正常小肠的MSCT表现

目的 总结口服及灌肠双重肠道准备后小肠MSCT各种正常表现.方法 对44名健康志愿者,经结肠、小肠双充盈法准备后,对小肠进行测量,包括肠壁厚度、肠管充盈直径、肠壁分层、肠壁CT值、空肠黏膜皱襞数、肠系膜脂肪密度、肠系膜血管影以及肠系膜淋巴结和后腹膜淋巴结MSCT显示率等.结果 小肠总的肠壁厚度平均值为(1.72±0.20)mm;整个小肠平均充盈肠管直径(21.24±3.05)mm;小肠各组段肠壁平扫、增强动脉期和门静脉期平均CT值分别为(28.13±0.38)HU、(55.42±0.88)HU和(67.86±0.94)HU;正常小肠每厘米肠段内可见的空肠黏膜皱襞数为2.29个,肠系膜血管影为2.59个;平均肠系膜脂肪密度-98.57 HU;肠壁改变以单层为主.结论 对正常小肠MSCT的各种表现和测量指标的正确认识有助于小肠病变的诊断.     

肠道克罗恩病CT及MRI表现

目的探究CT及MRI在肠道克罗恩病诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2013年5月至2015年2月收治的30例小肠克罗恩病患者的临床资料,30例患者分别行CT和MRI检查,并经病理证实为小肠克罗恩病。分析CT和MRI表现特点,并进行总结。结果 30例患者CT检查共显示83节段肠壁炎性不均匀增厚,肠壁厚度6~15 mm,肠腔狭窄、肠壁强化25例,包括分层状强化6例,均匀强化19例;肠壁溃疡8例;肠系膜密度增高5例;肠系膜血管增多1例,扩张4例,扭曲5例;肠系膜淋巴结肿大11例;网膜内脂肪密度增高7例;肠间距扩大2例;"木梳征"6例。MRI检查结果显示30例患者共发现肠管病变119段,表现为信号升高或不均匀,形态固定,肠壁增厚,肠管狭窄或扩张,肠系膜血管毛刷征,系膜信号增高等。结论 CT和MRI检查可以很好地显示肠道克罗恩病的肠壁增厚分层、肠腔狭窄、肠系膜受累以及肠外并发症等,可较好的诊断及判断病情。     

64层螺旋CT在腹部闭合性外伤所致肠及肠系膜损伤的应用价值

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT对腹部闭合性外伤致肠及肠系膜损伤的CT应用及诊断优势。方法:回顾分析我院32例闭合性腹部外伤患者导致肠及肠系膜损伤的CT表现,分析其不同部位损伤的CT表现。结果:肠管外游离气体﹑肠系膜增厚与血肿﹑肠壁血肿﹑肠管连续性中断﹑腹腔内游离积液等是肠管及肠系膜损伤的主要CT征象,十二指肠﹑空回肠﹑结肠及肠系膜不同部位CT表现有所不同,应用不同窗宽技术对病变的检出具有重要意义。结论:CT扫描对闭合性腹部外伤所致肠及肠系膜损伤具有可靠的定位及诊断依据,对临床早诊治具有重要指导作用。     

克罗恩病9例多层螺旋CT小肠造影检查分析

目的探讨多层螺旋CT小肠造影检查在克罗恩病中的应用价值。方法对收集并经临床证实的克罗恩病9例多层螺旋CT小肠造影检查的影像进行分析并评估其临床应用价值。结果检查显示节段性肠黏膜增厚,肠壁增厚、分层形呈"靶征",肠系膜血管增多、增粗,呈"梳样征"改变。结论多层螺旋CT小肠造影检查可清晰的显示小肠克罗恩病的病变范围,肠腔、肠壁改变及肠腔周围改变,增强CT还能区分活动性或非活动性病变。     

体位在口服甘露醇结合多层螺旋CT小肠造影中的应用

目的 探讨口服等渗甘露醇多层螺旋CT小肠造影（MSCTE）及体位选择对小肠病变诊断的应用价值。 方法 70例受检者口服2.5%等渗甘露醇2000 mL,检查前分4次口服,400~500 mL/次,充分充盈胃和十二指肠。随机分为2组,35例采取仰卧位,35例采取俯卧位。平扫后行增强扫描,通过多平面重建,观察和测量肠管宽度、肠壁厚度、肠腔黏膜,及肠管外病变、肠系膜血管、腹腔淋巴结,并对各组测量数据及评价结果进行分析。 结果 62例小肠充盈满意的患者肠管内外病变、肠系膜血管、腹腔淋巴结二组都显示满意,肠管分布、肠腔黏膜的显示,俯卧位优于仰卧位。 结论 口服等渗甘露醇多层螺旋CT小肠造影俯卧位更有助于对小肠疾病的诊断。       

口服高渗甘露醇盐水多层螺旋CT小肠造影的临床应用价值

目的 评价口服高渗甘露醇盐水对比剂行多层螺旋CT小肠造影（MSCTE）的可行性和临床价值.方法 81例消化道病变和有小肠疾患症状的病例纳入研究（男47例,女34例,年龄26～81岁）,在90 min内口服约1500～3000 ml 高渗甘露醇盐水（2.5%甘露醇,1.5% NaCl）后,肌注20 mg山莨菪碱20 min后行CT三期扫描,并在工作站行冠状面、矢状面及任意斜面重组、多平面重组（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）和容积重建（VR）.将胃、小肠和结肠充盈程度分为满意、较好、不满意;按小肠长短和重叠分布程度分为密集型、均匀型和离散型.测量十二指肠、空肠和回肠各段小肠的最大管外径和肠壁强化程度,在动、静脉期将肠壁强化分为明显强化（＞90 HU）、中度强化（60～89 HU）和轻度强化（＜60 HU）.分析不同小肠病变的MSCTE表现.结果 除5例检查完成后出现腹泻外,其余患者均能顺利完成检查,未发现相关并发症.胃、小肠和结肠充盈满意46例,较好23例,不满意12例,十二指肠、空肠及回肠的充盈度经统计分析分别为（24±4.5）mm、（24±3.9）mm、（23±3.3）mm;小肠分布：小肠分布密集型7例,均匀型58例,离散型16例.小肠壁明显强化9例（动脉期明显强化有3例）,中度强化60例（动脉期明显强化17例）,轻度强化11例（动脉期明显强化3例）.MSCTE清楚地显示了肿瘤、Crohn病、粘连性肠梗阻等多种消化道疾患的肠内、肠壁、肠外血管、系膜及腹内脏器情况.结论 高渗甘露醇盐水MSCTE是一种简便、全方位显示小肠疾病的方法.     

多层螺旋CT对小肠病变的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在小肠病变诊断中的应用价值。方法：60例小肠疾病患者行MSCT检查,重建方法采用多平面重建（MPR）、容积重建（VR）、最大密度投影（MIP）及薄层最大密度投影（TSMIP）,观察小肠病变的MSCT表现。结果：小肠肿瘤20例,其中腺癌10例,表现为肠壁不规则增厚或分叶状肿块,近端肠道梗阻;间质瘤8例,表现为富血供的大肿块而无肠道梗阻;淋巴瘤2例,表现为小肠壁不均匀增厚,而肠腔反而扩张。小肠黏连性梗阻28例,表现为近端肠管扩张明显,远端肠管正常,梗阻远端移行处逐渐变细,部分呈鸟嘴状狭窄。Crohn病6例,表现为肠壁不规则增厚,肠壁全层或分层样强化和梳状系膜血管。肠系膜血管血栓形成6例,其中肠系膜上动脉血栓形成2例,表现为肠系膜上动脉迂曲、纤细不规则并有钙化斑块,分支明显减少;肠系膜上静脉血栓形成4例,表现为血管腔内充盈缺损,肠壁增厚、靶样强化,肠系膜水肿。结论：MSCT能全景式、多方位展示小肠肠道、肠系膜和系膜血管,可对小肠病变进行准确诊断。     

小肠Crohn病的螺旋CT诊断分析

目的探讨螺旋CT对小肠Crohn病的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析郸城县第二人民医院2009年1月至2013年6月收治的32例小肠Crohn病患者的临床资料,记录其螺旋CT的检查结果,如小肠受累的数目、肠壁厚度、黏膜改变、肠腔扩张或狭窄、肠道病理改变和并发症情况等。结果 32例患者均进行了螺旋CT检查,过程顺利,均未出现不良反应及意外情况。病变部位分布为单纯累及空肠6例,单纯累及回肠21例,同时累及空肠和回肠5例。CT显示患者肠壁有不同程度的增厚(≥3 mm),肠壁黏膜水肿,黏膜密度增大,急性期可见肠壁水肿呈现"分层状"或者"靶征"。6例患者可见肠腔狭窄或扩张。肠系膜血管增多、纠集,伴有邻近肠管受压变形等,8例患者肠系膜淋巴结肿大,伴有腹腔积液。有3例患者小肠外发现脓肿,周围出现蜂窝织炎、液体聚集,甚至有窦道形成。结论螺旋CT对小肠Crohn病具有较高的诊断价值,值得推广应用。     

小肠CTE表现与内镜下克罗恩病的严重程度密切相关性

目的:探讨CT小肠造影(CTE)表现与内镜下克罗恩病(CD)的严重程度之间的相关性。方法:回顾性分析2017年4月至2018年6月期间我院就诊的51例经临床内镜和病理诊断为克罗恩病患者的小肠CT资料,所有患者均行小肠CTE检查并采集图像资料,采用多种图像后处理技术进行图像重组,图像特征由两位分别具有14年和20余年经验的放射科医师采用双盲法独立分析。患者依据克罗恩病疾病严重程度评分(经典CDAI评分标准)分为缓解期组、活动期组和极严重期组,每组各17例患者。探究CTE对CD患者的诊断准确率、灵敏度及特异度,并对比分析三组患者的小肠CTE表现差异以及导致上述差异的主要危险因素。结果:三组患者的年龄、BMI指数、肠道既往疾病史等一般临床资料之间无统计学差异(P 0.05),具有可比性。CTE对CD患者的诊断准确率、灵敏度及特异度分别为94.12%、94.12%和88.24%。极严重期组、活动期组和缓解期组患者的节段性肠管壁厚度和肠管壁异常强化分别为[(12.36±2.35 mm)、(9.25±2.19 mm)、(6.18±2.03 mm),P=0.007]和[(124.97±8.35 HU)、(98.35±6.83 HU)、(76.52±7.58 HU),P=0.003],差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。极严重期组患者肠系膜淋巴结肿大、肠管周围脂肪间隙模糊、肠腔狭窄、肛门瘘管形成、近段回肠周围脓肿形成和"梳状征"发生率分别[76.47%、82.35%、100%、76.47%、82.35%和70.59%],较活动期组[58.82%、52.94%、64.71%、58.82%、52.94%和52.94%]和缓解期组[35.29%、29.41%、35.29%、23.53%、11.76%和17.65%]明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。此外,多因素logistic回归分析结果表明年龄、吸烟史、既往疾病史、病程和病变累及空肠是影响患者克罗恩病严重程度的主要危险因素。结论:克罗恩病患者小肠CTE表现与其疾病严重程度密切相关,能够直观准确地反应病变程度及部位,对临床疾病评估、诊断和治疗具有重要指导作用,值得临床广泛应用。     

64层螺旋CT动态增强及三维重建技术在小肠克隆氏病中的价值

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT动态增强及三维重建技术在小肠克隆氏病中的价值。材料与方法:28例已知或怀疑小肠克隆氏病患者行常规CT平扫加动态增强检查,原始图像传送至工作站行三维重建后处理。仔细观察肠壁异常、黏膜及黏膜下溃疡、肠周围血管、瘘道、脓肿等。结果:28例病人诊断为小肠克隆氏病,共发现54段小肠病变。在活动性病变中,22例34段病变小肠肠壁增厚和强化,3例病变小肠明显强化而没有肠壁增厚,16例小肠与肠系膜边界模糊不清,肠系膜脂肪密度增厚,8例瘘管或瘘道形成,3例腹盆腔脓肿。在3例慢性感染性病变中,3例肠腔变形/狭窄,2例肠梗阻,1例穿孔,2例瘘管形成,1例合并硬化性胆管炎,1例合并肠淋巴瘤。结论:64层螺旋CT动态增强及三维重建技术在诊断小肠克隆氏病方面具有重要意义。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.