小腿骨筋膜室综合征治疗体会

目的:本文介绍43例小腿骨筋膜室综合征的治疗经验和一种新的暂时闭合筋膜切开减压伤口的方法.方法:采用回顾性研究.结果:外伤后直接接受治疗的35例病人中,33例获得优良结果,无后遗症,1例因严重挫伤而截肢,1例手术后死于急性肾功能衰竭和DIC.由外院治疗后转入的8例病人中,5例出现Volkmann缺血性肌挛缩,3例因肢体坏死而截肢.5例筋膜切开减压术后的伤口采用人工皮覆盖,二次手术伤口直接缝合.结论:小腿骨筋膜室综合征早期采用保守治疗对部分病人是有效的,如在治疗过程中症状、体征恶化,应尽早行筋膜室切开减压术.采用人工皮及负压吸引系统覆盖伤口能迅速降低组织压,防止感染.     

小腿骨筋膜室综合征治疗体会

目的：本文介绍43例小腿骨筋膜室综合征的治疗经验和一种新的暂时闭合筋膜切开减压伤口的方法。方法：采用回顾性研究。结果：外伤后直接接受治疗的35例病人中，33例获得优良结果，无后遗症，1例因严重挫伤而截肢，1例手术后死于急性肾功能衰竭和DIC。由外院治疗后转入的8例病人中，5例出现Volkmann缺血性肌挛缩，3例因肢体坏死而截肢。5例筋膜切开减压术后的伤口采用人工皮覆盖，二次手术伤口直接缝合。结论：小腿骨筋膜室综合征早期采用保守治疗对部分病人是有效的，如在治疗过程中症状、体征恶化，应尽早行筋膜室切开减压术。采用人工皮及负压吸引系统覆盖伤口能迅速降低组织压，防止感染。     

胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征的临床治疗

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折合并小腿骨筋膜室综合征的发生机理与临床治疗策略。方法本组胫骨平台骨折病人108例，其中13例并发骨筋膜室综合征，男11例，女2例，年龄15～67岁，平均37岁，进行小腿筋膜室切开减压加腘窝筋膜切开和骨折固定治疗。结果7例先行小腿筋膜室减压，胫骨平台骨折未作处理，术后发现小腿肿胀减退不明显，肌肉外翻张力仍高，分别在术后8～24h内进行二次手术腘窝筋膜切开减压，腘动脉探查，骨折固定。1例小腿缺血改变严重，坏死并行股骨髁上截肢，1例小腿肌肉坏死，3例足部皮肤溃烂，2例无并发症发生，肢体均成活。5例小腿筋膜室减压同时行腘窝筋膜切开减压和骨折固定治疗，预后良好，功能正常。1例拒绝手术治疗导致截肢。结论胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征，早期行小腿骨筋膜室切开减压加腘窝筋膜切开减压和骨折固定治疗，在减压的同时应松解膪窝部的动静脉压迫，从根本上解决骨筋膜室综合征形成的一个因素，获得满意疗效，减少伤残率。     

负压封闭引流技术在治疗小腿骨筋膜室综合征中的应用

目的探讨传统敷料覆盖技术和负压封闭引流技术（VSD）在治疗小腿骨筋膜室综合征筋膜切开减压中的疗效。方法 46例小腿骨筋膜室综合征患者,经筋膜切开减压后采用传统敷料覆盖技术治疗19例（A组）、VSD技术治疗27例（B组）。将两组的治疗时间、感染率、植皮率进行比较。结果治疗时间：A组为6~19（10.73±3.61）d,B组为5~12（6.7±1.38）d。术后感染：A组6例,感染率31.57%;B组2例,感染率7.4%。植皮：A组11例,植皮率57.89%;B组7例,植皮率25.92%。两组的治疗时间、感染率、植皮率比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论在小腿骨筋膜室综合征筋膜切开减压的治疗中,VSD技术比传统敷料覆盖技术更有效。     

急性下肢缺血动脉再通后并发骨筋膜室综合征的诊治

目的：探讨急性下肢缺血动脉再通后并发骨筋膜室综合征的临床表现、早期诊治及预后。方法：回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年1月因急性下肢缺血在我科行动脉再通治疗后并发急性下肢骨筋膜室综合征病人的临床资料,包括发病原因、时间、治疗方式、治疗效果、骨筋膜室综合征的处理方法及预后。结果：126例病人因急性下肢缺血行动脉再通治疗,发病至再通时间平均为26h（3h至6d）,其中24例（共27条肢体）并发骨筋膜室综合征而行筋膜切开（包括3例行双侧肢体预防性切开）。21例动脉再通术后延迟切开时间平均为10（5—48）h,其中2例术中行血液透析,1例行术后血液透析。本组3例截肢,2例死亡（包括1例截肢）。结论：骨筋膜室综合征是急性下肢缺血动脉再通后的严重并发症,动脉再通后持续疼痛或疼痛加重伴局部张力升高者应高度怀疑为骨筋膜室综合征,其治疗方法是充分切开4个筋膜腔减压,同时动态监测病人电解质和肾功能指标,维持肾功能和内环境的稳定,必要时应早期进行透析。     

小腿骨筋膜室综合征21例

我院 1990年 1月 - 2 0 0 0年 10月共收治小腿骨筋膜室综合征病人 2 1例。采用早期切开彻底减压、甘露醇脱水、丹参与低分子右旋糖酐等扩血管治疗 ,取得了较好的疗效 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料　　男 14例 ,女 7例 ,年龄 2 2～ 5 5岁 ,平均 35 6岁。外伤致胫腓骨骨折 15例 ,挤压伤 5例 ,血管手术后 1例。伤后至手术时间最长 2 8h ,最短 4h。2　治疗方法　　采用硬膜外麻醉或局部浸润麻醉。小腿内侧纵形皮肤切口 ,沿皮肤切口线切开筋膜 ,并向上、下潜行延长 ,使后侧深浅两室减压 ,不缝合伤口。小腿前侧向外弧形切口 ,切开筋膜并上下潜行延长…     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后下肢骨筋膜室综合征的治疗

目的分析下肢切开减压和封闭式负压引流治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后下肢骨筋膜室综合征的效果。方法急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后发生下肢骨筋膜室综合征患者9例。本组患者主动脉手术后明确诊断下肢骨筋膜室综合征,即行下肢皮肤切开减压,对切开的创面进行封闭式负压引流,并辅以药物或肾替代治疗。结果死亡2例,病死率22.2%,存活的7例病人中,5例患者待肌肉肿胀消退后缝合切口,术后未出现明显并发症。结论下肢皮肤切开减压并使用封闭式负压引流是治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后发生下肢骨筋膜室综合征有效方法。     

经皮深筋膜切开减压治疗早期骨筋膜室综合征

目的：探讨治疗早期骨筋膜室综合征的方法和疗效。方法：在测压机监测下经皮切开深筋膜减压。结果：28例中25例减压效果良好，3例术后骨筋膜室压力逐渐增高而改用传统的广泛切开减压术治疗。结论：该方法操作简单，使用安全，是治疗早期骨筋膜综合征较好的手术方法。     

胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征的早期处理:切开减压、复位内固定及VSD

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征患者采用早期切开减压、骨折切开复位内固定(open reduction with internal fixation,ORIF)及负压封闭引流(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)治疗的可行性,为此类患者早期治疗提供新的临床思路。方法 2008年7月～2012年5月对287例胫骨平台骨折患者中并发骨筋膜室综合征的31例患者均采取上述方法治疗,待肿胀消退,皮肤软组织松弛后再行减压伤口二期直接缝合。结果 31例胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征患者经切开减压、复位内固定及VSD处理后恢复良好,均未出现感染、肢体(或皮肤)坏死以及关节功能障碍等并发症。结论胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征早期行切开减压、复位内固定及VSD是一种切实有效的治疗思路,值得在临床上推广。     

儿童急性小腿骨筋膜室综合征的诊断与治疗效果

儿童小腿骨筋膜室综合征大多数是急性的。为探讨儿童急性小腿骨筋膜室综合征的临床特点,作者报道了两个大型儿童创伤中心的17年治疗结果。所有病例均采用筋膜切开治疗。总数42例患者中35例（83%）是车祸致胫腓骨骨折。     

Early fasciotomy for acute clinically evident posttraumatic compartment syndrome

Our understanding of the effectiveness of early decompressive fasciotomy for acute posttraumatic compartment syndrome is incomplete. Thirty-two patients who developed acute clinically evident compartment syndrome (23 in the leg, 9 in the forearm) were treated with decompressive fasciotomy an average of 16 hours after injury. Thirty patients (94 percent) underwent fasciotomy in conjunction with other urgent operative procedures mandated by concomitant injuries. Three patients required early amputation for a failed arterial repair. Only 2 of 29 patients with limb salvage (7 percent) had postoperative myoneural deficits after decompressive fasciotomy. Both of these patients had preoperative myoneural deficits. Decompressive fasciotomy before the development of ischemic myoneural deficits prevents the ischemic sequelae of acute clinically evident compartment syndrome.     

Thigh compartment syndrome in urban trauma: bullets to blame,not collisions

Background

Compartment syndrome of the thigh is a surgical emergency rarely reported in the literature. The most common etiologies include blunt trauma, vascular injuries from penetrating trauma, and hematoma formation. Thigh compartment syndrome (TCS) is important as it is often associated with concomitant severe injury with mortality rates as high as 47%. This study aims to identify mechanisms of injury, clinical presentation, and outcomes associated with TCS in the urban trauma patient population.

Methods

Demographic and clinical information for all patients with a diagnosis of TCS at a level 1 urban trauma center over a 10.5-y period were reviewed. Collected data included age, sex, mechanism of injury, method of diagnosis, time taken for diagnosis and management, methods of decompression, wound management, lengths of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital, amputation rate, and hospital disposition.

Results

Ten patients were identified with diagnosis of TCS. The mechanism of injury was penetrating in six patients and blunt in four. The mean time from injury to diagnosis was 23.4 h. Intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were significantly increased among patients sustaining penetrating injuries compared with blunt injuries. Two of the six penetrating injury patients underwent an amputation. Eight of 10 patients were ambulatory on discharge. There were no mortalities.

Conclusions

Among urban trauma patients, penetrating injuries of the thigh and adjacent vascular structures and the need for decompressive fasciotomy of the lower leg are the major risk factors for TCS. Clinical diagnosis and early intervention with fasciotomy remain the mainstay of treatment.     

Long-term physical outcome of patients who suffered crush syndrome after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake: prognostic indicators in retrospect.

BACKGROUND: The 372 cases of crush syndrome that followed the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake have provided a unique opportunity to investigate the long-term physical outcomes and to establish indications for specific treatments in such patients. The objectives of this study were to identify independent predictors of physical outcome in patients suffering from crush syndrome and to clarify the influence of fasciotomy on outcomes. METHODS: Sensory and motor functions were examined 2 years after the earthquake in 42 patients with a total of 58 compressed lower extremities. The influences of time to rescue, fasciotomy, and radical debridement on lower leg muscle strength were evaluated by stepwise regression analysis. Correlation between the time to fasciotomy and lower leg muscle strength was also analyzed. RESULTS: Severe disabilities related to the lower leg compartment were present in 47% (8/17) of patients who underwent fasciotomy and in 16% (4/25) of patients who did not. The anterior compartment was damaged more severely than the posterior compartment. Severe sensory and motor disturbances occurred at a higher rate in relation to anterior and posterior compartments that were treated by fasciotomy than in relation to those that were not. Stepwise regression analysis showed fasciotomy/debridement score to be an independent predictor of long-term lower leg muscle strength (R = 0.67, p < 0.0001) and showed time to rescue to be an independent predictor when debrided compartments were not included in the analysis (R = 0.36, p = 0.009). In all debrided anterior compartments, muscle contractility was completely abolished. There was a significant negative correlation between time to fasciotomy and lower leg muscle strength. CONCLUSION: Secondary compartment syndrome affects physical outcome in crush syndrome patients. We obtained no evidence that fasciotomy improves outcome. Delayed rescue, delayed fasciotomy, and radical debridement may worsen the physical prognosis. Indications for fasciotomy in crush syndrome during the acute phase need further deliberation.     

Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Leg and Foot

Compartment syndrome of the lower leg or foot, a severe complication with a low incidence, is mostly caused by high-energy deceleration trauma. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination and intracompartmental pressure measurement. The most sensitive clinical symptom of compartment syndrome is severe pain. Clinical findings must be documented carefully. A fasciotomy should be performed when the difference between compartment pressure and diastolic blood pressure is less than 30 mm Hg or when clinical symptoms are obvious. Once the diagnosis is made, immediate fasciotomy of all compartments is required. Fasciotomy of the lower leg can be performed either by one lateral incision or by medial and lateral incisions. The compartment syndrome of the foot requires thorough examination of all compartments with special focus on the calcaneal compartment. Depending on the injury, clinical examination, and compartment pressure, fasciotomy is recommended via a dorsal and/or medial plantar approach. Surgical management does not eliminate the risk of developing nerve and muscle dysfunction. When left untreated, poor outcomes with contractures, toe deformities, paralysis, and sensory neuropathy can be expected. In severe cases, amputation may be necessary.     

Surgical demographics of acute thigh compartment syndrome

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to identify demographic, injury-related, and treatment-related characteristics of patients who underwent decompressive fasciotomies for acute thigh compartment syndrome.MethodsA cohort of 38 adult patients with acute thigh compartment syndrome treated with fasciotomy at two tertiary care referral centers over a 10-year time period from January 1, 2006 to June 30, 2015 were retrospectively identified. We searched the electronic medical record for patient-related variables (e.g., age, sex, race, smoking status, diabetes mellitus), injury-related variables (e.g., mechanism of injury, associated fractures, other traumatic injuries), treatment-related variables (e.g., delay to treatment, compartments released, number of debridements, use of split-thickness grafts), and outcomes (e.g., amputation, death, sensory/motor impairments at final follow-up).ResultsThe mean age of our cohort was 47 years, and 35 patients (92%) were male. There were various mechanisms of injury, but the most common mechanisms were spontaneous hematoma (21%), followed by motor vehicle accidents (16%). Associated leg fractures were present in 15 (39%) patients. Delay between time of injury and fasciotomy was greater than 24 hours in 27 patients (71%), 12 to 24 hours in 6 patients (16%), and less than 6 hours in 3 patients (8%). The most frequently released compartment was the anterior compartment only (68%), followed by both the anterior and posterior compartments (16%) and the posterior compartment only (11%). Six patients (16%) had motor impairment, and 2 patients (5%) had sensory impairment at final follow-up. There were 2 deaths (5%) recorded in the hospital course for this cohort, none of which were directly related to compartment syndrome of the thigh.ConclusionDelays to fasciotomy are frequent in the treatment of acute thigh compartment syndrome. The demographics of acute thigh compartment syndrome demonstrate a strong male predominance. Treating providers should recognize spontaneous hematoma and motor vehicle accidents as the most common causes of acute thigh compartment syndrome.     

Ankle and foot fasciotomy: an adjunctive technique to optimize limb salvage after revascularization for acute ischemia

Some patients with severely ischemic lower limbs continued to have severe ischemic changes in the foot after revascularization procedures and appropriate four leg compartment fasciotomies. Rather than abandon efforts at limb salvage, we performed adjunctive fasciotomies of the ankle and foot in 11 of these patients. These included five cases of acute traumatic superficial femoral or popliteal artery occlusions (three penetrating injuries; two blunt injuries) requiring primary repair or interposition vein graft; three cases of penetrating injury to all infrapopliteal arteries requiring tibiotibial vein bypasses; two cases of iatrogenic thrombosis of the common femoral artery requiring thrombectomy and patch angioplasty; and one case of a traumatically amputated leg requiring replantation. All bypasses remained patent after the distal fasciotomies. Limb salvage and good functional results were achieved in 10 of the 11 patients from 4 to 28 months postoperatively. One patient required a below-knee amputation because of bleeding from an infected graft. Thus fasciotomy of the ankle and foot should be considered during acute revascularizations when a distal bypass occludes without obvious reasons, or when the foot remains ischemic or shows signs of compartment syndrome unrelieved by standard leg fasciotomy.     

Vacuum-assisted closure for fasciotomy wounds following compartment syndrome of the leg

This study evaluated the efficacy of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) for treatment of fasciotomy wounds for traumatic compartment syndrome. The authors reviewed the records of a consecutive series of 34 patients who had compartment syndrome of the leg requiring the standard two-incision release of all four compartments and received the application of VAC therapy until the time of definitive wound closure or coverage. A matched series of 34 consecutive antecedent patients with the same entry criteria, except for the use of the VAC, were also studied and served as a control group. The main parameter of interest was the time to "definitive closure" (delayed primary closure with sutures or skin graft coverage) of the wounds. Of the 68 wounds in 34 patients managed with VAC, the average time to definitive closure for both the lateral and the medial wounds was 6.7 days. For the 70 wounds in the 34 control patients, the average time to definitive closure was 16.1 days. This difference in time to wound closure between the VAC group and the non-VAC group was statistically significant (p < .05). Subatmospheric treatment for compartment syndrome of the leg after fasciotomy theoretically helps to speed the resolution of the swelling and tissue edema that are often components of this clinical entity. Experimental work has shown vacuum-assisted wound management to be effective in hastening the resolution of wound edema, enhancing local blood flow, promoting granulation tissue, and thwarting bacterial colonization. These factors may account for its utility in the management of fasciotomy wounds in the setting of compartment syndrome of the leg.     

Fasciotomy Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: Beware of Terrible Outcome

There is a paucity of literature on compartment pressure thresholds and complications following fasciotomy in postoperative Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) patients. The purpose of this study is to identify the postoperative course in a series of patients who had surgical decompression following TKA. We identified six patients who underwent fasciotomy for proven or suspected compartment syndrome following primary TKA between 2000 and 2010. The etiology of compartment syndrome was indirect (5 cases) vascular injury and one unknown. Complications after fasciotomy were: periprosthetic infection (2), foot drop (2), fasciitis (1), cellulitis (1), above the knee amputation due to periprosthetic infection (1). Currently, it is unknown if the same principles in the trauma patient apply for both diagnosis and treatment of compartment syndrome after TKA. We conclude that surgeons need to maintain a relatively higher threshold for performing a fasciotomy following TKA.     

Fasciotomy closure using simultaneous vacuum-assisted closure and hyperbaric oxygen

Fasciotomies performed for compartment syndrome and ischemic vascular disease often requires closure in 2 to 4 weeks by skin graft. This leaves the patient with an unsightly scar and a limb with reduced strength. The use of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) quickly reduce the edema and permit earlier closure with adjacent skin. A study of three trauma patients with compartment syndrome, fasciotomies, and the use of the VAC and HBOT to close the fasciotomy wounds with adjacent skin is presented. The pathophysiology of compartment syndrome and ischemia-reperfusion syndrome is discussed. These patients had closure of the fasciotomy wounds in 3 to 18 days. The simultaneous use of HBOT and VAC accelerates the reduction of edema in a synergistic fashion, permitting early closure of fasciotomy wounds.     

导管接触溶栓治疗四肢非开放性外伤后动脉血栓形成

目的：探讨应用导管接触溶栓（CDT）治疗四肢外伤（非开放性）后动脉血栓形成的临床效果。 方法：回顾性分析2005年3月—2013年3月收治的152例四肢外伤后动脉血栓形成行CDT治疗患者（152条肢体）的临床资料。患者均接受CDT治疗,其中单纯CDT 89例,CDT+腔内球囊扩张成形（PTA）51例,CDT+PTA+支架置入12例。 结果：全组导管溶栓时间为1~7 d,平均（4±1.5）d。治愈105例（69.1%）,其中单纯CDT 72例,CDT+PTA 21例,CDT+PTA+支架置入12例;有效30例（19.7%）,均施行CDT+PTA治疗;无效17例（11.2%）,其中一期截肢15例（9.9%）。5例（3.3%）溶栓过程中发生二次栓塞,调整导管位置后继续溶栓;23例（15.1%）术后发生小腿骨筋膜室综合征行骨筋膜室切开减压术,均保肢成功。随访132例（86.8%）,随访时间12~108个月,平均（50±22）个月。除2例行二期截肢外,余随访患者均无症状加重或复发。 结论：CDT治疗四肢外伤后动脉血栓形成是一种安全、有效、微创的方法。