格式化粪池粪便无害化处理的效果

目的 评价三格式化粪池对人粪便的无害化处理效果,为农村改厕提供科学依据.方法 2009年在江苏省内5个市选取130座三格式化粪池作为评价对象,采集三格式化粪池第1格和第3格样品,检测其中的粪大肠菌群(FC)、寄生虫卵(血吸虫卵、蛔虫卵和钩虫卵)、化学需氧量(COD)、五日生化需氧量(BOD_5)和氨氮(NH_3-N),观察各指标的变化情况,用统计软件SPSS 13.0对数据进行统计分析.结果 三格式化粪池第1格、第3格粪液FC达标率分别为3.1%和100%,两者差异有统计学意义(P=0.000 1,P<0.01).分别有1座和4座化粪池第1格检测到钩虫卵和蛔虫卵,密度为1～2个/100 ml.第3格FC、COD、BOD_5和NH_3-N去除率分别为(99.96±0.03)%,(60.69±21.77)%,(60.13±23.20)%和(44.14±24.61)%.与第1格相比差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01).结论 三格式化粪池对人粪便处理达到了无害化卫生标准要求,可作为农村粪便无害化处理的有效形式进行推广.     

血吸虫病流行地区农村户厕建造质量调查

目的评估血吸虫病流行地区无害化卫生厕所的建造质量。方法在目前仍然存在血吸虫病流行的湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、云南、四川7个省,每省随机抽取2个流行县,每县分别选取2个流行村,每村随机抽取30户农户进行卫生厕所建造质量现场调查。结果三格化粪池和三联式沼气池是血吸虫病流行农村地区改厕的主要类型,血吸虫病流行地区建造、使用的卫生厕所中,64.8%建造位置在室内或院内,52.6%建造位置与水体距离〉10 m,75.0%出粪口上沿高度≥100 mm,96.1%使用陶瓷、塑料、水泥预制便器,98.2%厕屋面积〉1.2 m2,95.8%厕屋完整。三格化粪池式卫生厕所中,仅有23.1%的户厕地下部分的建造设计符合或接近《血吸虫病流行地区农村改厕技术规范（试行）》的设计与施工要求。结论血吸虫病流行地区建造、使用的卫生厕所总体符合我国相关农村户厕卫生标准的要求,三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分的建造设计和施工亟待规范。     

血吸虫病疫区农村粪便无公害化处理系统卫生学效果评价

目的  分析比较三格式户厕、粪便无公害化处理系统杀灭血吸虫卵的效果和处理生活污水的功效。 方法  将感染家兔后获得的血吸虫卵置于三格式户厕和粪便无公害化处理系统第一池中,在5、10、15、20、25和30天分别取出虫卵进行孵化,观察计算毛蚴数;采用GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级（B）标准,分别测定实验A组和实验B组出水口污水水样,分析COD、TP、TN的处理效率和排放值。 结果  粪便无公害化处理系统中“标准虫卵”和“粪渣虫卵”的虫卵灭活天数均为15天,在三格式无害化厕所中,“标准虫卵”的虫卵灭活天数为15天,“粪渣虫卵”的虫卵灭活天数为20天;对比GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级（B）标准,三格式无害化厕所污水中COD、TP、TN指标三次检测均严重超标,粪便无公害化处理系统污水经无公害化处理系统处理,三个指标三次检测均达标。 结论  三格式户厕、粪便无公害化处理系统杀灭血吸虫卵效果均为100%,但粪便无公害化处理系统经生态污水处理能有效去除生活污水中COD、TP、TN,使出水口水质达到GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级（B）标准。     

中国血吸虫病流行地区农村户厕粪便寄生虫虫卵状况分析

目的了解我国血吸虫病流行地区农村人群粪便寄生虫虫卵的状况和卫生厕所的无害化效果。方法在中国目前仍然存在血吸虫病流行的湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、云南、四川7个省,随机抽取流行县、村,每村采集30个农户厕所粪便样品。样品的采集、检测按照《粪便无害化卫生标准》(GB7959-87)规定的方法进行。结果 1 200份非卫生户厕贮粪池粪便样品和卫生厕所进粪口粪便样品,寄生虫虫卵平均数44.12个/100 ml(0~2 610个/100 ml),41.7%的样品检出寄生虫虫卵;活蛔虫卵平均数3.70个/100 ml(0~165个/100 ml),30.1%的样品检出活蛔虫卵。840份卫生厕所出粪口粪液样品,寄生虫虫卵平均数24.33个/100 ml(0~600个/100 ml),28.5%的样品检出寄生虫虫卵;活蛔虫卵平均数0.61个/100ml(0~86个/100ml)。379个无害化卫生厕所平均寄生虫虫卵沉降率为48.44%(-41.50%~100.00%),平均活蛔虫卵死亡率为84.43%(-19.71%~100.00%)。结论中国血吸虫病流行地区农村人群粪便中寄生虫虫卵数量较少、检出率低,卫生厕所能够有效控制和杀灭寄生虫虫卵。     

云南省血吸虫病流行区无害化卫生厕所效果评价

目的了解血吸虫病流行区卫生厕所改造状况，评价其对粪便处理的卫生效果。方法在2个县（市）4个血吸虫病流行村分别随机抽取30座已改造的卫生厕所，按照《粪便无害化卫生标准》相关要求，检测卫生厕所贮粪池粪液、出口粪液的大肠菌群和寄生虫卵进行分析。结果共检测卫生厕所120座，出口粪液大肠菌值合格率为93．33％，蛔虫卵死亡率为100％，寄生虫卵沉降合格率为92．50％。结论血吸虫病流行区建设或改造的卫生厕所，对粪便中的大肠菌群和寄生虫卵有较好的杀灭作用，但应加强管理，提高改厕覆盖率，使其发挥更大效益。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.