创伤性膀胱破裂的诊断与治疗(附47例报告)

目的 总结创伤性膀胱破裂的诊治经验。方法 回顾分析1978－2000年收治的47例创伤性膀胱破裂患者的诊疗方法及其疗效。45例行膀胱灌注试验确诊，2例因尿道断裂行尿道会师术时发现。47例均行膀胱修补术。其中35例行膀胱造瘘术，12例仅留导尿管引流。结果 47例中2例（4．3％）因严重合并伤及休克死亡，余45例均治愈，术后排尿正常。结论 膀胱灌注试验结合腹腔穿刺检查是诊断膀胱破裂简单而可靠的方法，膀胱修补术是治疗膀胱破裂的重要措施。     

经尿道气化切割术加灌注治疗表浅型膀胱肿瘤65例报告

目的：探讨表浅型膀胱肿瘤经尿道气化切割术加灌注防治术后复发减少小良反应的方法。方法：对65例膀胱肿瘤患者采用经尿道气化切割电极气化切割肿瘤及肿瘤基底部周围0.5～1.0cm正常膀胱黏膜，深达浅肌层。手术切割完毕，用无菌蒸溜水多次灌注冲洗膀胱，术后第1周开始用丝裂霉素C（MCC）20mg灌注膀胱，每周1次，共6次，然后每4周1次，持续1年以七。结果：本组65例均顺利完成手术，术中无膀胱穿孔，出血量较少，均未输血。术后无尿路感染、继发性出血及膀胱破裂等并发症。联合灌注后均未出现膀胱剌激症状，无血尿、发热、全身不适及白细胞下降。所有患者随访5个月～8年，复发11例，复发率16.9％。结论：经尿道气化切割加灌注治疗表浅型膀胱肿瘤是一种简单有效对方法，易于掌握及推广。     

创伤性膀胱破裂的诊断与治疗(附20例报告)

目的 探讨创伤膀胱破裂的诊治方法。方法 结合献对本院自1992-2001年期间的20例创伤性膀胱破裂进行了分析，其中膀胱测漏试验阳性6例，膀胱逆行造影确诊11例，腹腔穿刺阳性5例，6例复合伤病人行CT扫描发现膀胱破裂，剖腹探查确诊2例。所有病人行膀胱修补术。结果 19例术后排尿功能正常，1例术后出现尿潴留。结论 CT诊断创伤性膀胱破裂优于膀胱逆行造影。膀胱修补仍是治疗膀胱破裂的主要方法，腹膜外型膀胱破裂行非手术的保守治疗需慎重。     

15例外伤性膀胱破裂病人的临床诊治体会

目的：探讨外伤性膀胱破裂的临床治疗方法及效果。方法回顾性分析2012年6月至2014年4月来本院就诊的15例外伤性膀胱破裂病人的临床资料。结果其中2例膀胱裂口小患者采用非手术方法,尿管引流联合抗感染治疗,2周后拔管并获得治愈;剩余13例手术膀胱修补者均Ⅰ期愈合,术后1～2周根据病情拔除导尿管,均可恢复正常排尿;5例病人住院期间输血,2例后尿道断裂患者拔管后行尿道扩张术恢复;平均住院时间9.5天,无继发性出血、尿路感染、膀胱漏等并发症,切口甲级愈合且预后良好。结论导尿及膀胱注水试验为膀胱破裂最简单的诊断方法,而膀胱逆行造影检查可确诊膀胱破裂;非手术治疗适用于裂口小的外伤性膀胱破裂,手术治疗仍是膀胱破裂的主要治疗手段。     

膀胱破裂47例报告

报告４７例膀胱破裂均行膀胱修补术，结果４５例治愈，２例死于败血症，并就膀胱破裂的诊断与治疗进行讨论。     

根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术后尿道肿瘤复发的原因及治疗

目的：探讨膀胱尿路上皮癌行根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术后尿道复发的原因及治疗方法。方法：回顾403例膀胱尿路上皮癌行根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的患者资料,总结尿道肿瘤的复发率、原凼、诊断、治疗和预后。结果：6例患者出现尿道肿瘤复发,复发率为1．5％,均为男性。2例浸润性尿道肿瘤和1例尿道广泛表浅性乳头状瘤行全尿道切除术和新膀胱造瘘术,3例尿道表浅性乳头状瘤行经尿道肿瘤切除术和尿道内灌注化疗,术后2例复发,再次行全尿道切除术。2例浸润性尿道肿瘤和1例尿道广泛表浅性乳头状瘤在2年内因肿瘤复发或转移死亡。结论：膀胱多发原位癌、肿瘤侵犯前列腺尿道和基质、女性膀胱颈部是尿道复发主要原因。原位新膀胱的尿道复发率低于其他尿流改道术,全尿道切除术是尿道复发更可靠的治疗方案,尿道表浅性肿瘤的预后明显好于浸润性肿瘤。     

膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤的诊断和治疗(附13例报告)

目的：探讨膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤的病因、病理和诊断治疗。方法：回顾性分析13例膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤的临床资料，10例采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBt)、2例行膀胱肿瘤电灼术、1例行膀胱部分切除术治疗，术后膀胱灌注预防复发。结果：术后生存良好，随访3个月－10年未发现肿瘤复发。结论：膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤是一种少见的良性肿瘤，预后良好。确诊需行内镜检查及活检。TURBt是其标准治疗方法。术后予免疫制剂膀胱灌注有利于防治复发。     

膀胱灌注10-HCPT预防肿瘤复发的临床观察

目的：探讨膀胱灌注１０－式喜树碱（１０－ＨＣＰＴ）预防肿瘤复发的临床疗效。方法：对２６例膀胱肿瘤患者在施行膀胱部分切除术或经尿道胱肿瘤电气化术后作１０－ＨＣＰＴ１０ｍｇ加生理盐水２０ｍｌ膀胱灌注治疗。结果：所有患者均获是１８￣５６个月随访，平均３４．７个月，２４例无肿瘤复发；２例于２年后复发。结论：膀胱肿瘤术后膀胱灌注１０－ＨＣＰＴ治疗效果可靠，副作用微小，无全身性化疗反应发生。     

创伤性膀胱破裂49例报告

报告４９例创伤性膀胱破裂，其中腹膜内２１例，腹膜外型２３例，混合型５例。全组手术４３例，有４例保守治疗，合并严重复合伤、死亡４例。认为逆行膀胱造影是诊断膀胱破裂最可靠的检查方法，对创伤性膀胱破裂应积极行膀胱修补术，保守治疗应掌握其适应证。     

外伤性膀胱破裂的诊治分析

目的探讨外伤性膀胱破裂快速有效的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析30例外伤性膀胱破裂患者临床资料。结果彩超引导下注水试验,入出量有差异。腹腔穿刺液肌酐值以及血肌酐值有不同程度的升高。膀胱造影证实膀胱破裂。膀胱破裂修补术、膀胱造瘘术后均临床治愈。结论根据病情,选择腹膜腔穿刺,腹腔穿刺液肌酐测定,血肌酐测定,多普勒彩超定位下膀胱检查以及注水试验,膀胱造影,以及亚甲蓝液膀胱注射等检查,有助于快速有效的诊断,积极手术治疗是最有效的治疗方法。     

LIMITATIONS OF ROUTINE SPIRAL COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF BLADDER TRAUMA

PURPOSE: We evaluate the accuracy of spiral computerized tomography (CT) in diagnosing traumatic bladder rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 24 consecutive patients diagnosed with traumatic bladder rupture at our level 1 trauma center from 1993 to 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. Of the patients 15 underwent retrograde cystography and spiral CT of the abdomen and pelvis. The results of these imaging studies were compared. RESULTS: Retrograde cystography successfully diagnosed all cases of bladder rupture and correctly classified injuries confirmed surgically. Spiral CT successfully diagnosed 9 of 15 bladder ruptures (60%), and correctly classified 4 of 5 intraperitoneal (80%) and 6 of 11 extraperitoneal (55%) ruptures. CONCLUSIONS: Spiral CT is less accurate than retrograde cystography in diagnosing traumatic bladder rupture.     

The incidence,spectrum and outcomes of traumatic bladder injuries within the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service

IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the incidence, spectrum and outcomes of traumatic bladder injury in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, and to identify the current optimal investigation and management of patients with traumatic bladder injuries.MethodsThe Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service (PMTS) trauma registry was interrogated retrospectively for all traumatic bladder injuries between 1 January 2012 and 31 October 2014.ResultsOf 8129 patients treated by the PMTS over the study period, 58 patients (0.7% or 6.5 cases per 1,000,000 population per year) had bladder injuries, 65% caused by penetrating trauma and 35% by blunt trauma. The majority (60%) were intraperitoneal bladder ruptures (IBRs), followed by 22% extraperitoneal bladder ruptures (EBRs). There was a high rate of associated injury, with blunt trauma being associated with pelvic fracture and penetrating trauma being associated with rectum and small intestine injuries. The mortality rate was 5%. Most bladder injuries were diagnosed at surgery or by computed tomography (CT) scan. All IBRs were managed operatively, as well as 38% of EBRs; the remaining EBRs were managed by catheter drainage and observation. In the majority of operative repairs, the bladder was closed in two layers, and was drained with only a urethral catheter. Most patients (91%) were managed definitively by the surgeons on the trauma service.ConclusionTraumatic bladder rupture caused by blunt or penetrating trauma is rare and mortality is due to associated injuries. CT scan is the investigative modality of choice. In our environment IBR is more common than EBR and requires operative management. Most EBRs can be managed non-operatively, and then require routine follow-up cystography. Simple traumatic bladder injuries can be managed definitively by trauma surgeons. A dedicated urological surgeon should be consulted for complex injuries.     

再次经尿道电切术治疗T1期膀胱肿瘤

目的 评价再次经尿道电切术治疗T1期膀胱癌的疗效.方法 48例初次电切术后的T1期膀胱癌患者,4~6周后行再次经尿道电切术(Re-TURbt).结果 48例患者均手术成功.48例患者中,33.3%(16/48)发现有肿瘤残留,其中11例肿瘤未侵犯肌层,Ta期4例,T1期7例;5例(10.4%)肿瘤侵犯肌层,分期被低估.随访6～26个月,有5例复发.结论 T1期膀胱癌患者术后4~6周后行Re-TURbt能发现残留肿瘤,提高分期的准确性.     

Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta

Traumatic aortic rupture is highly lethal and its therapy is an ongoing challenge. We review our experience of traumatic aortic rupture with hemodynamical instability. METHODS: We treated 8 cases of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta in the past 16 years at Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School. Of these, 7 were male, and the average age was 36 years. All injuries were caused by traffic accidents and all disruptions were located in the aortic isthmus. Emergent surgical repair was conducted within 12 hours after the accident in all cases under hypothermic circulatory arrest. RESULTS: Seven of 8 patients survived, free from neurological complications. One patient died of bleeding caused by visceral injury during surgery. CONCLUSION: Hypothermic circulatory arrest is effective in salvage of hemodynamically unstable patients with traumatic aortic rupture. However, hemostasis of other organ bleeding is essential.     

自发性膀胱破裂

目的：提高对自发性膀胱破裂的认识。方法：回顾性分析３９例自发性膀胱破裂患者的临床资料。结果：引起自发性膀胱破裂的原因：泌尿系结核１０例，前列腺增生及膀胱颈梗阻９例，肿瘤７例，其他原因者１３例。３３例行膀胱修补术，其中腹膜内型膀胱破裂者２５例，腹膜外型膀胱破裂者８例。６例行保守治疗，其中５例治愈，４例因病程长死于败血症及水电解质紊乱。结论：Ｂ超为首选检查手段，膀胱造影对腹膜内型膀胱破裂诊断意义较大，     

原发性膀胱腺癌的诊断与治疗(附13例报告)

目的:提高原发性膀胱腺癌的诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析2000~2006年收治的13例原发性膀胱腺癌患者诊治资料,并复习相关文献。结果:9例患者接受了膀胱全切加尿流改道,3例行部分膀胱切除术,1例行TURBT术。接受保留膀胱手术的患者均于术后6个月~1年复发,其中2例再行膀胱全切加尿流改道,随访未见肿瘤复发,另外2例因肿瘤转移至肺脏死亡;9例接受膀胱全切加尿流改道的患者,2例死于全身转移,失访1例,余6例随访至今未见肿瘤复发。结论:膀胱腺癌恶性程度高、转移早,因此,应采取更积极的手术态度,早期行膀胱癌根治性切除,术后辅助放疗有助于减少肿瘤复发。     

Diagnosis and management of bladder injury by trauma surgeons

BACKGROUND: Bladder injuries constitute one of the most common urological injuries involving the lower urinary tract. The methods of diagnosis and management of bladder trauma have been well established and accepted. However, bladder injuries are usually associated with other major injuries, and it is our concern here how bladder injuries have been managed as part of multiple trauma. METHODS: From 1991 to 2000, a total of 51 cases of bladder injury were retrospectively reviewed. The mechanisms of trauma, types of bladder injury, time needed to diagnosis, methods of treatment, and patient outcome, were analyzed. Diagnosis time was defined as the time interval from patient arrival to the establishment of a diagnosis either by image studies or laparotomy. Management followed the general rule that bladder contusions or extraperitoneal ruptures were treated non-operatively, and that those with intraperitoneal rupture or combined rupture underwent operative repair. If bladder injury was noted after the patient left the emergency room (ER), it was defined as a delay diagnosis. The Injury Severity Score (ISS), length of hospital stay, and morbidity were used to evaluate patient outcome. RESULTS: The mean age of all the patients was 31.4 years old, and most of them had sustained an injury from a motor vehicle accident (40 of 51). All but 3 patients had gross hematuria. Ten of the patients underwent emergency laparotomy, and 2 of them underwent emergency neurosurgical procedures, therefore no image studies were performed for these 12 patients. A total of 33 patients underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT), but only 20 were correctly diagnosed, yielding an accuracy rate of 60.6%. There were 3 delay diagnoses, due to either a lack of gross hematuria on presentation or the patient leaving the ER before any bladder injury study could be performed. A retrograde cystogram was performed in 24 patients, with an accuracy rate of 95.9% (23 of 24). The mean diagnosis time of the 48 bladder injuries presented in the ER was 3.2 hours and the time needed to reach a diagnosis was not related to the severity of bladder injury. Those patients who underwent operation immediately did not seem to have a quicker diagnosis. Those patients with a higher injury score (ISS >16), and those patients who suffered from pelvic fracture, stayed in the hospital longer. However, the severity of the bladder injury was not related to the length of hospital stay. There was no bladder-related mortality in our series. CONCLUSIONS: We report our results of dealing with bladder injuries from the point of view of trauma surgeons who treat bladder injury as part of multiple injuries. Although known as a procedure of choice for diagnosis of bladder injury, the retrograde cystogram was performed in fewer than half of the patients (24 of 51), which means it is not feasible in many situations. The patient outcome was determined by the severity of injury of the patient but not by the severity of bladder injury.     

Laparoscopic repair of a traumatic bladder rupture

Laparoscopic repair of the traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture is a proven, safe, and effective technique in the appropriate setting. A 23-year-old male with traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture proven by cystogram after a motor vehicle collision was successfully repaired via a laparoscopic approach. We describe the technique in detail including 2-layer closure and follow-up care. A review of the literature using PubMed with the key words [laparoscopic repair bladder injury] AND [bladder trauma] was performed. We recommend the consideration of laparoscopic repair of the intraperitoneal bladder rupture in more trauma patients who meet criteria.     

膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断及治疗(附6例报告)

目的：探讨膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断及治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析６例膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤患者临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果：６例均经术后病理证实,术前确诊５例,行膀胱部分切除５例,肿瘤剜除１例。随访８个月￣１０年,血压正常,无肿瘤复发,结论：膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤的典型性症状是排尿时或排尿后血压升高、头痛、头晕、心悸、出汗等。Ｂ超、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ及＾１３１Ｉ－ＭＩＢＧ等对诊断均有较高的价值。手术切除是最有效的治疗方法。     

复发非肌层浸润性膀胱癌吉西他滨膀胱内灌注治疗疗效分析

目的 评估吉西他滨膀胱内灌注治疗复发非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的有效性及安全性.方法 54例复发非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者均再行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术,术后给予吉西他滨膀胱内灌注治疗,观察患者的无瘤生存率及不良反应.结果 54例患者1年无瘤生存率为63%,其中男性1年无瘤生存率为64%,女性1年无瘤生存率为60%.54例患者中2例因频繁发作尿路刺激症状及肉眼血尿而停止灌注治疗,1例患者因灌注后发作附睾炎而停止灌注治疗,无严重不良反应发生,总不良反应发生率约为18.5%.结论 吉西他滨对复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱癌治疗有效,不良反应少,可作为复发性膀胱癌患者的灌注治疗药物.