上肢位及椅子高度对脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移时下肢负重及稳定性的影响

目的：探讨上肢位及椅子高度对脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移下肢负重及稳定性的影响。方法：脑卒中偏瘫患者30例,分别在双手叉握（GA）及双手交叉胸前（CA）两种上肢位及两种不同高度的椅子（高椅及标准椅）上完成坐-站转移测试,采用AL-080型步态与平衡功能训练评估系统对受试者完成坐-站转移的时间、双下肢负重、双下肢负重不对称性（IOA）及人体重心点（COG）在冠状面上的摆动幅度（COGX）进行测量,探讨其不同差异。结果：姿势GA时,除坐-站转移所需的时间外,健足平均负重、患足平均负重、IOA及COGX与姿势CA相比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。在高椅子上完成坐-站转移时,与标准椅子相比较,健足平均负重、患足平均负重及IOA无明显差异,而坐-站转移所需时间以及COGX均差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。左侧脑卒中偏瘫与右侧偏瘫相比较,坐-站转移所需时间、患侧下肢负重、健侧下肢负重、IOA及COGX均无差异（P〈0.05）。结论：不同上肢位影响脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移的下肢负重及稳定性;椅子高度影响脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移的稳定性。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移生物力学分析研究进展

脑卒中偏瘫常导致患者坐-站转移功能障碍。本文从生物力学角度综述脑卒中偏瘫患者在坐-站转移过程中的运动学、动力学及表面肌电的研究进展,介绍脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移功能障碍的康复方案。发现在自然、对称和健足置后等三种不同足位条件下站起,患者的稳定性、坐-站转移时间、下肢负重对称性、肌肉激活程度和时序都有所不同;偏瘫患者进行早期坐-站转移康复训练或配合其他康复可改善患侧下肢功能,预防跌倒和患侧肢体失用。     

不同足位对脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移稳定性及下肢负重的影响

目的探讨不同足位对脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移稳定性及下肢负重的影响。 方法选取脑卒中偏瘫患者36例（实验组）和健康人36例（对照组）,2组受试者均需在双足（BF）踝背屈10°、BF踝背屈10°时患足置后（PFP）或非优势足置后（UFDP）、BF踝背屈10°时健足置后（NPFP）或优势足置后（DFP）3种足位下完成坐-站转移测试,采用AL-080型步态与平衡功能训练评估系统对受试者完成坐-站转移的时间、双下肢负重差异（ALD）、人体重心点（COG）在冠状面上的摆动幅度（COGX）进行测量,探讨其不同差异。 结果BF踝背屈10°时,除坐-站转移所需的时间外,健足平均负重［（59.12±2.71）%］、患足平均负重［（40.88±2.71）%］、ALD［（18.24±5.41）%］及COGX［（3.58±0.76）cm］与PFP比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。NPFP时,上述所有指标与PFP比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,与BF踝背屈10°时各指标比较,除坐-站转移所需时间外,剩余指标与其差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与对照组UDEP比较,BF踝背屈10°时所有指标均有不同程度增高或降低（P<0.05）,DFP时,除坐-站转移所需时间外,剩余指标与UDFP时比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组3种足位下所有指标与实验组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。实验组PFP时（r=0.753、P=0.00）、BF踝背屈10°时（r=0.798、P=0.00）、NPFP时（r=0.814、P=0.00）ALD与COGX之间呈高度正相关性,对照组UDFP时（r=0.764、P=0.00）、BF踝背屈10°时（r=0.824、P=0.00）、DFP时（r=0.838、P=0.00）ALD与COGX之间亦呈高度正相关性。 结论不同足位对脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移稳定性及下肢负重的影响较大,患者双下肢负重的对称性越高,其姿势稳定性越好。     

偏瘫患者上肢位置对坐站转移姿势稳定性的影响

目的:探讨偏瘫患者不同的上肢位置对坐站转移稳定性的影响。方法:观察组(脑卒中偏瘫患者)和对照组(正常人)各30例,2组均在两种上肢位置下完成坐站转移,对受试者完成坐站转移的时间、下肢负重、人体重心点的摆动幅度进行比较。结果:观察组受试者上肢的体位对坐站转移的稳定性影响显著(P0.05),双手叉握下完成坐站转移的稳定性要明显优于双手自然放于身体两侧(P0.05)。结论:脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢位置影响坐站转移的稳定性,当双手叉握时,完成坐站转移的稳定性较好。     

对称负重式坐站-站坐训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能以及ADL的影响

目的：探讨对称负重式坐站-站坐训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能以及ADL的影响。方法：48例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为2组各24例,生命体征平稳后均接受常规康复治疗,对照组给予常规的双足平行位进行坐站-站坐训练;观察组患者采用患足置后下坐站-站坐训练;2组患者均接受4周,每周5次,每次30min的坐站-站坐训练。训练前后分别采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分、改良Barthel指数评定量表 (MBI)评定平衡能力、日常生活活动能力,使用平衡评估系统测试2组患者训练前后坐位静态下压力中心点的轨迹长及轨迹面积（COP-SL、COP-SA）、训练后独立完成坐站及站坐的时间、双下肢负重对称性（WBasym）。结果：训练后,2组患者CoP-SL较训练前明显降低（P<0.01）,2组患者CoP-SA、BBS及MBI较训练前明显提高（P<0.01）;观察组的BBS及MBI评分更高于对照组（P<0.01）,2组的坐位平衡比较差异无统计学意义。训练4周后,观察组完成坐-站转移所需的时间、健侧下肢负重、WBasym均明显低于对照组（P<0.01）,患足负重明显高于对照组（P<0.01）。观察组完成站-坐转移所需的时间、健/患侧下肢负重、WBasym与对照组相比较,差异无统计学意义。结论：对称负重式坐站-站坐训练能更好地促进脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能以及ADL提高。     

早期坐-站转移训练对亚急性脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能的影响

目的：探讨早期坐-站训练对亚急性脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能的影响。方法：44例亚急性不能独立完成坐-站转移的脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为2组各22例,均接受常规康复治疗,对照组给予常规辅助下坐-站转移训练;观察组患者采用患足置后下辅助坐-站转移训练。训练前后采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评估2组患者的平衡功能、AL-080平衡功能评估系统测试2组患者训练前后坐位静态下压力中心点的轨迹长（SLsi）、坐位稳定极限下压力中心点的最大面积（SAsi）、训练后独立完成坐-站转移时间（T）、双下肢负重差异（ALD）、足底压力峰值（Fmax）以及站立静态下压力中心点的轨迹长（SLst）、站立稳定极限下压力中心点的最大面积（SAst）。结果：训练2周后,2组SLsi评分均较训练前明显下降(P<0.01),且观察组更低于对照组(P<0.05);2组SAsi及BBS评分均较训练前明显提高(P<0.01),且观察组更高于对照组(P<0.05)。训练后, 观察组完成坐-站转移所需的时间、健侧下肢负重及ALD评分均明显低于对照组(P<0.05),观察组患侧下肢负重、Fmax及动态SAst评分均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);2组SLst评分比较差异无统计学意义。结论：早期坐-站转移训练能更好地促进脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能提高,且采用患足置后下坐-站转移训练效果更佳。     

改良坐-站转移训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及平衡能力的影响

目的观察改良坐-站训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及平衡能力的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将50例脑卒中后偏瘫患者分为实验组及对照组,每组25例。2组患者于生命体征稳定后均给予常规康复治疗,对照组患者在此基础上辅以常规坐-站转移训练,实验组患者则辅以改良坐-站转移训练（即在患足置后情况下进行坐-站转移训练）。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)、Fugl-Meyer评定法下肢部分（FMA-L）对2组患者进行评定,同时使用AL-080型平衡功能评估系统对2组患者坐-站转移所需时间、下肢负重差异（ALD）及人体重心在冠状面上摆动幅度（COGX）进行评测,并观察其差异性。 结果与治疗前比较,2组患者治疗后其BBS评分、FMA-L评分、坐-站转移所需时间、ALD及COGX均显著改善（P<0.05）;进一步分析发现,实验组患者治疗后其BBS评分［(47.5±5.3)分］、FMA-L评分［(22.4±7.3)分］、坐-站转移所需时间［(3.01±0.61)s］、ALD［(17.24±5.35)］及COGX［(2.87±0.52)cm］均显著优于对照组水平（P<0.05）。 结论改良坐-站转移训练能进一步促进脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及平衡能力提高,该疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

对称负重式坐站—站坐训练对脑卒中偏瘫病人平衡功能、坐站转移能力及双下肢负重对称性的影响

目的:探讨对称负重式坐站—站坐训练对脑卒中偏瘫病人平衡功能、坐站转移能力及双下肢负重对称性的影响。方法:选取本院150例脑卒中偏瘫病人为研究对象,依据训练干预方式不同分为常规组和观察组各75例。两组均行常规康复治疗,常规组予常规双足平行位行坐站—站坐训练,观察组予对称负重式坐站—站坐训练,对比两组平衡功能,坐站转移能力,步态对称性。结果:两组干预2个月末Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分、压力中心轨迹包围的最大面积(CoP-SA)较干预前升高,观察组高于常规组;坐位静态下压力中心点的轨迹长(CoP-SL)较干预前降低,观察组低于常规组(P<0.05)。两组干预2个月末5次坐立测试(FTSST)、起立-行走计时测试(TUGT)水平较干预前降低,观察组低于常规组;观察组干预2个月末独立完成坐站、独立完成站坐时间低于常规组(P<0.05)。两组干预2个月末健患侧支撑比值、患健摆动比值、步长偏差水平较干预前降低,观察组低于常规组;观察组由坐到站、由站到坐下肢负重的不对称性(WBasym)水平高于常规组(P<0.05)。结论:对称负重式坐站-站坐训练可调节脑卒中偏瘫病人步态对称性,...     

强化蹲-起训练联合核心稳定性训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移能力及步态对称性的影响

目的：探讨强化蹲-起训练及核心稳定性训练对恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移能力及步态对称性 的影响。方法：恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者50例随机分为常规组和强化组,各25例。2组均给予常规康复治疗 并强化核心稳定性训练,强化组在此基础上增加强化蹲-起训练。训练前、训练6周后分别采用5次坐立测 试（FTSST）评估坐站转移能力,起立-行走计时测试（TUGT）评估坐-站-步行能力,Gait Watch三维步态分析 系统评估步态对称性参数（包括步长偏差、健患侧支撑比值及患健侧摆动比值）。结果：训练6周后,2组患 者FTSST、TUGT测试结果,步长偏差、健患侧支撑比值及患健侧摆动比值均显著低于同组训练前（均P＜ 0.05）,且强化组低于常规组（均P＜0.05）。结论：强化蹲-起训练联合核心稳定性训练可有效改善恢复期脑 卒中偏瘫患者坐站转移能力及步态对称性。     

椅面前倾对脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移的影响

目的 探讨不同椅面前倾角度对脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移时间及下肢肌肉激活的影响。方法 2019年1月至8月,脑卒中偏瘫患者15例,采用高强度海绵楔形垫调整座椅前倾角度,患者在平椅(0°)、前倾10°和前倾20°下分别完成5次坐-站转移,记录坐-站转移时间,双下肢股直肌、腘绳肌、胫骨前肌和腓肠肌内侧头表面肌电(sEMG)信号。结果 前倾10°和20°时,各肌肉总肌电峰值、均方根(RMS)值和积分肌电(iEMG)值均比0°时降低(F > 4.530, P < 0.05),前倾20°时坐-站转移时间短于0°时( P < 0.05)。 结论 椅面前倾特定角度可改善脑卒中偏瘫患者坐-站转移表现。     

Effects of a knee–ankle–foot orthosis on gait biomechanical characteristics of paretic and non-paretic limbs in hemiplegic patients with genu recurvatum

Background

A knee–ankle–foot orthosis may be prescribed for the prevention of genu recurvatum during the stance phase of gait. It allows also to limit abnormal plantarflexion during swing phase. The aim is to improve gait in hemiplegic patients and to prevent articular degeneration of the knee. However, the effects of knee–ankle–foot orthosis on both the paretic and non-paretic limbs during gait have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to quantify biomechanical adaptations induced by wearing a knee–ankle–foot orthosis, on the paretic and non-paretic limbs of hemiplegic patients during gait.

Methods

Eleven hemiplegic patients with genu recurvatum performed two gait analyses (without and with the knee–ankle–foot orthosis). Spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic gait parameters of both lower limbs were quantified using an instrumented gait analysis system during the stance and swing phases of the gait cycle.

Findings

The knee–ankle–foot orthosis improved spatio-temporal gait parameters. During stance phase on the paretic side, knee hyperextension was reduced and ankle plantarflexion and hip flexion were increased. During swing phase, ankle dorsiflexion increased in the paretic limb and knee extension increased in the non-paretic limb. The paretic limb knee flexion moment also decreased.

Interpretation

Wearing a knee–ankle–foot orthosis improved gait parameters in hemiplegic patients with genu recurvatum. It increased gait velocity, by improving cadence, stride length and non-paretic step length. These spatiotemporal adaptations seem mainly due to the decrease in knee hyperextension during stance phase and to the increase in paretic limb ankle dorsiflexion during both phases of the gait cycle.     

Adaptation process for standing postural control in individuals with hemiparesis

Purpose.?To study the adaptation process for standing postural control in patients with hemiparesis after stroke.

Methods.?The changes of a standing posture developed in nine hemiparetic patients who had never maintained an upright stance alone (aged 48–62 years; 6–19 days after stroke) was evaluated by recording ground reaction forces and surface electromyographic (EMG) from lower limbs. A 60-s standing trial without any instruction about body alignment was repeated five times, and the experience-related changes of centre of pressure (COP) and integrated EMG data were estimated.

Results.?In the early standing trials, patients balanced themselves by managing the average COP position around the midline of both feet, accompanied by increased muscular activity of the non-paretic leg. COP displacement gradually decreased in the later standing trials (P < 0.05). Postural adaptations were achieved by shifting the centre of body sway to the side of the non-paretic foot (P < 0.05) while reducing biceps femoris muscular activity (P < 0.01) in the non-paretic leg.

Conclusions.?This study revealed that weight-bearing asymmetry might contribute to improving increased body sway and muscular over-activity of the non-paretic leg. When planning rehabilitative treatment for hemiparetic patients, we should consider that weight-bearing asymmetry may be a result of systematic postural control.     

上肢康复机器人训练治疗脑卒中偏瘫患者

目的:探讨上肢康复机器人训练治疗脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的疗效.方法:脑卒中偏瘫患者46例,随机分为对照组和观察组各23例,2组均接受基础药物和常规康复治疗,观察组增加上肢康复机器人训练.治疗前后进行上肢Brunnstrom分级、简式Fugl-Meyer运动量表上肢部分(FMA-UE)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定.结果:治疗4周后,2组上肢Brunnstrom分级均较治疗前显著改善(P＜0.05),但2组间差异无统计学意义;2组FMA-UE和MBI评分较治疗前明显提高(P＜0.05),且观察组提高更显著(P＜0.05).结论:上肢康复机器人训练有利于改善脑卒中患者上肢功能,且能促进日常生活活动能力的恢复.     

肌内效贴结合常规运动疗法对偏瘫患者下肢功能及步态的疗效观察

目的:观察肌内效贴结合常规运动疗法对偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及步态的影响。方法:60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分成观察组和对照组各30例。对照组采用常规康复训练方法,观察组在此基础上增加肌内效贴的贴扎治疗。于治疗前及治疗8周后采用下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)、功能性步行能力分级(FAC)及足印分析法对2组患者进行评定。结果:治疗8周后,2组患者的FMA评分、FAC分级较组内治疗前均有明显提高(P0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,2组患者患侧的平均步长、步宽及步速较组内治疗前均有明显提高(P0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:使用肌内效贴结合常规运动疗法可进一步改善脑卒中后偏瘫患者的下肢运动功能,提高步行能力。     

下肢康复机器人LR2训练对偏瘫患者下肢肌痉挛和ADL能力改善的疗效观察

目的:探讨分析下肢康复机器人LR2训练后,偏瘫患者肌痉挛和ADL能力的改善情况。方法:将40例脑卒中偏瘫患者按随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组,每组各20例。试验组在常规康复治疗的同时,运用LR2进行下肢康复训练,每天1次,每次30min,共治疗6周;对照组仅予以常规康复治疗,每天1次,每次30min,共治疗6周。在入组时、6周后分别采用改良Ashworth痉挛评定量表、简式Fugl-Meyer运动量表下肢部分和改良Barthel指数评定法对两组患者下肢肌张力、下肢运动功能及生活自理能力进行评定,比较两组的疗效。结果:两组患者下肢肌张力较治疗前均有明显降低(P0.05),下肢运动功能及日常生活自理能力较治疗前有明显提高(P0.05),且试验组疗效明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:下肢康复机器人LR2对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢肌痉挛有显著的改善作用,可提高患者下肢运动功能及生活自理能力,且近期疗效优于常规的康复治疗。     

The effect of immediate decreasing of weight bearing asymmetry on quiet standing postural control in individuals with chronic stroke

The main patterns characterizing standing posture of hemiparetic patients include: weight-bearing asymmetry (WBA), larger postural sway, asymmetrical contribution of lower limbs to balance control, and increased visual dependency to balance control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of decreasing WBA with the use of a shoe lift, on quiet standing postural control in patients with chronic stroke. Twenty-seven patients participated in this study. Patients completed two tests: 1) quiet standing; and 2) quiet standing while a lift was placed under the non-paretic limb. The following tests were completed on force plates for evaluation: asymmetry of the balance measures (weight bearing, root mean square (RMS) of anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) center of pressure (COP) velocity), RMS of total AP and ML COP velocity, and AP and ML Romberg quotients. Paired t-tests were used to analyze the data. The mean value of WBA index decreased significantly after using a lift (p < 0.05). However, the changes of the mean value of other postural control parameters were not significant (p > 0.05). The results indicate that there may not be an association between decreased WBA and improved postural control during quiet standing in patients with stroke.     

Effects of lifting the non-paretic foot on muscle activity during the semi-squat exercise in hemiplegic patients

[Purpose] This study compared the electromyographic activity of the quadriceps in hemiplegic patients during the downward, maintenance, and upward phases of squat exercises performed with the feet parallel and with the non-paretic foot lifted. [Subjects] A total of 17 hemiplegic patients (9 males and 8 females) volunteered for this study. [Methods] All subjects performed squat exercises with the knees flexed to 30° and with the feet parallel (shoulder-width apart) or with lifting of the non-paretic foot (normalized to 25% of the knee height). [Results] The activity of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis oblique, and vastus lateralis muscles was significantly higher during squat exercises performed with the non-paretic foot lifted than with the feet parallel to each other. The activity of all muscles during the maintenance phase of the exercises was greater than that during the downward and upward phases. [Conclusion] Lifting the non-paretic foot during squats may represent an effective exercise for motor function rehabilitation in hemiplegic patients.Key words: EMG, Foot lifting, Squat exercise