苯那普利、缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的观察苯那普利与缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)和肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达水平的影响,探讨ACE2在高血压发病机制和药物治疗中的意义.方法12周龄雄性SHR 28只,分为空白对照组(Sc)、苯那普利组(10 mg/kg·d)(Sb)、小剂量缬沙坦组(10 mg/kg·d)(Sl)、大剂量缬沙坦组(30 mg/kg·d)(Sh),每组7只,7只雄性WKY大鼠为正常对照.药物治疗3月后,用放射免疫法测定血浆Ang Ⅱ含量,RT-PCR法测定肾脏中ACE和ACE2 mRNA的表达水平,免疫组化法比较肾脏中ACE2蛋白的表达.结果与WKY大鼠相比,SHR肾脏中ACE2 mRNA及其蛋白的表达均明显降低,而ACE mRNA的表达和血浆Ang Ⅱ水平则明显升高(P<0.05).缬沙坦治疗后SHR血压显著下降而血浆Ang Ⅱ水平则进一步升高,肾脏中ACE2的表达水平明显升高,且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05).苯那普利治疗对SHR血浆Ang Ⅱ水平及肾脏ACE2的表达则无明显影响.结论SHR体内ACE和ACE2的表达失衡可能在高血压的发病机制中有重要意义.血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)可能通过升高SHR血浆Ang Ⅱ的水平而增加肾脏中ACE2的表达,ACE2表达的增加可能是ARB抗高血压治疗的一个新药理机制.     

苯那普利、缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的观察苯那普利与缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达水平的影响,探讨ACE2在高血压发病机制和药物治疗中的意义。方法12周龄雄性SHR28只,分为空白对照组(Sc)、苯那普利组(10mg/kg.d)(Sb)、小剂量缬沙坦组(10mg/kg.d)(Sl)、大剂量缬沙坦组(30mg/kg.d)(Sh),每组7只,7只雄性WKY大鼠为正常对照。药物治疗3月后,用放射免疫法测定血浆AngⅡ含量,RT-PCR法测定肾脏中ACE和ACE2mRNA的表达水平,免疫组化法比较肾脏中ACE2蛋白的表达。结果与WKY大鼠相比,SHR肾脏中ACE2mRNA及其蛋白的表达均明显降低,而ACEmRNA的表达和血浆AngⅡ水平则明显升高(P<0.05)。缬沙坦治疗后SHR血压显著下降而血浆AngⅡ水平则进一步升高,肾脏中ACE2的表达水平明显升高,且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。苯那普利治疗对SHR血浆AngⅡ水平及肾脏ACE2的表达则无明显影响。结论SHR体内ACE和ACE2的表达失衡可能在高血压的发病机制中有重要意义。血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)可能通过升高SHR血浆AngⅡ的水平而增加肾脏中ACE2的表达,ACE2表达的增加可能是ARB抗高血压治疗的一个新药理机制。     

黄芪对高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的探讨两肾一夹(2K1C)高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达。了解甘肃黄芪对大鼠肾脏ACE2mRNA表达及血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的影响,观察黄芪的降压效果。方法50只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为5组:正常对照组(n=10);2K1C高血压组(n=10);2K1C+缬沙坦组(n=10);2K1C+黄芪20g/(kg.d)组(n=10);2K1C+黄芪10g/(kg.d)组(n=10)。8周后,用RT-PCR法检测肾脏ACE2mRNA表达,免疫组化法检测肾脏ACE2表达,放射免疫分析法测定肾脏局部AngⅡ水平。结果2K1C高血压大鼠肾脏ACE2mRNA表达较正常大鼠降低(0.282±0.025vs0.359±0.017,P<0.05),高、低剂量黄芪及缬沙坦治疗大鼠ACE2mRNA表达(0.398±0.004,0.391±0.006,0.403±0.009)均高于对照组(0.282±0.025)(P<0.05)。高剂量黄芪组降低肾脏局部AngⅡ效果较缬沙坦组明显(P<0.01)。缬沙坦和黄芪治疗都明显降低血压(P<0.01)。结论2K1C高血压大鼠肾脏组织中ACE2mRNA表达降低。甘肃黄芪及缬沙坦在降压的同时增加肾脏组织ACE2mRNA表达。     

黄芪对高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的 探讨两肾一夹(2K1C)高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达.了解甘肃黄芪对大鼠肾脏ACE2 mRNA表达及血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的影响,观察黄芪的降压效果.方法 50只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为5组:正常对照组(n=10);2K1C高血压组(n=10);2K1C 缬沙坦组(n=10);2K1C 黄芪20 g/(kg·d)组(n=10);2K1C 黄芪10 g/(kg·d)组(n=10).8周后,用RT-PCR法检测肾脏ACE2 mRNA表达,免疫组化法检测肾脏ACE2表达,放射免疫分析法测定肾脏局部AngⅡ水平.结果 2K1C高血压大鼠肾脏ACE2 mRNA表达较正常大鼠降低(0.282±0.025 vs 0.359±0.017,P＜0.05),高、低剂量黄芪及缬沙坦治疗大鼠ACE2 mmRNA表达(0.398±0.004,0.391±0.006,0.403±0.009)均高于对照组(0.282±0.025)(P＜0.05).高剂量黄芪组降低肾脏局部AngⅡ效果较缬沙坦组明显(P＜0.01).缬沙坦和黄芪治疗都明显降低血压(P＜0.01).结论 2K1C高血压大鼠肾脏组织中ACE2 mRNA表达降低.甘肃黄芪及缬沙坦在降压的同时增加肾脏组织ACE2 mRNA表达.     

培哚普利对慢性心力衰竭患者血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1水平的影响

目的:评价培哚普利对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)水平的影响。方法:分别采用放射免疫法和酶联免疫吸附法测定60例CHF患者及20例健康人(正常对照组)血浆AngⅡ、PAI-1水平。60例CHF患者随机分为常规治疗组(30例)和培哚普利组(30例)。培哚普利组在常规治疗基础上加用培哚普利2~4mg,qd。治疗2周后复测血浆AngⅡ、PAI-1水平。结果:治疗前CHF患者血浆AngⅡ、PAI-1水平比正常对照组明显增高(P<0.01)。治疗2周后,培哚普利组血浆AngⅡ、PAI-1水平比常规治疗组明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:培哚普利不仅可抑制肾素-血管紧张素系统,而且可改善内源性纤溶功能。     

缬沙坦对代谢综合征大鼠心脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的探讨代谢综合征(MS)大鼠心肌组织中血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达,及其与血浆心肌局部血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的关系并观察缬沙坦对其影响。方法 SPF 级雄性 Wistar 大鼠50只,随机分5组,每组各10只:正常对照组;MS 模型组;MS+缬沙坦10 mg/(kg·d)组;MS+缬沙坦20 mg/(kg·d)组;MS+缬沙坦30 mg/(kg·d)组。6周后用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法测定心肌 ACE2 mRNA 表达;免疫组化法测定心肌 ACE2;放射免疫法测定血浆及心肌局部 AngⅡ水平。结果与正常大鼠组比较,MS 大鼠收缩压升高(P<0.01),心肌组织中 ACE2 mRNA 及 ACE2表达降低(mRNA:0.26±0.02 vs 0.85±0.03,P<0.01;蛋白:113.69±5.62 vs 168.20±3.46,P<0.01),心肌及血浆 AngⅡ水平明显升高(P<0.01)。缬沙坦干预后收缩压明显下降,心肌及血浆 AngⅡ水平进一步升高(P<0.01),心肌组织中 ACE2 mRNA 及 ACE2表达增加(mRNA,10 mg/d:0.45±0.02,20 mg/...     

缬沙坦对代谢综合征大鼠心脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的 探讨代谢综合征(MS)大鼠心肌组织中血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达,及其与血浆心肌局部血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的关系并观察缬沙坦对其影响.方法 SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠50只,随机分5组,每组各10只:正常对照组;MS模型组;MS 缬沙坦10 mg/(kg·d)组;MS 缬沙坦20 mg/(kg·d)组;MS 缬沙坦30 mg/(kg·d)组.6周后用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法测定心肌ACE2 mRNA表达;免疫组化法测定心肌ACE2;放射免疫法测定血浆及心肌局部AngⅡ水平.结果 与正常大鼠组比较,MS大鼠收缩压升高(P<0.01),心肌组织中ACE2 mRNA及ACE2表达降低(mRNA:0.6±0.02 vs 0.85±0.03,P<0.01;蛋白:113.69±5.62 vs 168.20±3.46,P<0.01),心肌及血浆AngⅡ水平明显升高(P<0.01).缬沙坦干预后收缩压明显下降,心肌及血浆AngⅡ水平进一步升高(P<0.01),心肌组织中ACE2 mRNA及ACE2表达增加(mRNA,10 mg/d:0.45±0.02,20 mg/d:0.65±0.03,30 mg/d:0.75±0.03;蛋白:10 mg/d:127.58±5.48,20 mg/d:140.66±4.18,30 mg/d:157.63±3.50)明显高于MS模型组(mRNA:0.26±0.02,P<0.01;蛋白:113.69±5.62,P<0.01),呈剂量依赖型(P<0.01).结论 MS大鼠心肌ACE2表达降低.缬沙坦降低收缩压水平,还可能通过升高血浆及心肌局部Ang Ⅱ水平来提高MS大鼠心肌组织中ACE2 mRNA及蛋白表达.     

培哚普利对自发性高血压大鼠内源性一氧化碳的影响

目的 探讨培哚普利对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)内源性一氧化碳(CO)产生的影响.方法 选取自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)及年龄、体质量相匹配的正常血压(WKY)大鼠各16只,随机各分为培哚普利组和对照组(各8只),胃内分别注入培哚普利2 mg/(kg*d)或等量生理盐水14 d,于试验开始前一天和结束当天分别采血,应用连二亚硫酸钠将血液中的多组分血红蛋白还原为血红蛋白(Hb)和碳氧血红蛋白(COHb),用双波长分光光度法测定全血420 nm和432 nm的吸光度,计算出COHb的百分含量,并用放射免疫技术检测血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)的水平.结果 培哚普利治疗后,WKY大鼠血压、Ang Ⅱ及COHb百分含量无变化;但SHR血压及血浆Ang Ⅱ含量明显降低[SHR组收缩压:培哚普利组:(153.5±10.1)比对照组:(170.6±11.4)mm Hg,P＜0.01;SHR组Ang Ⅱ:培哚普利组:(427.7±31.7)比对照组:(529.7±40.5)pg/mL,P＜0.01],培哚普利还明显升高COHb百分含量[SHR组COHb:培哚普利组:(1.40±0.14)%比对照组:(1.28±0.10)%,P=0.01].SHR培哚普利组用药后较用药前血压和Ang Ⅱ明显降低(P＜0.05),而COHb百分含量明显升高[(1.40±0.14比1.29±0.16)%,P=0.001],实验结束时SHR培哚普利组和对照组COHb含量与Ang Ⅱ浓度均呈负相关(r分别为-0.54和-0.49,P＜0.05).结论 培哚普利可能通过抑制Ang Ⅱ的生成,使内源性CO的产生增加.     

苯那普利、缬沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的观察糖尿病大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)的表达及苯那普利、缬沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾脏ACE2表达水平的影响,初步探讨ACE2在糖尿病肾病发病机制中的作用。方法3月龄的SD雄性大鼠,腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分为3组,每组7只,分别为糖尿病模型组、苯那普利治疗组[10mg/(kg.d)]、缬沙坦治疗组[10mg/(kg.d)],SD雄鼠7只作为正常对照组。给药3月后,处死动物、留取标本,反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法测定肾脏中ACE和ACE2 mRNA的表达水平,免疫组化法比较肾脏中ACE2蛋白的表达水平。结果与正常对照组相比,糖尿病模型组大鼠ACE、ACE2 mRNA表达分别下降30.7%、50.1%(P<0.05)。与糖尿病模型组比较,苯那普利组ACE mRNA的表达明显增加(P<0.01),ACE2 mRNA的表达无明显差异;缬沙坦组ACE mRNA的表达治疗后没有明显变化,而ACE2 mRNA和蛋白的表达均有明显增加,分别增加68.7%和69.8%(P<0.01)。结论1)肾脏局部ACE2表达水平的降低可能是糖尿病大鼠肾损害的发病机制之一;2)ARB可能是通过增加肾脏局部ACE2的表达而发挥肾脏保护作用。     

一氧化氮缺乏在高血压及心血管重构中的作用

目的:探讨一氧化氮(NO)缺乏所致高血压、心血管重构的作用及机理.方法:Wistar大鼠,经饮水给予不同药物,如下分组:对照组(C组):仅给予饮水;NO合酶抑制剂组(L组):L-NAME 50 mg/kg.d-1;大剂量培哚普利组(L+HA组):L-NAME 50 mg/kg.d-1+培哚普利4 mg/kg.d-1 ;小剂量培哚普利组(L+LA组):L-NAME 50 mg/kg.d-1+培哚普利0.4 mg/kg.d-1.每两周监测血压一次(尾袖法).8周后,颈动脉插管测定动脉压、采血样、摘取心脏,测定心脏湿重及室壁厚度,用病理及体视学方法测定心肌细胞大小、血管中膜厚度、血管周围纤维化程度、管壁厚度/腔径比、管壁面积/腔径等心血管重构指标.测定血浆及组织中NO、内皮素-1(ET-1)、血管紧张素AngⅠ、 AngⅡ、血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)含量或活性.结果:L组大鼠血压明显升高、心血管系统出现明显重构改变,血浆中NO含量降低,ET、Ang I 含量增高;心肌组织中NO含量降低,ACE活性、AngⅡ、AngⅠ含量增高.经大剂量培哚普利(4 mg/kg.d-1)干预后,血压得到控制,心血管重构及血液、心肌中的生化指标得到改善,与对照组相比无明显差异.小剂量培哚普利(0.4 mg/kg.d-1)对血压无明显影响,但心室重构得到一定程度的改善.结论:本研究证实,抑制NO合成可引起血压升高和心血管重构.血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)能使心血管重构得到改善,说明在该模型中,心肌局部组织中的肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAS)参与了心血管重构的形成过程.     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.