酒依赖患者戒酒治疗1年后复饮程度的影响因素分析

目的:探究酒依赖患者出院1年后复饮程度的影响因素。方法:对257例酒依赖患者戒酒治疗出院1年后进行随访,应用酒精使用障碍筛查量表(AUDIT)评分将患者分为低风险饮酒组(7例)、高风险饮酒组(38例)、有害饮酒组(43例)、酒依赖组(169例);对各组患者进行一般情况调查及抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、睡眠状况自评量表(SRSS)、孤独量表(UCLA)、社会支持量表(SSRS)评估;应用Logistic回归分析患者复饮程度的影响因素。结果:各组间年龄、SDS、SAS、SRSS、UCLA、SSRS评分差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);年龄越大(OR=0.970,P=0.014)、SSRS评分越高(OR=0.887,P=0.012)的患者复饮程度越低;SDS(OR=1.210,P=0.001)、SRSS(OR=1.158,P=0.010)、UCLA(OR=1.264,P=0.008)评分越高的患者的复饮程度越严重。结论:酒依赖患者的抑郁情绪、睡眠问题及孤独感是加重患者复饮程度的危险因素,而患者年龄增加和良好的社会支持是保护性因素。     

男性酒依赖患者决策倾向的对照研究

目的:探讨酒依赖男性患者的决策倾向以及与戒酒后复饮相关性。方法:将35例酒依赖患者及与其相匹配的44名健康者(正常对照组)作为研究对象,采用爱荷华博弈任务(Iowa gambling task,IGT)进行风险决策行为能力的测试,并对持续戒酒时间进行电话随访。结果:酒依赖组在IGT中净不利选牌数(5.14±21.57)明显高于正常对照组(-8.05±13.07),差异有统计学意义(t=3.357,P=0.001)。2(组)×5(阶段)方差分析结果显示,在净不利选牌数上组间主效应显著[F=12.338,P=0.001];阶段主效应亦显著[F=17.824,P0.001]。相对于正常对照组,酒依赖组在IGT第3、4、5阶段净不利选牌数较多(F=5.661,P=0.020;F=9.252,P=0.003;F=9.980,P=0.002)。酒依赖患者持续戒酒时间与决策第5阶段净不利选择数呈负相关(r=-0.417,P=0.013)。结论:男性酒依赖患者存在决策功能异常,戒酒后复饮与决策功能有一定相关性。     

酒依赖脱瘾维持期患者复饮相关因素分析

目的:探讨酒依赖患者脱瘾维持期复饮的相关因素。方法:回顾分析在本院进行认知行为治疗(CBT)的188例酒依赖脱瘾维持期患者的临床资料,发现复饮酒113例(复饮酒组),未复饮酒75例(未复饮组)。将两组的临床资料进行对照分析,非条件二项Logistic回归分析复饮相关因素。结果:患者治疗后复饮率为60.1%。两组平均年龄、性别、饮酒年限、日均饮酒量、文化程度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组婚姻状况不良、家族饮酒史阳性、酒精依赖严重程度问卷(SADQ-C)评分、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分、人格障碍、肝脏异常、CBT例数差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。复饮与婚姻状况不良、家族饮酒史阳性、SADQ-C评分、SAS评分、SDS评分、人格障碍呈正相关,与肝脏异常、CBT治疗呈负相关(P均0.01)。结论:婚姻状况不良、家族饮酒史阳性、SADQ-C高评分、焦虑、抑郁、人格障碍是酒依赖患者脱瘾维持期复饮危险因素,肝脏异常以及接受CBT治疗患者复饮率相对较低。     

酒精依赖患者脑卒中后戒酒依从性影响因素分析

目的探讨及分析酒精依赖患者脑卒中后戒酒依从性的相关影响因素。方法对常德地区多中心卒中登记数据库中的134例酒精依赖患者在脑卒中1年后饮酒情况进行调查,根据受教育程度、脑卒中部位等进行分组,用SPSS20.0软件包进行数据统计分析其相关影响因素。结果在134例患者中戒酒率为56.7%;复饮组的离婚、丧偶或再婚率高于未复饮组(18/40∶9/67,χ2=7.531,P=0.006),居住地在农村的比例大于未复饮组(33/25∶7/49,χ2=6.067,P=0.014);每日饮酒量高于未复饮组[(510±187)ml∶(392±101)ml,t=3.93,P=0.000];HRSD-24评分均高于未复饮组[(19±6.1)ml∶(10±7.3)ml,t=4.37,P=0.000];小学及以下组戒酒率为46.2%,中学组为63.4%,大专及以上组为73.1%(χ2=6.563,P=0.038);Logistic回归分析显示受教育程度低、卒中后抑郁情绪、额叶卒中为酒精依赖患者脑卒中后戒酒依从性的危险因素,OR值分别为1.292、7.217和2.282。结论不良的婚姻、居住在农村、每日饮酒量高、较低的受教育程度、伴有抑郁情绪及额叶卒中的患者戒酒依从性差,医务人员应加强心理疏导及健康指导,家属应对出院后饮酒方面进行控制。     

精神分析治疗与嗜酒者互诫协会对降低酒依赖患者复饮率的效果

目的：比较精神分析治疗与嗜酒者互诫协会（AA）对降低酒依赖患者复饮率的有效性。方法将108例酒依赖患者随机分为精神分析治疗组（n ＝54）与 AA 治疗组（n ＝54）,治疗时间为16周。两组患者在给予常规治疗的基础上,精神分析治疗组进行每周两次的精神分析治疗,AA 组进行每周三下午的 AA 活动,在治疗前、治疗4周末、8周末、12周末、16周末,分别给予汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评估,在治疗前与治疗16周末分别使用症状自评量表（SCL －90）对两组患者进行评定,出院后6个月内保持每月一到两次的电话随访或门诊复查,以了解患者复饮的情况。结果两组治疗前HAMD 、SCL －90评分比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。治疗后两组 HAMD 评分均明显下降,且治疗后8,12,16周末精神分析治疗组评分低于 AA 治疗组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．01）。治疗后SCL －90评分中除精神病性障碍因子外,两组评分均较治疗前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）,且精神分析治疗组躯体化、焦虑、抑郁、敌对、人际关系敏感和睡眠饮食不良评分优于 AA 治疗组,差异亦有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。出院后6个月两组复饮率比较,精神分析治疗组30．4％（14／54）低于 AA 组39．1％（18／54）,但差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0．431,P ＝0．511）;多因素 Cox 回归分析表明：精神分析治疗或 AA 治疗、对酒的依赖程度是影响酒依赖患者复饮率的因素。结论精神分析治疗与AA 对于酒依赖患者复饮率的降低均有明显效果,两组总体比较精神分析治疗组优于 AA 组,在治疗过程中精神分析治疗对于患者疾病的缓解明显优于 AA ,在出院后复饮率的比较上,两者差异不明显。     

120例男性酒精依赖患者复饮的相关因素分析

目的探讨男性酒精依赖患者复饮的相关危险因素。方法选取2018年7月1日至2019年6月30日在我科出院的男性酒精依赖患者,回访出院6个月内是否复饮,分为复饮组和未复饮组,收集两组相关临床资料并进行统计学分析。结果120例男性酒精依赖患者出院6个月内复饮49例,复饮率40.83%,患者饮酒年限、饮酒量、戒断是有无幻觉妄想症状、空腹饮酒行为、文化程度、是否首次住院、酒精渴求程度等相关因素的差异有统计学意义(α=0.05,P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,患者饮酒年限、饮酒量、空腹饮酒行为、是否首次住院的回归系数分别为0.087、2.931、1.108、-0.846,具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论饮酒年限、饮酒量、戒断是有无幻觉妄想症状、空腹饮酒行为、酒精渴求程度是男性酒精依赖患者戒酒6个月内复饮的危险因素,再次住院者复饮风险较首次住院者低,较高的受教育程度是复饮的保护因素。出院时评估男性酒精依赖患者复饮相关危险因素,有利于降低复饮风险。     

男性酒依赖患者戒断期静息态功能磁共振低频振幅研究

目的探讨男性酒依赖患者戒断期静息态下脑区神经元自发活动改变及其与认知功能关系。方法对23例男性酒依赖患者和20名健康成年男性进行脑静息态功能磁共振扫描,比较其全脑各脑区低频振幅(amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,ALFF),并用简易精神状态量表(mini mental status scale,MMSE)、语言流畅性测验(verbal fluency test,VFT)、数字广度测验(digit span test,DST)、霍普金斯词语学习修订版(Hopkins verbal learning test revised,HVLT-R)及连线测试B(trail making test-B,TMT-B)分别评估两组认知功能。结果酒依赖组与对照组相比ALFF减弱脑区为左侧额上回(t=-4.49,P0.01)、右侧额中回(t=-3.55,P0.01)、右侧颞上回(t=-5.36,P0.01)、左侧前扣带回(t=-5.41,P0.01);ALFF增强的脑区有左侧枕叶(t=3.90,P0.01)、左侧小脑后叶(t=3.58,P0.01)。神经心理测评中,酒依赖组MMSE(t=-4.33,P0.01)、VFT(t=-2.86,P0.01)、DST(t=-4.93,P0.01)和HVLT-R(t=-5.16,P0.01)评分均低于对照组;TMT-B完成时间高于对照组(t=4.67,P0.01)。酒依赖患者右侧额中回ALFF值与VFT评分呈正相关(r=0.49,P=0.04)。结论男性酒依赖患者戒断期在静息态下存在双侧额叶、右侧颞叶、左侧前扣带回、左侧枕叶、左侧小脑脑区功能活动异常,且右侧额叶脑区功能活动改变与语言功能异常有相关性。     

脑卒中后焦虑和抑郁障碍的影响因素分析

目的分析脑卒中后焦虑障碍(post-stroke anxiety disorder,PSAD)、脑卒中后抑郁障碍(post-stroke depression disorder,PSDD)发生的相关因素。方法对697例脑卒中患者的年龄、卒中类型、脑卒中病灶部位、神经功能缺损程度评分(national institutesof health stroke scale,NIHSS)、Barthel指数(Barthel index,BI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)评分进行记录。按国际疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)的"器质性焦虑障碍"、"器质性抑郁障碍"的诊断标准分别作出PSAD和PSDD的诊断。结果 697例患者中PSAD有76例(10.90%),而PSDD有125例(17.93%)。脑出血组PS-DD发生率(26.61%)高于非脑出血组(16.33%),差异有统计学意义(2=6.60,P=0.01)。PSDD组的NIHSS评分明显高于非PS-DD组(t=-3.38,P0.01),而BI评分明显低于非PSDD组(t=4.21,P0.01)。相关结果显示,所有的情感障碍患者入院时NIHSS评分与HAMD评分、HAMA评分呈正相关(r=0.21,P0.01;r=0.15,P0.01);BI评分与HAMD评分、HAMA评分呈负相关(r=-0.18,P0.01;r=-0.19,P0.01)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,入院时BI评分是抑郁的保护因素(OR=0.98,95%CI=0.98～0.99,P0.01)。结论脑卒中后抑郁障碍与脑卒中类型、入院时NIHSS评分及BI评分有关。     

酒依赖患者应对方式与家庭环境的关系

目的:探讨酒依赖患者应对方式与家庭环境的相关性。方法:对58例酒依赖患者(研究组)和60名无嗜酒史的当地市民(对照组)进行应对方式问卷(CSQ)和中文版的家庭环境量表(FES)调查,分析酒依赖患者应对方式与家庭环境因素的关系。结果:研究组CSQ中退避、幻想和自责因子分显著高于对照组(t=2.41,t=3.22,t=4.15;P0.05或P0.01);FES中亲密度、情感表达、娱乐性、道德宗教观、组织性评分显著低于对照组,矛盾性和控制性评分显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。研究组FES中亲密度、情感表达、独立性、成功性评分与CSQ解决问题评分呈正相关,情感表达评分与求助评分呈正相关,娱乐性评分与自责评分呈负相关(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:酒依赖患者应用不成熟的应对方式,不良家庭环境是其影响因素。     

酒依赖患者神经肽Y与焦虑、抑郁及渴求的相关性

目的探讨酒依赖患者外周血神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)水平与焦虑、抑郁及渴求的相关性。方法收集40例男性酒依赖患者为患者组,38名健康男性为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测患者组和对照组NPY水平;采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton rating scale for anxiety,HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton rating scale for depression,HAMD)、强制性饮酒问卷(obsessive compulsive drinking scale,OCDS)评估患者组的焦虑、抑郁、渴求症状。结果患者组NPY水平较对照组降低([5.4±1.3)μmol/L vs(.9.7±2.5)μmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。偏相关分析示,患者组HAMA评分(r'=-0.22,P=0.04)、HAMD评分(r'=-0.24,P=0.04)、OCDS评分(r'=-0.27,P=0.03)与NPY水平呈负相关。结论酒依赖患者外周血NPY水平与其焦虑、抑郁、渴求症状负相关。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]